• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.391-395
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• 2002

Thinned fruits, apple, pear and peach were investigated into chemical components and physiological activities. On proximate compositions, crude protein, crude fat and ash of thinned fruits were higher than those of ripe fruits, showing lower carbohydrate in thinned fruits. The contents of inorganic substance were Ca, Mg, P, Na, K and B in order. On heavy metals, As, Cd, Cr and Hg were not detected and Ge, Mo, Ni and Pb were trace. Organic acid in thinned apple and peach were detected as tartaric acid, citric acid, malic acid and succinic acid, but thinned pear did not contain citric acid. Free sugars in thinned pear and peach were composed of glucose, fructose and sucrose but sucrose was not detected in thinned apple. Contents of insoluble dietary fiber in thinned fruits were higher than soluble dietary fiber. The thinned apple extracts showed high antioxidant activity. Nitrite scavenging activity of thinned apple and pear extracts were 71∼80 e/o and 61∼63% at pH 1.2, respectively. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity of thinned pear extracts was 61.0∼89.4 ％, however peach extinct showed no activity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.202-208
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• 2006

Juice obtained from premature citrus fruits was deacidified by electrodialysis (ED), and its physicochemical and functional properties were evaluated. Total acidities decreased from 3.15 (Aug), 1.62 (Sep), and 1.45% (Oct) to 2.37 (Aug), 0.86 (Sep), and 0.74% (Oct) by electrodialysis for 100 min, respectively, whereas $^{\circ}Brix$ to acid ratio increased, and pH and color remained almost unchanged. Free sugar content of premature citrus juice remained almost unchanged, while organic acid content decreased significantly. Narirutin and hesperidin contents among flavonoids slightly, but not significantly, decreased. $K^+,\;PO_4\;^{2-},\;SO_42^-,\;and\;Cl^-$ contents decreased by ED, with $K^+$ content showing more than 60% decrease, while $Na^+$ content increased 2.5-3.5 times. Total polyphenol content and electron-donating ability decreased slightly by ED, while nitrite-scavenging ability remained almost constant. Sensory evaluation indicated juice (Sep) subjected to ED processing to $12^{\circ}Brix$ with sugar had the highest preference.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.199-204
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• 2008

Seed dormancy behavior of weed seeds is a critical determinant of their survival rates in a given cropping system as it helps the weeds to evade herbicides and other weeding practices. We investigated the effects of red light, alternating temperature, stratification duration and different doses of nitrogen containing compounds alone or in combination with red light on breaking seed dormancy of Chenopodium album L. The application of red light(80 ${\mu}mols^{-1}m^{-2}$) significantly increased seed germination of C. album in all treatments. Germination rates of 12 h incubated seeds were highest under 20 min of red light irradiation than 1 min, 5 min and 10 min treated seeds. Germination rate was significantly higher at alternating temperatures of $25^{\circ}C\;and\;5^{\circ}C$ for 12 h each with an irradiation of red light(80 ${\mu}mols^{-1}m^{-2}$) for 10 min than other treatments. Stratification period of 15 days significantly stimulated germination percentage of seeds incubated in dark, although 5 days of stratification along with red light application for 10 minutes exhibit similar effects on seeds. Seed germination was also enhanced by nitrogen containing compounds like $NaNO_2,\;KNO_3,\;NH_4Cl\;and\;NH_4NO_3$. We observed that seed germination increased significantly with 25 mM $KNO_3$ and 10 mM $NH_4NO_3$ in dark condition, while $NaNO_2$ and $NH_4Cl$ enhanced seed germination under red light irradiation. It was concluded that red light alone or synergized with alternating temperatures, stratification and nitrogen compounds, especially nitrite and ammonium enhanced seed germination of C. album. Thus, the red light can play a vital role in present and future weed management strategies.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.507-513
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• 2001

An effective extraction methods of a garlic were investigated in order to improve the functional properties of the extracts. The solid yield, electron donating ability (EDA), nitrite-scavenging effects (NSE), peroxide value (POV) and total thiosulfinates contents of garlic extracts were determined. In order to improve the functional properties of extracts prepared with several organic solvents and acids, concentration and pH adjustment of the selected solvent and addition of acids and salts to solvents were also examined. Among the solvents tested, the methanol and ethanol extracts were found to be the most effective on the base of functionality and solid yields. The highest EDA, NSE and thiosulfinate value were obtained with 50% ethanol. The pH control of solvent and addition of citric acid, NaCl and phosphates to 50% ethanol did not affect on the functionality of the extracts. Therefore the optimal solvent for the best functional properties of garlic extract was 50% ethanol.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.467-475
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• 2000

