• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.388-395
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Although Korean fermented foods contain large amounts of salt, which is known to exacerbate health problems, these foods still have beneficial effects such as anti-hypertension, anti-cancer, and anti-colitis properties. We hypothesized that ganjang may have different effects on blood pressure compared to same concentrations of salt. MATERIALS/METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control (CT), NaCl (NC), and ganjang (GJ) groups and orally administered with 8% NaCl concentration for 9 weeks. The systolic blood pressure (SBP), serum chemistry, $Na^+$ and $K^+$ concentrations and renal gene expressions were measured. RESULTS: The SBP was significantly increased in the NC group compared to the GJ and CT groups. In addition, the $Na^+$ concentration in urine was higher in the GJ and NC groups than the CT group, but the urine volume was increased in the GJ group compared to the other groups. The serum renin levels were decreased in the GJ group compared to the CT group, while the serum aldosterone level was decreased in the GJ group relative to the NC group. The mRNA expression of the renin, angiotensin II type I receptor, and mineralocorticoid receptor were significantly lower in the GJ group compared to other groups. Furthermore, GJ group showed the lowest levels of genes for $Na^+$ transporter in kidney cortex such as $Na^+/K^+$ $ATPase{\alpha}1$ ($NKA{\alpha}1$), $Na^+/H^+$ exchanger 3 (NHE3), $Na^+/HCO_3{^-}$ co-exchanger (NBC), and carbonic anhydrases II (CAII). CONCLUSIONS: The decreased SBP in the GJ could be due to decreased renin and aldosterone levels in serum and increased urinary volume and excretion of $Na^+$ with its transporter gene alteration. Therefore, ganjang may have antihypertensive effect despite its high contents of salt.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.213-221
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• 1990

Effect of Jeo Ryong-Tang water Extract on Renal Function in Rabbit and Dog. In order to investigate the Pharmacological action of Jeo Ryoung-Tang on renal function, this study was performed in rabbit and dog, making use of it's water extract. Jeo Ryoung-Tang water extract (JRWE), when given into ear vein of rabbits, produced diuresis in a small dose, but antidiuresis in a large dose. Diuretic action of JRWE accompanied the increase of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF) and amounts of $Na^+$ in exdreated in urin, but fractional excretion of filtered $Na^+$ was not changed. JRWE, when injected into proleg's vein of dog, produced diuresis, At this time, changes of renal function were similar to that of diuresis in rabbit. JRWE, when infused into a renal artery of dog, exhibited the diuresis in both kidney. It is thought that JRWE, when given into vein of rabbit or dog, induces the diuresis, and the mechanism of it's diuresis is the increase of renal plasma flow through secondary action by some endogenous humoural substance.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제60권3호
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• pp.392-397
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• 2022

Methane is one of the major greenhouse gases, recently, the biotechnological conversion from methane to high-value added chemicals have emerged as an effort to reduce methane gas emission. In this study, we optimized ectoine bio-milking conditions in which cells were repeatedly used to improve intracellular and extracellular ectoine yield from methane by using Methylomicrobium alcaliphilum 20ZDP2. First, the cultivation and intracellular ectoine accumulation conditions were optimized with respect to the growth phase and medium salinity to achieve the highest yield of synthesis. Second, ectoine excretion was optimized by determining the ectoine secretion time (15 min) in appropriate medium salinity under hypoosmotic conditions (1% NaCl). Finally, bio-milking of ectoine was successfully repeated more than 10 times using M. alcaliphilum 20ZDP2, and the ectoine yield was improved up to 129.29 mg/ DCW g.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.113-129
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• 2002

