• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제6권10호
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• pp.2750-2763
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• 2012

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a critical Internet infrastructure that provides name to address mapping services. In the past decade, Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks have targeted the DNS infrastructure and threaten to disrupt this critical service. While the flooding DoS attacks may be alleviated by the DNS caching mechanism, we show in this paper that flooding DoS attacks utilizing name error queries is capable of bypassing the cache of resolvers and thereby impose overwhelming flooding attacks on the name servers. We analyze the impacts of such DoS attacks on both name servers and resolvers, which are further illustrated by May 19 China's DNS Collapse. We also propose the detection and defense approaches for protecting DNS servers from such DoS attacks. In the proposal, the victim zones and attacking clients are detected through monitoring the number of corresponding responses maintained in the negative cache. And the attacking queries can be mitigated by the resolvers with a sample proportion adaptive to the percent of queries for the existent domain names. We assess risks of the DoS attacks by experimental results. Measurements on the request rate of DNS name server show that this kind of attacks poses a substantial threat to the current DNS service.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.389-400
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• 1997

Name and change of style of Chopni were inspected to understand transformation of Chosun costume. During Chosun era Chopni had two significant roles(general) daily clothes and Yungbok; prior to the mid-Chosun it was largely used as daily clothes but after the mid-Chosun it was mainly used as Yungbok, In the case of daily clothes Chopni was utilized as under-coat among various coats and had the name of Chopni symbolizing function of clothes. In the case of YUNGBOK it was used as outer clothing of military men had the name of Cholik symbolizing form of clothes. These facts represent that emphasis was placed on beauty in the case of YUNGBOK to confer ceremonial meaning as outer clothes. In transformation of costume examining by change of Chopni we can see that name and style are changed with role of clothes That is when clothes is used as under such as under-coat name and style mainly represent function whereas they mainly represent beauty when used as outer clothes such as YUNGBOK In addition change of role might be considered as an independent variable which changed name and style dependently. That is change of style produced change of name and time lay between change of style and change of name was found to be about 1 centry.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.381-394
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• 2018

An address is sub-spatial data representing a location, and identifies the place in which a resident's life is based. The Korean address system has changed from an area-based address system to the Road Name Address System in 2014 to solve the problems of the area-based address system and to accept the international address standards. Although the Road Name Address System is continually being modified and implemented it limitations. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to resolve these limitations and to analyze and redefine the Road Name Address System of Korea to implement the street-based address system. To understand the address, we define the components of the address system and analyze the Korean Road Name Address System based on each component to derive the limit. To resolve the limitations of the Road Name Address System and to implement the street-based address system, the Road Name Address System is redefined according to three aspects. Finally, we evaluate the usability of the Road Name Address System proposed in this study through address based geocoding.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.129-139
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• 2014

This study was conducted to examine the effect of elementary science class using name card method on scientific learning motivation and academic achievement of elementary students. Two sixth grade classes were divided into experimental group and comparison group to treat the experimental group with elementary science class using name card method. General class according to teacher manual was implemented for the comparison group. Elementary science class applying name card method was conducted for 10 sessions throughout the experimental period of 8 weeks. The results of this study were as follows. First, elementary science class with name card method was effective in improving scientific learning motivation. Second, elementary science class with name card method had significant effect on improvement of scientific learning academic achievement. The study results showed that elementary science class with name card method was effective for scientific learning motivation and academic achievement of elementary students.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.1-25
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• 2011

