• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.675-687
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• 2005

In this study, the cyclone/denuder/filter pack sampling system was used to measure the daily concentrations of water soluble inorganic compounds of fine ($D_{p}< 2.5\;{\mu}m$) and coarse ($D_{p}<10{\mu}m$m) size fractions of aerosol and related gases at Gosan super site during ABC-EAREX 2005. The mean concentrations for $HNO_{3},\;HNO_{2},\;NH_{3}$, were 0.39, 0.08, and $0.29\;{\mu}g/m^3$. respectively. Average concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium in $PM_{2.5}$ were 3.39, 1.06, and $1.04\;{\mu}g/m^3$, which occupied about $26\%$ of total $PM_{2.5}$ mass. In particular, more than half of these ionic species were found in size of less than $2.5\;{\mu}m$. Gas phase nitric acid concentrations have shown high correlation coefficient with $HNO_{2}$(R=0.80) and $O_{3}$(R=0.78), implying the active photochemical reactions from its precursors. Equivalent molar ratios between major ion components, $NH_{4}\;^{+}/nss\;SO_4\;^{2-},(0.83\;for\;PM_{2.5},\;0.86\;for\;PM_{10})$, revealed that the existing forms of the secondary aerosols were probably $(NH_{4})_{2}SO_{4}\;and\;(NH_{4})_{3}H\;(SO_{4})_{2}$. Especially, $(NH_{4}\;^{+}+K^{+}+Ca^{2+}+Mg^{2+})/(NO_{3}\;^{-}+nss\;SO_{4}\;^{2-}) (0.99\;for\;PM_{2.5},\;1.05\;for\;PM_{10})$ indicated that some of them existed not only as $NH_{4}NO_{3}$ but also as $CaSO_{4}\;or\;KNO_{3}$, which pointed out the probability of influences from the abundant soil components during Asian dust (AD) periods. These neutralized types of secondary aerosols showed that pollutants could be aged and transported from a distance.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.131-143
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• 2014

We propose a no-reference perceptual fog density and visibility prediction model in a single foggy scene based on natural scene statistics (NSS) and perceptual "fog aware" statistical features. Unlike previous studies, the proposed model predicts fog density without multiple foggy images, without salient objects in a scene including lane markings or traffic signs, without supplementary geographical information using an onboard camera, and without training on human-rated judgments. The proposed fog density and visibility predictor makes use of only measurable deviations from statistical regularities observed in natural foggy and fog-free images. Perceptual "fog aware" statistical features are derived from a corpus of natural foggy and fog-free images by using a spatial NSS model and observed fog characteristics including low contrast, faint color, and shifted luminance. The proposed model not only predicts perceptual fog density for the entire image but also provides local fog density for each patch size. To evaluate the performance of the proposed model against human judgments regarding fog visibility, we executed a human subjective study using a variety of 100 foggy images. Results show that the predicted fog density of the model correlates well with human judgments. The proposed model is a new fog density assessment work based on human visual perceptions. We hope that the proposed model will provide fertile ground for future research not only to enhance the visibility of foggy scenes but also to accurately evaluate the performance of defog algorithms.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.113-122
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• 2015

VE workshop is performed based on VE expert' experiences without retrieving VE data of similar previous projects. Moreover, it usually omitted or applied for the sake of formality due to insufficiently understanding VE function, limited time, space and budget. Even though many studies have established VE databases for retrieving and reusing VE data, VE workshop is still inefficient and ineffective to improve projects' values. With this regard, this study proposes a preliminary prototype for improving VE workshop, which utilizes the state-of-the-art information communication technologies(ICTs) including Building Information Modeling(BIM), Mobile Computing(MC), Network Service System(NSS), and Database Management System(DBMS) for better managing, storing and reusing VE data. The prototype was developed to evaluate advantages and limitations. The results show that the proposed prototype can support visual VE data retrieval from similar previous projects, enhance communication among VE team and save much time and cost comparing to traditional VE. Through this, the productivity of VE workshop can improve efficiently and effectively.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2007

