• Plant Biotechnology Reports
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.165-172
• /
• 2010

Genes that are expressed early in specific response to high salinity conditions were isolated from rapeseed plant (Brassica napus L.) using an mRNA differential display method. Five PCR fragments (DD1.5) were isolated that were induced by, but showed different response kinetics to, 200 mM NaCl. Nucleotide sequence analysis and homology search revealed that the deduced amino sequences of three of the five cDNA fragments showed considerable similarity to those of ${\beta}$-mannosidase (DD1), tomato Pti-6 proteins (DD5), and the tobacco harpin-induced protein hin1 (DD4), respectively. In contrast, the remaining clones, DD3 and DD2, did not correspond to any substantial existing annotation. Using the DD3 fragment as a probe, we isolated a full-length cDNA clone from the cDNA library, which we termed BnSWD1 (Brassica napus salt responsive WD40 1). The predicted amino-acid sequence of BnSWD1 contains eight WD40 repeats and is conserved in all eukaryotes. Notably, the BnSWD1 gene is expressed at high levels under salt-stress conditions. Furthermore, we found that BnSWD1 was upregulated after treatment with abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and methyl jasmonate. Our study suggests that BnSWD1, which is a novel WD40 repeat-containing protein, has a function in salt-stress responses in plants, possibly via abscisic acid-dependent and/or -independent signaling pathways.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.196-202
• /
• 2016

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology has previously been used by water industry to treat high salinity wastewater. In this study, an anoxic-oxic biofilm-membrane bioreactor (AOB-MBR) system has been developed to treat mustard tuber wastewater of 10% salinity (calculated as NaCl). To figure out the effects of operating conditions of the AOB-MBR on membrane fouling rate ($K_V$), response surface methodology was used to evaluate the interaction effect of the three key operational parameters, namely time interval for pump (t), aeration intensity ($U_{Gr}$) and transmembrane pressure (TMP). The optimal condition for lowest membrane fouling rate ($K_V$) was obtained: time interval was 4.0 min, aeration intensity was $14.6 m^3/(m^2{\cdot}h)$ and transmembrane pressure was 19.0 kPa. And under this condition, the treatment efficiency with different influent loads, i.e. 1.0, 1.9 and $3.3kgCODm^{-3}d^{-1}$ was researched. When the reactor influent load was less than $1.9kgCODm^{-3}d^{-1}$, the effluent could meet the third discharge standard of "Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard". This study suggests that the model fitted by response surface methodology can predict accurately membrane fouling rate within the specified design space. And it is feasible to apply the AOB-MBR in the pickled mustard tuber factory, achieving satisfying effluent quality.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제36권2호
• /
• pp.137-147
• /
• 2020

A direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) was applied to treat strong nitrogenous wastewater of anaerobic digestion supernatant (ADS) and human urine (HU). The ammonia transfer was evaluated in terms of specific ammonia transfer (SAT) value, which is the ratio of total ammoniacal nitrogen divided by the amount of water transferred. The acidification resulted in low SAT values and high quality of produced water. The ammonia transfer control in the acidic condition was stronger for HU than ADS due to higher alkalinity (pH 8.8) and ammonia concentration (5700 mg-N/L) of HU. Acidified HU at pH 4 exhibited a SAT value of 1.64 × 10^-5, which was significantly smaller than the SAT value of 3.00 × 10^-3 for the original HU. The low pH enhanced the water flux for ADS, but HU showed a steep decrease in water flux due to enhanced fouling. It was considered that the fouling intensity in acidic conditions depends on the characteristics of the wastewater source. The major foulants on the MD membrane were NaCl, CaCO₃ and CuSO₄ as recognized by the SEM-EDS. Acidified ADS and HU at pH 4 showed relatively high N content of 8.18 % and 28.03 %, respectively, as organic fouling.

• 자원환경지질
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.221-233
• /
• 1982

Ssangjeon tungsten ore deposits is a complex pegmatite deposits embedded along the contact between pre-Cambrian Buncheon granite gneiss and amphibolite. This pegmatite vein developed 2 km along the strike and thickness varies from 10m to 40m. Mineral constituent of the normal pegmatite are quartz, microcline, plagioclase, muscovite, biotite, tourmaline and garnet. The vein paragenesis is complicated by repeated deposition of quartz but three distinct depositional stage can be recognized. Quartz A stage is the stage of the earliest milky white quartz deposition as a rock forming mineral of normal pegmatite. Quartz B stage is the stage of gray to dark gray quartz replace earlier formed normal pegmatite minerals. Quartz C stage is the stage of latest white translucent massive quartz replace quartz A and B. Tungsten ore minerals and other sulfide minerals were precipitated during quartz B stage. Ore minerals are ferberite and scheelite. Minor amount of molybdenite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, pentlandite, bismuthinite, native bismuth and marcasite accompanied. Fluid inclusion in quartz A and B are gaseous inclusions and liquid inclusions are contained in quartz C as a primary inclusions. Salinity of inclusions in quartz A and B ranges from 4.5 to 9.5 wt. % and from 5.1 to 6.0 wt. % equivalent NaCl respectively. Homogenization temperature of quartz A; quartz B and quartz C ranges from 415 to $465^{\circ}C$, from 397 to $441^{\circ}C$ and from 278 to $357^{\circ}C$. $CO_2$ content of the ore fluid increased at the ends of quartz B stage.

