• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.31-39
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• 2017

From July to August 2013, liquid fertilizers produced at 180 liquid manure public resource centers and liquid fertilizer distribution centers were collected. The maturity of liquid fertilizers was measured using the mechanical maturity measurement device. The nutrient contents (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium), physicochemical properties, and heavy metal content of 46 liquid fertilizers were investigated in this study. We used a matured liquid fertilizer with a total number of 46, with number of 7 for Gyeonggi-do, 3 for Chungcheongbuk-do, 2 for Chungcheongnam-do, 13 for Jeollabuk-do, 5 for Jeollanam-do, 3 for Gyeongsangbuk-do, 11 for Gyeongsangnam-do, 1 for Daejeon, and 1 for Jeju-do. The physicochemical properties were as follows: pH 8.0, EC 11.6 mS/cm, SS 5,188 mg/L, TKN 847mg/L, ${{NH_4}^+}-N$ 317 mg/L, ${{NO_3}^-}-N$ 170 mg/L, Org-N 360 mg/L, TP 193 mg/L, and TK 2,557 mg/L. The total amount of NPK was 3,596 mg/L. The total amount of N-P-K was as follows: a number of 2 at 1,000-2,000 mg/L (4%), a number of 17 at 2,000-3,000mg/L (37%), a number of 11 at 3,000-4,000mg/L (24%), and a number of 16 at 4,000mg/L or more (35%). Thus, 41% of the mature liquid fertilizers were below the official standard of commercial fertilizer (livestock manure liquid fertilizer) (0.3% of the total amount of N-P-K). Most of the N-P-K total amount showed non-uniform characteristics of low nitrogen and low phosphoric acid due to the potassium concentration. The average heavy metal content in the matured liquid fertilizer was as follows: As, not detected; Cd, 0.01 mg/kg; Hg, not detected; Pb, 0.02 mg/kg; Cr, 0.14 mg/kg; Cu, 6.89 mg/kg; Ni, 0.44 mg/kg; and Zn, 20.70 mg/kg. Thus, the official standard of commercial fertilizer was satisfied in all categories, indicating a safe level.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.457-464
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• 2011

Livestock manure compost (LC) generally contains high content of phosphorus, therefore can be a substitute for phosphorus fertilizers. In this experiment of the cultivation of lettuce in green house, the possibility of LC as a subsitute for phosphorus fertilizer was investigated and the fertilizer efficiency of nitrogen and potassium in LC as compared with chemical N fertilizer (urea) and K fertilizer (potassium chloride) was examined. In proportion to the increase in the application rate of nitrogen fertilizer, soil pH declined, whereas EC and $NO_3$-N content became higher. The application of LC appeared to increase the soil content of organic matter, available phosphate, exchangeable calcium, magnesium and sodium more than that of chemical fertilizer. Supplementation of the K fertilizer by the lack amount from the application of LC resulted in the same exchangeable potassium content in soil with NPK plot in which N, P and K fertilizers were applied by the amount of soil test recommendation. The relationship between soil $NO_3$-N content and nitrogen application rate from fertilizer and compost showed as y=0.57717a+0.19760b+74.65 ($R^2$=0.6347) in which y is the soil $NO_3$-N content (mg $kg^{-1}$), a is nitrogen application rate from fertilizer and b is nitrogen application rate from compost (kg $ha^{-1}$), respectively. From this equation, the supply ability of $NO_3$-N into soil of LC exhibited about 34% (pig manure compost 37.0, chicken manure compost 34.7, cattle manure compost 23.3) of nitrogen fertilizer (urea).

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.371-380
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• 2009

This study was conducted to assess effects of supplying different types of nitrogen sources as fertilizers on productivity and feed values of barley and rye as winter forage crops, and ultimately done to get good quality of organic forages with higher fertilization of soil. For barley, N+P+K plots were significantly (P<0.05) higher in annual dry matter (DM) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields than other plots. However, cattle manure plots had significantly (P<0.05) higher annual DM and TDN than P+K and non-fertilizer plots. Plots of 50%-cattle manure and mixed sowing with hairy vetch or forage pea were higher than only 50%-cattle manure plot, particularly, these were significantly higher than non-fertilizer, and their crude protein (CP) yields were much higher than other plots. Crude protein contents were significantly higher in N+P+K and 50%-cattle manure slurry plots than non-fertilizer and P+K plots, and plots of mixed sowing with hairy vetch or forage pea in application of 50%-cattle manure had higher CP content than other plots. ADF content was lowest in 50%-cattle manure+forage pea plots, but highest in 100%-cattle manure plots. NDF content was lowest in legumes-mixed sowing, but highest in 100%-cattle manure plots. TDN content was the highest in forage pea plots, and plots of 50%-cattle manure and legumes-mixed sowing had high RFV, but cattle manure plots rich in ADF and NDF content had the lowest TDN and RFV. For rye, plots of 50%-cattle manure+hairy vetch mixed sowing, and N+P+K application had significantly higher annual DM, CP and TDN than other plots except for cattle manure. DM productive efficiency to nitrogen fertilization was markedly higher for cattle manure plots than for chemical fertilizer. This tendency was more conspicuous in plots of 50% cattle manure+legumes-mixed sowing. CP content was higher for N+P+K plot than for all plots, and plots of 50%-cattle manure + legumes-mixed sowing were significantly higher than other plots. On the contrary, forage pea-mixed sowing plot had the lowest ADF and NDF, but TDN and RFV were significantly (P<0.05) higher than other plots. Grass crop cultivation together with legumes by applying livestock manure to soil may lead to higher palatability of livestock, and better quality of forage. Furthermore, cattle manure application increased production yield per ha and CP contents. Thus, when applying forage crops produced by cattle manure application and mixed sowing to organic livestock production, it was conceived that forages produced might become a substitute for foreign organic grain as protein sources.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.139-146
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• 1996

