• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.452-465
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• 2008

Hair analysis for drugs of abuse offers the crucial potential advantage when compared to urine, such as the longer time window of drug intake, which makes retrospective investigation of chronic and/or past consumption. This paper reviews the physiological basis of hair growth, mechanism of drug incorporation, analytical methods, result interpretation and practical application of hair analysis. Moreover, to facilitate the court's decision regarding specific circumstances surrounding the crime, this review demonstrated that the results of hair analysis not only should be admitted as scientific evidence of drug use but also could legally improve reliability of the evidence.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.2
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• pp.211-226
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• 1999

Troublesome problems are being caused by hallucinogenic drugs which come not only from illegal narcotics but also from unprohibited general drug-kinds such as cough-remedy agents of textromerupan, namely, Lamina, Rubi-king and the likes. Abuse and misuse of narcotics permeated into and threatens mental health of socially-known peoples, actor, actress, talents and businessmen as well. This study especially dealt with problems related with Mesampetamin, Rurajaepam, Texstrometropan and Karisofrodol which affects mental behaviour, and considered counter-measures through analysis and developed appropriate system of goods circulation for guidance to be complied by the medicine professionalists. The guidance sought here is recommended to the government ministries for further enforcement of crack-down of the drug crimes. Arquesa in method is recommend as a method of identifying behaviors and facial expressions of abusers and misusers of narcotics at the spot in place. This study is directed to curtailing hallucinogenic drugs use for absolute preventive security by detecting out black dealers of narcotics supplying to the abusers and misusers. There is a need of special education program to cut off the flow of narcotics or drugs crimes into official security force as well as private security personnel. This study introduced a priority and emphasis of real augmentation to theory and practice of the modern scientific security which can protect the mental health of the guarded persons as well especially in the light of security safety curriculum at the school.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.462-471
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• 2020

The Zolpidem, commonly used as a sleeping pill, binds to GABA receptors to increase neuro-inhibiting transporters. There are many cases where people take Zolpidem for more than four weeks in a row. The Drug Utilization Review, currently in effect in South Korea, can identify the use patterns of Zolpidem. It is necessary to prevent Zolpidem's misuse. The study was conducted from May 10, 2019 to May 15, 2019. Primary and secondary screening was performed out of 125,197 total retrieved documents. The final 254 literature cases directly related to Zolpidem's misuse were selected. Through systematic literature research through meta-analysis, we tried to find a way to prevent Zolpidem's misuse through the Drug Utilization Review. The distortion was minimized by applying it in the screening process. Zolpidem's misuse was severe and continued to increase its use. There has also been an increase in crime using Zolpidem. It has been analyzed that Zolpidem can be managed through Narcotics Integrated Management System and Drug Utilization Review. In order to reduce the use of Zolpidem, the supply through the Narcotics Integrated Management System and the demand through long-term user education should be suppressed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.127-138
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• 1999

This study was done to examine consciousness and preventive strategies of adolescent drug abuse. This study design was descriptive survey. The data were collected from 1,830 students from 32 middle and high schools from November 11 to December 20, 1997, using qestionnaires. The data were analyzed using SAS computer programs. The study results are as follows ; Most of adolescent get the information on narcotics and drug abuse from TV, newspaper, magazine and advertisement. Some of them(48.8%) have received education on drug prevention. However, respondants (49.3%) answered unsatisfactory on preventive education. 69.2% of respondants do not know the legal regulation on alcohol and cigarette. The survey on the degree of cognition on drug abuse shows the serious results : cigarette(79.1%), alcohol(74.1%), bonds(55.1%), gas(49.8%), excitants(48.5%), narcotics(29%), marihwana(27.8%) and, diuretics (21.9%). The situation of adolescent drug abuse is also serious in the order of alcohol 38. 2%, cigarette 14.3%, marihwana 9.4%.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.145-153
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• 2011

A simultaneous detection and quantification method for determining the Phenylalkylamine derivatives, such as methamphetamine (MA), amphetamine (AM), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), ketamine (KT), norketamine (NKT), phentermine (PT), fenfluramine (FFA) and phenmetrazine (PM), in oral fluid was developed and validated according to international guidelines. The validated method was applied to actual oral fluid samples collected from drug abuse suspects. The recovery of phenylalkylamines from oral fluid collection devices was also assessed. Oral fluid specimens from 20 drug abuse suspects submitted by the police were collected using Salivette$^{TM}$, Quantisal$^{TM}$ or direct expectoration. The samples were screened using a biochip array analyzer. For confirmation, the samples were analyzed by GC-MS in selected-ion monitoring (SIM) mode after extraction using automated SPE with a mixed-mode cation exchange cartridge and derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA). The results from the immunoassay were consistent with those from GC-MS. All the oral fluid samples gave positive results for MA, AM, PT and/or PM. The detection of phenylalkylamines in oral fluid can provide a better indication of recent use than urine or hair. Therefore, the oral fluid specimen was useful for demonstrating phenylalkylamines abuse in the driving under the influence of drug (DUID) as an alternative specimen for urine.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.108-117
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• 2024