The water extracts of Jagamcho-tang has been used for treatment of arrhythmia and palpitation in oriental traditional medicine. Brain is provided with blood flow by heart. Jagamcho-tang has been studied on ischemia and infarction in heart. However, little is known about the mechanism by which the water extracts of Jagamcho-tang rescues brain cells from ischemic damages. To elucidate the protective mechanism on ischemic induced cytotoxicity, the effects of Jagamcho-tang on ischemia induced cytotoxicity and generation of nitric oxide(NO) are investigated in C6 glioma cells. Jagamcho-tang induce NO in a dose dependent manner up to 2.5mg/ml in C6 glioma cells. The pretreatment of Jagamcho-tang protect sodium nitroprusside(SNP) (2mM) induced cytotoxicity. This effect of Jagamcho-tang is mimicked by treatment by pretreatment of SNP($100{\mu}M$), an exogenous NO donor. NG-monomethyl-L-arginine($N^{G}MMA$), a specific inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), significantly blocks the protective effects of Jagamcho-tang on cell toxicity by ischemia. In addition, lipopolysaccharide(LPS) and phorhol 12 myristate 13-acetate(PMA) treatment for 72h in C6 glial cells markedly induce NO, but treatment of the cells with the water extracts of Jagamcho-tang decrease nitrite formation in a dose dependent manner. In addition, LPS and PMA treatment for 72h induce severe cell death and LDH release into medium in C6 glial cells. However treatment of the cells with the water extracts of Jagamcho-tang dose not induce significant changes compare to control cells. Furthermore, the protective effects of the water extracts of Jagamcho-tang is mimicked by treatment of $N^{G}MMA$. Taken together, I suggest that the protective effects of the water extracts of Jagamcho-tang against ischemic brain damages may be mediated by regulation of iNOS during ischemic condition.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.398-409
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• 2006

Changes of component(amino acid, free sugar, fatty acid and mineral) and antioxidant effect by pickling of soybeans we.e investigated. Soybean cultivars, Daewon, Pungsannamul, Hwaeum(yellow bean), Ilpum Black and Zynuni(black bean) were soaked in persimmon vinegar for 10 days at $20^{\circ}C$. The major amino acids of raw soybeans were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine and leucine. The content of total amino acid decreased by pickling. The major free sugar of raw soybeans were glucose, fructose and sucrose. Sucrose decreased and glucose and fructose increased by pickling. Maltose was found only in pickled Daewon and Ilpum Black. Linoleic and linolenic acid content of raw soybeans were $49.3%{\sim}57.1%\;and\;7.8{\sim}8.9%$, and the fatty acid contents did not change by pickling. The major mineral elements were K, P and Mg, and their compositions except for Na did not change by pickling. Total phenolic compound, vitamin $B_1$ and C content increased during pickling. The antioxidant effects, electron donating abilities, nitrite-scavenging abilities increased by pickling.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.51-56
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• 2017

N-nitrosamines are the nitroso compounds which are produced by nitrosation reactions of the secondary amine and nitrite under acidic conditions. Approximately 300 species of N-nitrosamine have been tested for carcinogenicity in laboratory experiments, with 90% of them demonstrated carcinogenic effects different animal species, including higher primates. In 1978, IARC classified NDMA and NDEA as Group 2A, and NDPA, NDBA, NPIP, NPYR and NMOR as Group 2B. In this study, we established pretreatment and analytical method for N-nitrosamines (NDMA, NDEA, NMEA, NDPA, NDBA, NPIP, NPYR and NMOR) in human urine for biological monitoring of N-nitrosamines. The analytes were extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE), then quantitative analysis was performed by LC-(APCI)-MS/MS. The accuracies of the established method were between 85.8~108.7% and precisions were lower than 20%. The limit of detection (LOD) were between 0.0002 (NDBA) and 0.0793 (NDMA) ng/ml. The linearity obtained was satisfying for the 8 N-nitrosamines, with a coefficient of determination ($r^2$) higher than 0.999. The mean concentrations of N-nitrosamines in the urine were 2.645 mg/g creatinine for NDMA, 0.067 mg/g creatinine for NDEA, 0.009 mg/g creatinine for NMEA, 0.011 mg/g creatinine for NDBA, 0.271 mg/g creatinine for NPIP and 0.413 mg/g creatinine for NPYR. NDPA and NMOR were not detected. It can be used as a instrumental methodology for evaluation and risk assessment of human exposure to N-nitrosamines for the further research.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.2 s.70
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• pp.155-165
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• 2007