The issue of acid precipitation and related environmental problems in East Asia has been emerging. To evaluate the acidity and chemical characteristics of rainwater in Korea, its chemical properties during cultivation season from April to October in 2005 were investigated at Taean. Also, to estimate the contribution of ions on acidity, ion composition characteristics and neutralization effects by cations were determined. The electrical conductivity balance between measured and estimated values showed a high correlation. Rainwater was highly distributed in the range of pH $4.5{\sim}5.0$. The acidity of rainwater was relatively low during the month of June compared with other monitored periods. $Na^+$ was the main cation, followed by $H^+>Ca^{2+}>NH_4^+>K^+>Mg^{2+}$. Among these ions, $Na^+,\;NH_4^+,\;Ca^{2+}$ and $H^+$ comprised over 94% of the total cations. Rainwater anion composition was more than 80% with $SO_4^{2-}$ and $NO_3^-$. In rainwater samples, $NH_4^+$ and $Ca^{2+}$ contributed greatly to neutralizing the rain acidity. The sulfate content decreased until September, and sea salt derivatives were higher in May and October than during other monitored periods. Also, 78% of the soluble sulfate in rainwater was nss-$SO_4^{2-}$ (non-sea salt sulfate).

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.230-239
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• 2004

Using our PM2.5 and PM10 concentration data obtained from Seoul and Busan during winter 2002, we conducted comparative analysis on the role of inorganic ions in constituting airborne particles in two distinctive urban areas. Whereas the mass concentration of fine particle was more significant in Seoul, no such pattern was found in Busan. In addition, when the major components were compared between different particle fractions and between different sites, clear pattern was apparent between those. Although the major components of fine particles were generally compatible each other ($NH{_4}^+$, $NO{_3}^-$, and NSSS), those of coarse fractions were clearly distinguished. Although anthropogenic signatures were still important in Seoul, the influence of oceanic sources was clear in coarse fraction of Busan ($Cl^-$ and $Na^+$). Detailed statistical analysis of our data consistently supports the importance of different source processes between particle modes and source processes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.488-494
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• 2012

This study was conducted to determine the optimal ratio of sludges from milk processing industry (MPS), paper-mill industry (PMS) and night-soil treatment plant (NSS) for vermicomposting. Five different ratios, 0 : 80 : 20 (MPS-0), 25 : 60 : 15 (MPS-25), 50 : 40 : 10 (MPS-50), 75 : 20 : 5 (MPS-75), and 100 : 0 : 0 (MPS-100 : control) MPS : PMS : NSS by wet weight were tested in a small plot experiment. The experiment for each mixing ratio was performed for 2 weeks with the three replications. MPS-100 (100 : 0 : 0) only had the highest decomposition rate with 19.9%, followed by MPS-25, MPS-50, MPS-75 and MPS-0 with 19.5, 19.1, 17.6 and 16.7%, respectively. Except for MPS-100, Vermicomposting resulted in increase in ash, T-P, $NO_2{^-}-N$, $NO_3{^-}-N$, Mg, K, As, Cd and Cu, whereas moisture, VS (Volatile Substance), TKN (Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen), $NH_4{^+}-N$, Ca, Hg and Pb were lower in the final cast than the initial feed mixture. Meanwhile Zn showed very slight difference and Cr and Ni did not show any tendency between the feed mixture and the final cast. In the case of MPS-100, where the decomposition rate was the highest, all the heavy metals in the final cast except for Hg were increased. All the vermicomposts produced from five different mixing ratios of the vermicomposting sludges met the Korea Standard as by-product compost.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.151-155
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• 2007