Background: This study aimed to explore the current activities of pharmacists in local pharmacies for preventing narcotics addiction, identify areas for improvement, and support initiatives to enhance and expand the activities of "narcotics addiction prevention counseling pharmacies" (hereinafter referred to as "Majung Pharmacies"). Methods: Surveys were conducted targeting local community pharmacists participating in the Majung Pharmacy activities in Daegu. Results: Out of 42 pharmacists who registered in the Majung Pharmacy movement in 2021, 41 responded (response rate of 98%). After excluding three participants who met the exclusion criteria, data from 38 participants were analyzed. The participating pharmacists were generally well aware of the conditions for pharmacists to serve as "accessible experts" in the forefront of drug addiction prevention. It was observed that the activities of Majung Pharmacies, particularly among highly engaged pharmacists, led to positive effects such as an increased focus on medication counseling for psychotropic drugs, thereby enhancing their professionalism. However, a significant number of participants also expressed negative opinions. Factors such as enthusiasm for professional activities and perceptions of the pharmacist's social role were important in shaping perceptions of Majung Pharmacy activities, whether positively or negatively. Additionally, this study underlined that pharmacists in practice are highly aware of the seriousness of issues arising from the use of narcotics by prescriptions. Conclusion: Suggestions were outlined for both short-term and long-term strategies aimed at ensuring the stable growth and expansion of Majung Pharmacy initiatives.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.137-146
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• 2008

Even though driving under the influence of drug (DUID) is a worldwide problem, we, Korea has no regulation system yet except for alcohol, and there are little cases reported related to DUID. In order to investigate the type of abused drugs for drivers in Korea, we tried to analyze controlled and non-controlled drugs in alcohol-positive blood samples. 275 whole bloods, which were positive for alcohol on the roadside test, were collected from the police for two months ($Nov.{\sim}Dec.$ 2006). The analytical strategy was constituted of three steps: First, alcohol in blood samples were confirmed and quantified by gas chromatography. Second, controlled drugs were screened by $Evidence_{investigator}\;^{TM}$ (Randox, U.K.) as preliminary test. It was based on immunoassay by biochip array analyzer. Nine groups of drug abuse were screened: amphetamines, methamphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, opiates, barbiturates, methadone, benzodiazepines I (oxazepam) & II (lorazepam). Finally, confirmation of these drugs was performed by GC-MS. Blood samples were extracted by solid-phase extraction by $RapidTrace^{TM}$ (Zymark, U.S.A.). After trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatization, eluates were analyzed to GC-MS. Total 49 drugs were investigated in this study including controlled drugs, antidepressants, 1st generation antihistamines, dextromethorphan, nalbuphine, ketamine, etc. For rapid detection, we developed the automated identification system. It was made up a new software, "DrugMan", modified Chemstation data analysis menu and newly developed macro modules. A series of peak selection, identification and reporting of the results were performed automatically by this system. Concentrations of alcohol in 275 blood samples were ranged from 0.011 to 0.249% (average, 0.119%). Among 149 blood samples, just six samples (4.0%) were showed positive results to the immunoassay: one methamphetamine and five benzodiazepines group I. By GC-MS confirmation, only benzodiazepines were detected and methamphetamine was not detected from immunoassay positive blood sample. Besides these drugs, 5 chlorpheniramines, dextromethorphan, diazepam, doxylamine, ibuprofen, lidocaine and topiramate were also detected in whole bloods by GC-MS. Conclusively, the frequency of drug abuse for Korean drivers was relatively low. There was none case which illegal drug was detected. However these results were limited to alcohol positive blood samples, so it is necessary to analyze more samples including alcohol negative blood.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.280-285
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• 2015

