• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.96-101
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• 2016

To determine the influence of the cationization agent on the collision activated dissociation (CAD) fragmentation behavior of oligosaccharides, the CAD spectra of the singly protonated, sodiated oligosaccharides and singly sodiated and dibenzo-18-crown-6 ether conjugated oligosaccharides were carefully compared. Each of these three different species showed quite different fragmentation spectra. The comparison of singly protonated and sodiated oligosaccharide CAD spectra revealed that different cationization agents affected the cationization agent adduction sites as well as the fragmentation sites within the oligosaccharides. When the mobility of $Na^+$ was limited by the dibenzo-18-crown-6 ether encapsulation agent, the examined linear oligosaccharides showed fragmentation patterns quite different from the unmodified ones. For the dibenzo-18-crown-6 ether conjugated oligosaccharides, the charge-remote fragmentation pathways were more likely to be activated than the chargedirected pathways. This work demonstrates that dibenzo-18-crown-6 ether conjugation can potentially provide a route to selectively activate the charge-remote fragmentation pathways, albeit to a limited extent, in tandem mass spectrometry studies.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.11-17
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• 2005

소각재 용융슬래그를 출발물질로 하여 알카리 조건하에서 활성화시킴으로써 Na-A형 제올라이트를 합성하였다. 합성실험은 스텐레스 철재로 제작된 반응용기를 사용하였다. 출발물질은 슬래그 외에 수정인공합성 공장에서 배출되는 '규산질 수용액'과 NaAlO₂ 수용액을 사용하였는데, 전자의 화학조성은 SiO₂ 5.7 wt% Na₂O 3.2 wt%이고, 후자는 몰비가 Na₂O/Al₂O₃= 1.2와 H₂O/Ma₂O=9의 조건으로 알루미늄 드로스와 NaOH 수용액을 반응시켜 제조하였다. 위에서 언급된 슬래그, '규산질 수용액' 그리고 NaAlO₂ 수용액을 혼합시킨 혼성물을 약 80℃에서 7∼8시간 반응시키면 Na-A형 제올라이트가 단일상으로 합성되었다. 출발물질의 이상적인 혼합비율은 Na₂O:Al₂O₃:SiO₂의 몰비가 1.3∼l.4 : 0.8∼0.9 : 2이었으며 반응용액과 슬래그의 비율은 1 : 7∼10 (g/cc)이었다. 합성된 제올라이트의 형태는 균일한 입방형이었으며 입도는 약 1 ㎛이었다. 한편, Ca/sup 2+/이온에 대한 이온교환 용량(CEC)은 180∼210 meq/100 g이었으므로 통용되는 세제용 제올라이트와 비교하면 약 80% 수준이었으므로 폐수처리나 오염된 중금속처리와 같은 환경처리용으로 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.73-77
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• 1986

Data on the concentration of Na, K, Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Cu, Ga, Rb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Tb, Lu, Hf, Ta, and Th obtained by neutron activation analysis have been used to characterize Korean porcelainsherds by multivariate analysis. The mathematical approach employed is principal component analysis (PCA). PCA was found to be helpful for dimensionality reduction and for obtaining information regarding (a) the number of independent causal variables required to account for the variability in the overall data set, (b) the extent to which a given variable contributes to a component and (c) the number of causal variables required to explain the total variability of each measured variable.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.203-209
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• 2011

시멘트 산업은 에너지 다소비형이며 석회석을 원료로 하고 있어 지구 온난화의 주범인 CO를 배출하여, 환경문제로 인해 가까운 시기에 큰 어려움을 겪을 것으로 예상되고 있다. 오늘날 첨단산업의 발전과 지구환경 문제의 심각성에 대한 인식이 증가하여 시멘트 산업에서도 다각화 측면에서 다양한 종류의 기술 등이 활성화되고 있는 시점이다. 이 연구에서는 최근에 새로이 검토되고 있는 시멘트 대체 재료로서 천연 제올라이트를 주원료로 사용한 제올라이트 시멘트 모르타르에 관한 재료적 특성을 분석하는데 목적이 있으며 그 방법으로 물($H_2O$)대신 알칼리 활성제(NaOH)를 사용하여 알칼리 경화반응을 이용한 제올라이트 모르타르를 제조하여, 강도 특성 및 적정 배합비를 구하였다. 그 결과 알칼리 활성제의 양과 경화 온도에 따른 천연 제올라이트 시멘트 모르타르의 7일 압축강도가 42 MPa로 측정되는 등 기존 시멘트보다 뛰어난 성능을 나타내는 것으로 판단되어지며, 기존 건설용 재료를 대체할 가능성이 충분히 있다고 사료된다.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.207-215
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• 2020

This paper describes the experimental studies carried out to determine the properties of fresh and hardened concrete with Recycled Plastic Waste (RPW) as a partial replacement material for fine aggregates. In the experimental study, RPW was used for replacing river sand and manufactured sand (M sand) aggregates in concrete. The replacement level of fine aggregates was ranging from 5% to 20% by volume with an increment of 5%. M40 grade of concrete with water cement ratio of 0.40 was used in this study. Two different types of RPW were used, and they are (i) un-activated RPW and (ii) activated RPW. The activated RPW was obtained by alkali activation of un-activated RPW using NaOH solution. The hardened properties of the concrete determined were dry density, compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV). The properties of the concrete with river sand, M sand, activated RPW and un-activated RPW were compared and inferences were drawn. The effect of activation using NaOH solution was investigated using FT-IR study. The micro structural examination of hardened concrete was carried out using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The test results show that the strength of concrete with activated RPW was more than that of un-activated RPW. From the results, it is evident that it is feasible to use 5% un-activated RPW and 15% activated RPW as fine aggregates for making concrete without affecting the strength properties.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.341-346
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• 1994