The issue of acid precipitation and related environmental problems in East Asia have been emerging. To evaluate the acidity and chemical characteristics of rainwater in Korea, its chemical properties during crop cultivation season from April to October were investigated at Suwon, Korea. Also, to estimate the contribution of ions on its acidity, ion composition characteristics and neutralization effects by cation ions were determined. Ion balance and electrical conductivity balance between the measured and estimated values showed high correlation. Rainwater had distributed highly in the range of pH 4.5~5.6. The pH of rainwater was relatively high at June as compared with other monitoring periods. $Na^+$ was the main cation followed by $NH_4{^+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $H^+$ > $K^+$ > $Mg^{2+}$. Among these, $Na^+$, $NH_4{^+}$, $Ca^{2+}$ and $H^+$ covered over 93% of total cations. About 86% of anion in rainwater was composed of $SO{_4}^{2-}$ and $NO_3{^-}$. In rainwater samples, $NH_4{^+}$ and $Ca^{2+}$ contributed greatly to neutralization of the rain acidity. Also, 88% of soluble sulfate in rainwater was nss-$SO{_4}^{2-}$(non-sea salt sulfate).

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 2024

Thrips infest hot peppers (Capsicum annuum) cultivating in open fields and give serious economic damages. This study reports their yearly occurrence from transplanting to harvest at three different places in Andong, an intense hot pepper-cultivating area. Two main occurrence peaks were detected in June and September. Two dominant thrips were the flower flowers, Frankliniella occidentalis and F. intonsa, which comprised of over 87% of the total occurring thrips. Other thrips did not follow the occurrence peaks of the two dominant species. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was detected from the dominant two species, in which higher viruliferous rate was recorded in F. intonsa. Although the hot peppers were the resistant varieties against TSWV, some of them cultivating in the fields exhibited a characteristic disease symptom infected by the virus over the growing seasons. TSWV was isolated from the viruliferous thrips and assessed in NSs sequences encoded in S RNA segment of the virus. Compared to the known resistance breaking (RB) strains, the TSWV isolated from the viruliferous thrips in Andong did not show any RB mutations.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.519-531
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• 2024

Objectives: This case study reports the effectiveness of Korean medical treatment in a patient with cyclic vomiting syndrome. Methods: A 29-year-old female Korean patient with cyclic vomiting syndrome received acupuncture, electroacupuncture, herbal medicine, and moxibustion for 2 weeks in hospital. Changes in symptoms were evaluated using the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Index for Nausea, Vomiting, and Retching (INVR), Nausea Severity Scale (NSS), Nepean Dyspepsia Index-Korean version (NDI-K), quality of life using the Functional Dyspepsia Related Quality of Life questionnaire (FD-QoL), and gastric motility using electrogastrography (EGG). Results: Post-treatment, the patient showed high satisfaction and improvement in symptoms of nausea and vomiting. The following changes were observed in scores: GSRS: 23 to 19; VAS of nausea: 88 to 95; VAS of dyspepsia: 95 to 12; INVR: 13 to 1; NSS: 17 to 5; NDI-K: 107 to 78; and FD-QoL 84 to 27. We also found positive results in Channel 3 of EGG parameters, implying the improvement of gastric motility disorder. Conclusion: Korean medical treatment can be a therapeutic option for cyclic vomiting syndrome.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.948-954
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• 2002

This study was carried out to evaluate Effects of Cheongyoung-tang on CHT-Induced Brain Edema and Neurological Disturbance Symptom in Rats. we make a comparative study of the such parameters as neurological severity score(NSS) and changes in water content, lactate, glucose and hematological substance. 1. ΔNSS increased in CYT1 and CYT2 as compared with the control group, which showed no efficacy. 2. In water content of both hemispheres, CYT1 and CYT2 as compared with the control group have no difference. 3. Water content of the left hemisphere decreased in CYT1 and CYT2 as compared with the control group. 4. The lactate level in serum decreased in CYT1 and CYT2 as compared with the control group. 5. In hematological changes, RBC, PLT and MCHC increased in CYT1 and CYT2 as compared with the control group, but MCV decreased. According to these results, CYT has an effect on CHT-induced brain edema and neurological symptom.