Objectives: To suggest direction for improving policies by understanding current management of narcotics or psychotropic drugs and analyzing their distributions and usage. Method: We conducted a comparison analysis between health insurance claims and the amount supplied to health care institutions for narcotics or psychotropic drugs through health insurance claims data and drug distribution supply data from 2010 to 2012 collected from Korea Pharmaceutical Information Service Center (KPIS). Furthermore, we carried out literature investigation and online search to comprehend the current management of narcotics drugs in Korea. Results: The amount supplied to medical institutions for all drugs in 2012 was 19.4 trillion won, which increased from 19.5 trillion in 2011 by 0.54%. For narcotic drugs, the amount supplied was 318.4 billion won in 2011 and increased to 335.1 billion won by 5.3% in 2012, which exceeded the rate of increase for the amount supplied for all drugs. The proportion of amount claimed in the total amount supplied to medical institutions for all drugs was 60.5% in 2012, whereas the proportion of amount claimed for narcotic drugs was 55.6%, which showed that narcotic drugs were used relatively less within health insurance. Furthermore, management of the current domestic distribution supply data focuses on manufacturing and medical institution supply stages. Conclusion: Hereafter, the management of narcotics or psychotropic drugs needs to be improved by reinforcing active monitoring in optimal prescription and usage in patients by collecting and analyzing information on drug usage of patients.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.419-425
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• 2008

A qualitative and quantitative analytical method was developed for detection of methamphetamine (MA) and its main metabolite amphetamine (AM) in oral fluid. Oral fluids of eleven drug abusers were provided by Police, specimens were collected by stimulation with a cotton swab treated with 20 mg of citric acid ($Salivette^{(R)}$; Sarstedt, USA). As the preliminary test, oral fluid samples were screened for amphetamines by Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay (TDxFLx, Abbott Co.). Extraction for MA was performed using solid-phase extraction (SPE) by $RapidTrace^{TM}$ (Zymark, USA) with mixed mode cation exchange cartridge, CLEAN $SCREEN^{(R)}$ (130 mg/3 ml, UCT) after dilution with phosphate buffer. Samples were evaporated and derivatized by pentafluoropropionic acid anhydride (PFPA). Quantitation of MA and AM was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using selective ion monitoring (SIM), the quantitation ions were m/z 204 (MA), 208 (MA-$D_5$), 190 (AM) and 194 (AM-$D_5$). The selectivity, linearity of calibration, limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) within- and between day precision, accuracy and recoveries were examined as parts of the method validation. All oral fluid samples gave positive results to immunoassay for MA (cut-off level, 50 ng/ml as d-amphetamine). Concentrations of MA and AM by GC-MS in eleven samples were ranged 104.2${\sim}$4603.3 ng/ml and 32.4${\sim}$268.6 ng/ml, respectively. Extracted calibration curves of MA and AM were linear over the two concentration range of 1${\sim}$100 and 50${\sim}$1000 ng/ml with correlation coefficient of above 0.999. LOQ of MA and AM was 1 and 3 ng/ml, respectively. The intraand inter-day run precisions (CV) for MA and AM were less than 10%, and the accuracies (bias) for MA and AM were also less than 10% at the two different concentrations 5 and 100 ng/ml at low calibration range, 50 and 1000 ng/ml at high calibration range. The absolute recoveries of MA and AM at low and high calibration ranges were more than 82% and 75%, respectively. In this study the qualitative and quantitative analytical method of MA in oral fluid was established. Oral fluid testing may detect drug use in past hours because of its shorter detection window than urine, and be useful in post-accident situations. So oral fluids will be most useful for testing drug abuse in the driving under the influence of drug (DUID) as the alternative specimens of urine.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2014.01a
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• pp.185-188
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• 2014

본 연구는 자재업체부터 마약류 생산 제약사 도매업체(물류) 대형병원까지의 전체 프로세스에 RFID 시스템을 구축하여 마약류의 도난 및 오남용을 방지하여 국민의 보건안전 및 의약품 관리강화를 도모하는 것으로 현재까지 기 구축된 제약사들의 RFID 시스템에서 기술적으로 고도화시킬 수 있는 방안을 도출하여 최적화된 현장적응형 RFID 서비스를 제공하고자 하는데 그 목적이 있다. 본 연구를 통하여 제약산업 내 제약사 도매업체 대형종합병원 의원에 대한 RFID 도입표준모델을 제시하고 Supply Chain의 유통 투명화를 위한 정보시스템 도입의 기반을 마련함으로써 제약산업 내 참여주체들간의 정보 신뢰성 제고는 물론 철저한 의약품 유통관리로 인한 건전한 의약품 소비문화를 정착시킬 수 있다.