Objective : The Angelica gigas Nakai ethanol extract (AGE) was investigated to compare nitric oxide (NO) production and $NF-{\kappa}B$ activity from RAW 264.7 cells, since NO and nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ $(NF-{\kappa}B)$ have been shown to be factors implicated in inflammatory disease. Method : AGE was prepared by extracting medicinal herb with 70% (v/v) ethanol solution. We investigated production of nitric oxide (NO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression by ARE in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. We also investigated inhibition of LPS-induced activation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ on western blot. Result : LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells increased NO production and iNOS expression. Upon treatment with AGE, nitrite production was significantly inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner compared to the untreated control. AGE inhibited this LPS-induced iNOS mRNA and protein in a dose-dependent manner. AGE markedly inhibited the expression of iNOS mRNA and protein at a concentration of 100 ${\mu}g/ml$. LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells with AGE blocked inhibitory $factor-{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ degradation. Conclusion :This study shows that AGE seems to attenuate inflammation through inhibition of NO production and iNOS expression by blockade of $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.27-34
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• 2011

The function of mulberry leaves and the quality of muffins including mulberry leaves were examined. The electron donating ability of both a water and ethanol extract was 40% for both at 100 ppm, 62 and 72% at 500 ppm, and 77 and 83% at 1,000 ppm respectively. These experiments showed good oxidized substance activity. The SOD-like ability of the water and ethanol extracts at 1,000, 500, and 300 ppm was 49% and 55%, 33% and 39%, and 28% and 33% respectively. These results show that the ethanol extract had higher SOD-like ability than that of the water extract. The nitrite scavenging abilities of 1,000 ppm of the mulberry leaf water extract and ethanol extract at pHs of 1.2 and 3.0 were 40.5 and 47%, and 20 and 22% respectively. The Hunter lightness value tended to be lower as the amount of added mulberry leaves increased compared to the contrast set, so the lightness level with a 7% addition was the lowest. The contrast set was the highest for redness and added mulberry leaves tended to decrease redness at 3% but tended to increase it again with additions >3%. The b-value (yellowness) showed a similar tendency as redness. Adding Mulberry leaves tended to decrease the contrast set to the lowest level, then values increased slowly to a peak at 5% added mulberry leaf and then decreased thereafter. Strength and hardness were less after increasing added mulberry leaf. Cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess and brittleness, decreased at up to 5% added mulberry leaves but the 7% addition showed the same level as the contrast set. The mulberry leaves muffins were less preferred to the contrast set in appearance and color. However, the mulberry leaf muffins were preferred to the contrast set in taste and flavor but the result was not significant. Overall the quality of the muffins with 3% added mulberry leaves was preferred over the 1% added mulberry leaf muffins.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.24-37
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• 2001

Physical and chemical properties of the northest Equatorial Pacific between 5° and 12° N along 131.5 °W wore investigated in association with changes in water column structures during the summer seasons of 1998 and 1999. Climatic disturbances such as El Nino and La Nina, should have affected this area during the study Period. In 1998, a thermocline where temperature rapidly decrease with depth, was formed at 90～110 m water depth. Nutrient depicting areas, specially for nitrate+nitrite and phosphate, or oligotrophic regions were extended down to approximately 100 m depth, which coincided with the surface mixed layer depth. However, in 1999, a very fluctuating thermocline was observed with latitudes. As a result of changes in the water column structures, nutrient concentrations also showed fluctuation parallel to the changes in other physical parameters. In the photic zone, depth integrated nitrogen and phosphorus values were 34 gN/m², 7 gP/m² in 1998 and 130 gN/m², 18 gP/m² in 1999, respectively. The results indicated that nitrogen (96 gN/m²) and phosphorus (11 gP/m²) are supported by up-welling and down-welling phenomena with convergence and divergence in the study area.