The frameworks of $(Cu(NH_3)_3OH^+)_x(NH_4^+)_{12-x}-A{\cdot} zH_2O$ which were prepared by the ion-exchange of zeolite A with ammoniac cupric nitrate solution are more stable than those of $Cu_xNa_{12-2x} -A$ obtained by the ion exchange with aqueous cupric nitrate solution are more stable than those of $Cu_xNa_{12-2x} -A$ obtained by the ion exchange with aqueous cupric nitrate solution. An energetic calculation was made on the relatively stable $(CuOH^+)_2(NH_4^+)_{10}-A{\cdot} 2H_2O$ prepared by the partial evacuation of $(Cu(NH_3)_3OH^+)_2(NH_4^+)_{10}-A{\cdot} zH_2O$. The mean stabilization energies of water, OH-, and $NH_4^+$ ions are -30.23 kcal/mol, -60.24 kcal/mol, and -16.65 kcal/mol, respectively. The results of calculation were discussed in terms of framework stability. The $(Cu(NH_3)_3OH^+)_2(NH_4^+)_{10}-A{\cdot} zH_2O$ zeolite shows two step deammoniation reactions. The first deammoniation around 210 $^{\circ}$C (third DSC peak) was attributed to the decomposition of $[Cu(NH_3)_3OH^+]$ ion and the second one around 380 $^{\circ}$C (fourth DSC peak) was ascribed to the decomposition of $NH_4^+$ ion. The activation energies of the first and second deammoniation reactions were 99.75 kJ/mol and 176.57 kJ/mol, respectively.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.503-509
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• 2012

In this study, the potential use of indigenous natural loess(Hwangtoh) as a new construction material, via alkali activation in conjunction with microwave heating, was investigated. Hwangtoh pastes with three different mix proportions of varying alkali liquid concentrations at a constant liquid-to-Hwangtoh ratio of 0.55 were prepared. Through the investigation it was found that it is possible to prepare Hwangtoh paste with $19.02N/mm^2$ at the age of 4 hours with the alkali solution of 8M NaOH and 1:4.5 mass ratio of liquefied $Na_2SiO_3$ at the curing temperature of $60^{\circ}C$ by microwave heating. The strength development at early age of the alkali activated Hwangtoh paste specimens may be attributed to both a higher rate of reaction and moisture evaporation due to microwave heating.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.194-200
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• 2017

Bone-resorbing osteoclasts play a major role in maintaining bone homeostasis with bone-forming osteoblasts. Although it has been reported that A2B adenosine receptor (A2BAR) regulates osteoclast differentiation, its effects on apoptosis or proliferation of osteoclasts have been less-defined. Here, we demonstrate that A2BAR stimulation regulates macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)-mediated osteoclast proliferation. Stimulation with a specific agonist of A2BAR, BAY 60-6583, significantly reduced M-CSF-mediated osteoclast proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In addition, A2BAR stimulation induced both apoptosis of the cells and cell arrest in the G1 phase with a decrease of cell number in the G2/M phase. Stimulation with BAY 60-6583 inhibited the activation of Akt by M-CSF, whereas M-CSF-induced ERK1/2 activation was not affected. These results suggest that the inhibition of M-CSF-mediated Akt activation by A2BAR stimulation increases apoptotic response of osteoclasts and induces cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase, thus contributing to the down-regulation of osteoclast proliferation.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제11권10호
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• pp.1097-1101
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• 2002

Activated carbon is amorphous and its intraparticle pores are well developed. Thus it has high adsorption capabilities and catalytic effect, and is utilized in many areas of industries such as food processing. In recent years, the demand of activated carbon has been increased to solve the environmental problems-waste treatment and removal of poisonous gas. Therefore, in this study an activated carbon was made using the waste and then the industrial characteristics of the produced activated carbon were investigated. The result showed that the carbonization yield was decreased when carbonization temperature was increased from 400 to $600^{\circ}C$ and that the optimal carbonization temperature was $500^{\circ}C$. The optimal concentration of NaOH for removing ash in the raw sample was 1~2N. The iodine adsorption of activated carbon using waste sample at $500^{\circ}C$ carbonization was 1204.28mg/g. The activation result of carbonization sample showed that the optimal activation condition was the carbonization at $500^{\circ}C$ and the activation at $800^{\circ}C$. So the production of activated carbon was thought to be possible, reused as resource, and decreased the environmental pollution.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.121-128
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• 2023

This study introduces a NaOH/Zn-assisted hydrothermal method for the synthesis of zeolites derived from coal ash (CA). A zeolite/Zn adsorbent is successfully prepared by the activation of CA with NaOH and Zn; it is characterized by a high surface area and a negative surface charge.Methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) are selected as dye pollutants, and their adsorption onto the zeolite/Zn adsorbent is investigated. Results show the high adsorption capacities of MB and MO and that the negative surface charge facilitates electrostatic interactions between the adsorbates and adsorbents. The zeolite/Zn adsorbents shows the selective adsorption of positively charged dye MB via electrostatic interactions between the =NH+ group (positive dipole) and the oxygen functional group of the adsorbents (negative dipole). The selectivity for the positively charged dye is sufficiently high, with the removal efficiency reaching 99.41% within 10 min. By contrast, the negatively charged dye MO exhibits negligible absorption. These findings confirm the role of electrostatic interactions in the adsorption of MB, in addition to the effect of a large surface area. The results of this study are expected to facilitate the development of simple, eco-friendly, and cost-effective zeolite-based adsorptive composites from CA residuals for the selective removal of dye pollutants from CA waste.