중화권 시장의 지속적인 성장으로 글로벌 브랜드들은 중화권 시장에 성공적으로 진입하기 위해서 다양한 노력을 기울이고 있다. 중화권 시장에 속한 국가들은 중국어를 공통적으로 사용하기 때문에 이 시장에 진출하려는 기업들은 영문 브랜드네임을 중문 브랜드 네임으로 전환해야 한다. 중문 브랜드네임에 대한 기존 연구들을 살펴보면, 중화권 시장에 진출한 글로벌 브랜드네임에 대한 사례분석에 초점이 맞추어져 있을 뿐 브랜드가 제공하는 편익과 중문 브랜드네임 전환방식과의 관계를 실증적으로 검증한 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 영문 브랜드네임이 중문 브랜드네임으로 전환되는 방식에 대해 살펴보았으며, 브랜드컨셉에 따라 중문 브랜드네임 전환방식에 대해 중화권 소비자들은 다른 평가를 내릴 것이라 예측하고 이에 대해 실증적으로 검증하였다. 연구결과 중화권 소비자들은 기능적 브랜드 컨셉제품의 경우 음운과 의미가 반영된 음운어의론식 전환방식에 대해서 가장 호의적으로 평가하였으며, 다음으로 의미가 반영된 의차식 전환이 호의적인 평가를 받았다. 반면에 상징적 브랜드 컨셉제품의 경우는 음운어의론식 전환방식을 가장 호의적으로 평가하였으며, 다음으로 음운이 반영된 음차식 전환에 대해 호의적으로 평가하는 것으로 나타났다. 실증결과를 토대로 글로벌 브랜드를 담당하는 브랜드 매니저들에게 자사 브랜드가 중화권 소비자들에게 제공하는 목표 편익에 따라서 중문 브랜드네임 전환방식이 달라져야 함을 제안하였다.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.1-24
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• 1999

본 연구는 영남지방의 지리적 성격이 상이한 창녕군, 봉화군, 남해군의 촌락명을 분석하였다. 지명의 명명은 인간의 환경지각의 결과이고, 또 지명에는 그 당시의 문화가 각인되어 있다고 본다. 그래서 지명이 포함하고 있는 주요 지리적 개념, 지명의 어구조, 개념구성의 결합관계 등을 구명하여 지역차를 고찰한 것이다. 첫째 지리학의 개념별로 보면 산지지역인 봉화군은 자연에서, 평야지역인 창녕군과 도서지역인 남해군은 인문에서 인식한 촌락명이 상대적으로 많아 지역차를 보인다. 둘째 지명 어구조의 전 후어에서 전어는 주로 작명으로 사용된 고유명인데, 촌락의 문화경관, 위치, 변천을 설명하고 있다. 후어는 지명을 분류하는 유형 명으로 촌락의 자연환경, 촌락 공동체 표현을 위하여 사용되었다. 셋째 개념 구성은 봉화군은 자연 그대로, 창녕군은 자연과 인간의 상호작용 과정, 남해군은 상호작용의 결과가 인식, 명명되어 역시 상이한 지역성을 보이고 있다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.171-176
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• 1999

Background: Effect of nitric oxide on the hyperalgesia induced by inflammation is controversial. From our previous experiment, NOS inhibitor, L-NAME given during the induction period decrease mechanical hyperalgesia occured by Freund's complete adjuvant induced inflammation. In addition, we attempted to analyze the effects of L-NAME on mechanical hyperalgesia after the development of inflammation by Freund's complete adjuvant in rat paw. Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups; control (normal saline), and three different doses of L-NAME (0.1 mg, 1 mg, 10 mg). Inflammation was induced in rats by injecting 0.15 ml of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) intraplantarly. Rats showed typical hyperalgesia within twelve hours after injection and maintained this for about one week. Tests were done 2 days after injection of FCA. After the baseline test either L-NAME or saline was injected under light halothane anesthesia. Effect of L-NAME on hyperalgesia was assessed by measuring mechanical hyperalgesia at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 minutes. Same experients were repeated on normal rats. Results: When injected at the site of inflammation, L-NAME caused dose dependent decrease in mechanical hyperalgesia. However, normal rats also showed increased mechanical threshold after L- NAME injection. Conclusions: Although L-NAME reduces FCA induced mechanical hyperalgesia, this result may solely be due to inhibition of nitric oxide production and need to be further determined.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.339-345
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• 2013