• 자원환경지질
• /
• 제27권4호
• /
• pp.335-343
• /
• 1994

The Eonyang amethyst deposits are composed of vug quartz emplaced in the Eonyang granites of Mesozoic Cretaceous age. The Eonyang granites are composed of biotite granite, porphyritic biotite granite, aplite and miarolitic granite. The petrochemical data of the Eonyang granites show the trend of subalkaline magma, calc-alkaline magma, I-type granitoid and magnetite series. The vug quartz show the characteristic growth zoning (white quartz-smoky quartz-amethyst) from wall side. Generally fluid inclusions in the vug quartz can be divided into four main types based on compositions (I-type: gas inclusion, II-type: liquid inclusion, III-type: polyphase inclusion, IV-type: liquid $CO_2$-bearing inclusion). Solid phase of polyphase inclusions are halite(NaCl), sylvite(KCl), hematite ($Fe_2O_3$) and unknown anisotropic solid. Homogenization temperatures inferred from the fluid inclusion study ranges from $440^{\circ}C$ to $485^{\circ}C$ in white quartz, from $227^{\circ}C$ to $384^{\circ}C$ in smoky quartz, from $133^{\circ}C$ to $186^{\circ}C$ in amethyst, respectively. Salinities of fluid inclusions in each mineralization stages ranges from 40 wt.% to 58 wt.% in white and smoky quartz, from 1.0 wt.% to 8.7 wt.% in amethyst respectively. A consideration of the pressure regime during vug quartz deposition based on the boiling evidence suggests lithostatic pressure of less than 72 bars. This range of pressure indicate that vug quartz lay at depth of 750 m below the surface at the during mineralization.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.6-15
• /
• 2009

Biochemical and functional properties of acid-soluble collagen (ASC) and pepsin-soluble collagen (PSC) from rockfish skin were characterized. Yield of PSC (90.0%) was higher than that of ASC (63.2%). Both ASC and the PSC consisted of ${\alpha}1$ and ${\alpha}2$ chains, and $\alpha$-cross-linked components. According to the results of hydroxylation of proline and lysine, and FT-IR, no difference between the helical structure of ASC and PSC was identified. Thermal denaturation temperature (TDT) of ASC from rockfish skin was $22.8^{\circ}C$, the same as exhibited in PSC. Both ASC and PSC were higher in water absorption capacity (WAC) and oil absorption capacity (OAC) than other vegetable proteins. According to the results of emulsifying activity (EA) and cooking stability (CS), both ASC and PSC from rockfish skin were inferior compared to the commercial emulsifier (Tween-80). The results of FT-IR suggested that the structure of PSC was slightly different when compared to that of ASC. No differences in solubility were established between ASC and PSC from rockfish skin at various pH and NaCl concentrations.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
• /
• 제10권3호
• /
• pp.302-312
• /
• 2019

The voltage produced from the salinity gradient in reverse electrodialysis (RED) increases proportionally with the number of cell pairs of alternating cation and anion exchange membranes. Large-scale RED systems consisting of hundreds of cell pairs exhibit high voltage of more than 10 V, which is sufficient to utilize water electrolysis as the electrode reaction even though there is no specific strategy for minimizing the overpotential of water electrolysis. Moreover, hydrogen gas can be simultaneously obtained as surplus energy from the electrochemical reduction of water at the cathode if the RED system is equipped with proper venting and collecting facilities. Therefore, RED-driven water electrolysis system can be a promising solution not only for sustainable electric power but also for eco-friendly hydrogen production with high purity without $CO_2$ emission. The RED system in this study includes a high membrane voltage from more than 50 cells, neutral-pH water as the electrolyte, and an artificial NaCl solution as the feed water, which are more universal, economical, and eco-friendly conditions than previous studies on RED with hydrogen production. We measure the amount of hydrogen produced at maximum power of the RED system using a batch-type electrode chamber with a gas bag and evaluate the interrelation between the electric power and hydrogen energy with varied cell pairs. A hydrogen production rate of $1.1{\times}10^{-4}mol\;cm^{-2}h^{-1}$ is obtained, which is larger than previously reported values for RED system with simultaneous hydrogen production.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.129-134
• /
• 1988