The present study designed to investigate whether hwangryunhaedok-tang show an anti-hypertensive effect and elucidate its possible mechanism in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The systolic blood pressures (SBP) were significantly decreased as an oral administration of hwangryunhaedok-tang compared with their control group. The urine volume was significantly increased by administration of hwangryunhaedok-tang but urinary sodium (UNaV), potassium (UKV), chloride excretion (UCIV) were not remarkably affected. The urinary creatinine excretion rate (UcrV) was significantly increased in rats administered with hwangryunhaedok-tang in association with increase of creatinine clearance (Ccr). The urine osmolality (Uosmol) was significantly decreased in SHR administered with hwangryunhaedok-tang without being changed in solute-free water reabsorption ( TcH20). The expressions of Aquaporin 2 (AQP-2). 3 and ${\alpha}\;1$, ${\beta}\;1$ subunits of Na.K-ATPase were determined by Western blot analysis to assess the role of these proteins in association with changes of renal functions in SHR administered with hwangryunhaedok-tang. The expression of AQP-2 and 3 protein was significantly down-regulated in the kidney of SHR administered with hwangryunhaedok-tang compared with those in control rats without being altered expression of ${\alpha}\;1$, ${\beta}\;1$ subunits of Na,K-ATPase. In the in vitro assay, Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) was inhibited by hwangryunhaedok-tang in a dose-dependent manner. Berberine and/or palmatine, which are well known as a main components of hwangryunhaedok-tang, also have an ACE inhibitory effects in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these results suggest that hwangryunhaedok-tang lowered blood pressure through the increase of diuresis caused by down-regulation of water channels and the inhibition of Angiotensin converting enzyme.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.199-208
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• 2002

Objective : This study was undertaken to determine if Carthami Semen Aquacupunc- ture(CSA) exerts protective effect against alterations in membrane transport function rabbits with mercury chloride(HG)-induced acute renal failure. Methods : The administration of Hg at a subcutaneous single dose of 10 mg/kg caused a reduction in GFR and an increase in fractional Na excretion, indicating generation of acute renal failure. When CSA were given for 7 days prior to Hg administration, such changes were significantly attenuated. The fractional excretion of glucose and phosphate was increased in rabbits treated with Hg alone. Results : The increase in rabbits treated with Hg following CSA are significantly lower than that in animals treated with Hg alone. Uptakes of glucose and phosphate in purified isolated brush-border membrane and Na-K-ATPase activity in microsomal fraction were inhibited in rabbits treated with Hg alone. Such changes were prevented by CSA. Uptakes of organic ions, PAH and TEA, in renal cortical slices were inhibited by the administration of Hg, which was prevented by CSA. Exposure of renal cortical slices to Hg in vitro caused an increased LDH release and lipid peroxidation, which was significantly prevented by CSA extract. Conclusions : These results indicate that the administration of Hg causes impairment in reabsorption of solutes in the proximal tubule via the generation of reactive oxygen species. CSA provides the protection against the impairment in proximal reabsorption, and its effect may be resulted from its antioxidant effect.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.117-127
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• 2005

Objective : This study was undertaken to determine if Plantaginis Semen herbal acupuncture(PSA) has a protective effect on glycerol-induced acute renal failure in rats. Methods : Rats were dehydrated for 24hr and then injected with 4 ml/kg of 50% glycerol in each hindlimb muscle. In experiments for PSA effect, rats were received 0.1 ml of PSA extraction in both sides of corresponding $Sh\grave{e}nsh\bar{u}(BL_{23})$ of human body for 3 days after injection of glycerol. The experimental group were divided into the normal group, the control group, the sample 1,2,3 group. Results : Glycerol injection decreased glomerular filtration rate and increased urine volume, serum creatinine, BUN level and fractional excretion of $Na^+,\;K^+\;and\;Cl^-$. These results show that glycerol injection bring about acute renal failure. PSA significantly increased glomerular filtration rate and significantly decreased serum creatinine, BUN level and fractional excretion of $Na^+,\;and\;Cl^-$ as compared with control group. Conclusion : These results suggest that PSA can be used in prevention and treatment for acute renal failure. However, the precise mechanisms of PSA protection remain to be determined.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 1977