We investigated the antihypertensive effect of lutein on $N^G$-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME)-induced hypertensive rats. Daily oral administration of L-NAME (40 mg/kg)-induced a rapid progressive increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP). L-NAME significantly increased MAP from the first week compared to that in the control and reached $193.3{\pm}9.6$ mmHg at the end of treatment. MAP in the lutein groups was dose-dependently lower than that in the L-NAME group. Similar results were observed for systolic and diastolic blood pressure of L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats. The control group showed little change in heart rate for 3 weeks, whereas L-NAME significantly reduced heart rate from $434{\pm}26$ to $376{\pm}33$ beats/min. Lutein (2 mg/kg) significantly prevented the reduced heart rate induced by L-NAME. L-NAME caused hypertrophy of heart and kidney, and increased plasma lipid peroxidation four-fold but significantly reduced plasma nitrite and glutathione concentrations, which were significantly prevented by lutein in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that lutein affords significant antihypertensive and antioxidant effects against L-NAME-induced hypertension in rats.

• 한국문헌정보학회지
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• 제27권
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• pp.215-228
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• 1994

This study is to analyze the background and circumstances of the bibliographical description method appearing in the Hong-ssi Tok-so-rok, or an annotated classified bibliography of Korean and Chinese books edited for the Hongs and their clan. The conclusions are as follows. Each entries of the bibliography are entered under titles, and generally followed by bibliographic elements of volumes, written age, author's name, functional word of authorship, and annotation. The written age is stated by the dynasty name for the first authors within each classes. However some anonymous works and government compiled works are recorded the king's shrine name or the reign title. Entries of the bibliography are arranged by the chronological order in each classes. The writer's name is generally described by 'surname + given name'. However it is sometimes also recorded in the one of the following forms; Appellation (hao, 호) or posthumous title + surname + given name. Sumame + appellation or posthumous title + given name. Appellation ( (hao, 호) or posthumous title + sumame + Sonsaeng (선행) + given name. Sumame + government position title + given name. Appellation (hao, 호) + surname + cha(자, master). surname + ssi(씨). ect. Married women's names are stated by her husband's surname followed by the Chinese character 부 or 절부 which signifies wife or virtuous women, and then her given name. The works written or compiled by King's order (명찬서) are generally described in the form of 명제신+ functional word of authorship. Names of government agencies are occasionally stated as the authors' for the government publications or government compiled works. The functional words of authorship are described in the phrase of 소작야, 소편야 instead of 저, 찬, ect. It is more noticeable that in the case of the collections of individual writers' works the wording of 지문야, 지시야 is written after the name of the author. More complicated descriptive forms are seen in the entries of works for the shared authorship and mixed responsibility. Two or more than two monographic works of the same author classed in the same class are annotated all together.

• 전자공학회논문지 IE
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.20-26
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• 2007

지금까지의 이동 네트워크 환경에서의 연구는 주로 경로 설정 방법에 대해 이루어겼으나, 실제 사용자에게 서비스를 제공하기 위해서는 DNS(Domain Name System)가 우선적으로 지원되어야 한다 이동 애드혹 네트워크의 고유한 특성으로 인하여 유선 네트워크에서 사용되고 있는 DNS를 그대로 도입하는 것은 문제가 발생한다. 분산 방식 DNS를 사용하는 경우에는 노드의 이동에 대해 효율적으로 대처할 수 있다는 장점을 가지나, 도메인 네임 충돌 문제를 해결하기 위한 오버헤드가 발생하게 되며, 중앙 방식 DNS를 사용하는 경우에는 네임 정보 획득을 위한 통신이 유니캐스트 기반으로 동작하고 네임의 할당 및 관리에 따른 오버헤드 문제를 해결할 수는 있으나 DNS서버의 이동에 따른 DNS네임 서비스의 연속성 있는 지원 문제가 해결되어야 한다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 이동 애드혹 네트워크 환경에서 중앙 방식 DNS를 기반으로 연속성 있는 서비스를 지원하면서도 네임 할당 및 관리에 있어서 효율적으로 동작하는 Manet DNS를 제안하며 서버의 이동성으로 인해 발생할 수 있는 네트워크 병합 및 분할 문제에 대한 해결책을 제시한다.