토양(土壤)으로부터 분리(分離)한 Streptomyces sp. S-45 균주(菌株)의 효소학적(酵素學的) 성질(性質)을 검토(檢討)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 분리균(分離菌) Streptomyces sp. S-45의 Chitinase activity는 $3.01({\mu}/m{\ell})$이고 ${\beta}$-1.3-Glucanase activity는 $2.49({\mu}/m{\ell})$이었다. 2. 탄소원(炭素原)으로서 Colloidal chitin 0.7%, Glucose 0.3%, 질소원(窒素原)으로서 Asparagine 0.5%, Peptone 0.2% 존재(存在)가 효소생산(酵素生産)에 효과적(效果的)이었다. 3. 최적(最適) 효소생성(酵素生成) 조건(條件)으로 pH 7.0, $30^{\circ}C$에서 6일간(日間) 진탕배양시(培養時) 최고(最高)의 효소생성(酵素生成)을 나타내었다. 4. 효소(酵素)의 활성(活性)에 미치는 최적(最適) 작용조건(作用條件)은 pH 6.5~7.0, 온도(溫度)는 $45{\sim}50^{\circ}C$였다. 5. 본(本) 효소(酵素)는 pH6.0~7.0에서 안정성(安定性)이 가장 높았고, $80^{\circ}C$로 10분(分) 처리시(處理時) Chitinase는 10%, ${\beta}$-1.3-Glucanase는 12%로 잔존활성(殘存活性)이 감소(減少)하였다. 6. 금속(金屬)이온에 대한 효소(酵素)의 영향(影響)은 $Co^{{+}{+}}$, $Cu^{{+}{+}}$, $Mn^{{+}{+}}$, $Al^{{+}{+}{+}}$의 $10^{-2}M$과 $Sn^{{+}{+}}\;10^{-3}M$에서 활성(活性)이 증대(增大)하였고, $Ag^{{+}{+}}$, $Hg^{{+}{+}}$는 현저(顯著)한 저해작용을 하였다.

• 미생물학회지
• /
• 제30권5호
• /
• pp.391-396
• /
• 1992

광자가영양이며 질소고정는을 갖는 사상체의 남조 Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 Allen & Arnon (1/8) 의 무질소 최소배지에서 배양하여, 이형세포를 유도하고 생장과 질소고정활성의 변화와 각종 조절요인의 영향을 분석하였다. 질소결핍의 배지에서 생장과 질소고정활성의 증가율은 비례하였고, 생장에 따한 배지내 질산 ($NO^{3}$-N) 의 축적을 보였으며, 배양 6일 후에도 생장은 지속되었으나, 질소고정은 최대활성을 보인후 급격한 감소를 보여 질산의 저해농도와 일치하였다. 중요 환경요인의 영향은 혐기적 조건, 10,000 lux pH 8 및 $30^{\circ}C$ 에서 최적의 생장과 활성을 보였고, 질소화합물은 0.1 mM 이상의 저농도에서 현저히 활성을 저해하였으며, 탄산은 5 mM 에서 활성을 촉진하였으나 보다 높은 농도에서 저해를 보였다. 내염성을 NaCl 20mM 이하이었고 중금속이온은 $Hg^{2+}$>$Cd^{2+}$> $Co^{2+}$>$Zn^{2+}$>$Pb^{2+}$의 순으로 0.3~10 ppm 의 범위에서 활성을 저해하였다. 탄수화물은 0.5-1.0% 에서 생장과 활성을 촉진하였고, 설탕>과당>포도당의 순이었다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
• /
• 제27권1호
• /
• pp.65-76
• /
• 2019

작물생육촉진과 병 방제 기능을 지닌 Bacillus velezensis GH1-13 균주의 대량배양을 위한 최적배지(glucose 0.5%, soy bean flour 0.8%, NaCl 0.15%, $K_2HPO_4$ 0.25%, $Na_2CO_3$ 0.05%, $MgSO_4.7H_2$ 0.1%) 조성을 확립하였다. 최적배지(MMS)를 이용하여 500 L 대용량 발효기에서 배양한 결과 총 균체수 $7.5{\times}10^9cells/mL$, $6.8{\times}10^9\;endospore\;cells/mL$ 및 90% 내생포자 형성률 등 안정된 대량생산을 확인하였다. 최적배지에서 배양한 GH1-13 균체와 배양 상층액의 경우 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides를 포함한 4종의 식물병원성 곰팡이에 대한 항진균활성을 보였다. 또한 식물생육촉진 호르몬의 일종인 IAA 생산량을 비교한 결과, 최적배지에서 배양한 경우 상업용 배지(TSB, R2A)에 비해 2.5~13배 이상 높은 생산성을 보였다. 더불어, 최적배지에 0.3% tryptophan을 첨가하여 배양했을 경우 28.50 mg/L의 IAA 최대 생산량을 보였으며, 이는 tryptophan을 첨가하지 않고 배양한 경우보다 약 4배 높은 수준이었다. 이러한 결과로 볼 때 본 연구에 사용된 B. velezensis GH1-13 균주는 작물생육촉진 및 곰팡이 병 방제 측면의 복합기능 생물학적 제제로서 매우 유용할 것으로 판단된다.