In the previous study of the release, excretion, and plasma concentration of aldosterone in normal Koreans, the author found that urinary aldosterone excretion and aldosterone secretion rate of the Korean who usually take high amount of salt are significantly lower, in compared to Americans, although the plasma concentration is only tended to be low. The control of plasma aldosterone level depends on the secretion rate and the metabolic clearance of the hormone. In this experiments, the metabolic clearance rate of aldosterone was determined in normotensive korean and the effects of adrenal stimulations on the rates were also studied in the same subjects. The metabolic clearance rate of the normal Korean was not significantly different from those of the American, and shown a little increase in response to sodium restriction. These results indicate that the decrease in secretion rate rather than the increase in metabolic clearance Tate is the major factor maintaining lower plasma aldosterone level. After furosemide diuresis, on the contrary, the removal of aldosterone showed significant the decrease despite slight increase of secretion rate. This suggest that the reduction in metabolic clearance rate of the hormone during volume depletion found to be major cause of high plasma concentration. Additional potassium supply produced detectable decrease of metabolic clearance rate, but the changes were smaller than that of secretion rate, which suggested that the higher secretion rate could account for elevated plasma concentration of aldosterone rather than metabolic clearance. Above results also support author's previous evidences that the normal Korean who already adapted to a high sodium diet have ability to produce adequate aldosterone activity without producing detectable changes on the metabolic clearance rate under the condition of sodium restriction with approp riate potassium intake.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.75-85
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• 2008

This study investigated the effects of chitosan on mineral metabolism in rats exposed to cadmium by oral administration. Six week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into eight groups. Four groups were fed AIN-93G based 3% ${\alpha}$-cellulose diets and the other four groups were fed 3% chitosan diets for four weeks with the oral administration of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg Cd/2ml distilled water three times per week, respectively. The essential mineral contents of serum, liver, kidney and bone (femur and lumbar), and the excretion of calcium in feces and urine were determined. There was no significant difference in weight gain and food intake among groups. The cadmium administration significantly decreased calcium in serum, iron in blood, calcium and iron in liver and iron contents in kidney. In contrast, calcium and zinc contents in kidney increased by the administration of cadmium. The weight, length and breaking forces of the femur and lumbar were not significantly different due to cadmium administration and chitosan among the groups. The fecal excretion of calcium was increased by the administration of cadmium. On the other hand, calcium absorption and the absorption rate were decreased by Cd administration. In the groups without Cd administered (N, N-Chi groups), chitosan significantly decreased the absorption rate of calcium by increasing the excretion in feces (p<0.05). These results suggest that cadmium administration may facilitate the decline of essential minerals in rats and also, chitosan may have a conflicting effect between cadmium and the essential minerals of tissues.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.384-394
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• 1998

In order to investigate the effect of the urinary excretion of sodium and potassium on the change on blood pressure over 3 years, 668 adolescents aged 13 years living in Kangwha area were investigated in a longitudinal follow-up study. Two measurements were taken on each blood pressure (diastolic, systolic) and the average of the two readings was used in the analysis. Sodium and potassium intake were estimated by the determination of those electrolytes in 24hr urine. The mixed model regression analysis was used to identify the effect of urinary sodium and potassium on the change of blood pressure after controlling for BMI of each age. On simple bivariate analysis no relationship was found between urinary sodium excretion and systolic or diastolic blood pressure among both male and female, however, a significant positive association between urinary potassium excretion and systolic blood pressure among male. The results of mixed regression analysis showed that the body mass index (BMI) were more influential that urinary electrolytes among this study subjects. It suggested that risk factors observed from the adults, may not be identical with that of the growing aged population. After control of the BMI and age, significant association between sodium and diastolic BP among male, and association between potassium and systolic BP among female, were found. In summary, the results indicate that growth has been more influential than dietary factor on blood pressure for growing aged population.

• 약학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.88-101
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• 1990

Captopril, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, when given intravenously in dog, elicited the diuretic action along with the increases of glomerular filtration rates (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF) and osmolar clearances (Cosm) with no changes of free water clearnces ($C_{H_2O}$), and then captopril produced the enlargement of excretion rates of electrolytes in urine and the reduction of reabsorption rates of electrolytes in renal tubles. Captopril, when given into a renal artery, exhibited no changes of renal function in the experinental kidney, whereas diuretic action with the same mechanism as shown in intravenous captopril in control kidney. Captopril, when injected into a carotid artery, showed increases in rates of urine flow in a small does which did not affect on renal action when it was administered intravenusly. Diuretic action induced by captopril was not influenced by renal artery denervation, propranolol and angiotensin II inhibiters. Above results suggest that captopril produced diuretic action along with renal hemodynamic changes by slight contraction of vas efferense and reduction of reabsorption rate of electrolytes in renal tubules, especilly distal tubules, that may be mediatedby endogenous substances.