An experiment was canied out to investigate how to effect the application of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium on the vegetation and dry matter yield in the mixed sward of Ladino clover and crabgrass(Digitaria sanguinalis [L.] Scop.). The experimental sward was consisted of eight plots of non-application, K, P, PK, N, NK, NP and NPK. These plots were sown with seeds mixture of Ladino clover 5.0kg/ha and crabgrass 17.5kg/ha on 17 April 1976 in the forage experimental field of Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea, and were cut three times from 6 July to 4 October 1976.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.37-40
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• 1976

The experiment designed to obtain information relative to the favourable levels to apply N.P.K fertilizer was conducted at the hop garden of College of Agriculture, S.N.U. in 1975. The varieties used were 1-year-old Cascade, Hallertau and Shinshuwase. The design of the experiment was a split plot design with 3 replications. Yields were recorded as fresh weight of harvested cones in gram per split plot. The results obtained from the experiment were as follows: 1. The results from analysis of the data for 3 varieties indicated that significant increase in yield were found due to the application of 46g N, 20g P2O5 and 60kg K2O per plant, although higher level thn the above caused a remarkable reduction of yield. 2. The individual fresh weight of harvested cones was significantly increased with application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash, regardless of fertilizer levels. 3. Analysis of variance for yields showed that there were no significant interaction between fertilizer level and variety, i.e., all varieties used might require the same fertilizer level.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 1993

The main experiment related to this report was undertaken to assess the effects of two rates of $Ca(OH)_2$ (0, 250 kg/10a only at establishment) and five rates of N-$P_{2}O_{5}$-$K_2O$ (0-0-0, 0-10-10, 6-15-15, 12-20-20, 24-25-20 kg/10a/year) on the pasture establishment, on forage yield and quality, vegetation etc. After this 10-year main experiment, this pasture had been used to assess the effects of the above treatments on the soil characteristics in oversown hilly pasture of a grass-clover sward. This 1st part is concerned with the soil properties of pH-value. OM, T-N, avail. $P_{2}O_{5}$ and $P_{2}O_{5}$ absorption coefficient, and lime requirement by the soil depth. 1. The pH of the topsoil(0~l5 cm) was lowered from pH 5.12 of before the experiment to 4.90 of when $Ca(OH)_2$ was applied and to 4.68 of when $Ca(OH)_2$ was not applied. The pH decrease was more evident with the increase of NPK application rate and in the upper part of the top soil(0.0~7.5 cm). The additional application of lime was necessary in all the experiment blocks due to the strong acidity of the soil, and the amounts of lime requirement were increased with increased application rates of NPK and soil depth. 2. The contents of organic matter and T-N were increased in all the blocks by the establishment of the hilly pasture, and were higher in $Ca(OH)_2$ applied blocks than non-applied blocks. The contents were inversely correlated with the soil depth. No correlation was observed between the contents and the application rates of NPK. 3. The content of available $P_{2}O_{5}$-$K_2O$, was increased with the increased application of P, especially in the upper part of top soil. The content in the upper part(0.0~7.5 cm) was about twice of that in the lower part(7.5~15.0 cm). Since the contents of available $P_{2}O_{5}$$P_{2}O_{5}$/10a/year were applied, respectively), it is necessary to decrease the application rate of $P_{2}O_{5}$, gradually. The $P_{2}O_{5}$ absorption coefficient in topsoil (0.0~15.0 cm) was more or less higher when no lime and less $P_{2}O_{5}$, was applied. No correlation was observed in subsoil. 4. Further studies on the methods, rates, time of additional application of lime, and on the methods of decreased apllication of $P_{2}O_{5}$ should be performed for better management of oversown hilly pasture.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.252-257
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• 1991

In a two-year's field experiment, the effectiveness of magnesium-and boron-enriched complex fertilizer (CF, N-P$_2$O$_{5}$-K$_2$O-MgO-B$_2$O$_3$: 14-10-12-3-0.2) on the maintenance and management of hilly pasture was studied. The effects of CF and some straight fertilizers (SF) on forage yields, yield components, and chemical compositions were compared in a mixed grass-clover (orchardgrass, tall fescue, kentucky bluegrass, and ladino clover) and a pure grass (orchardgrass) swards. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Considerably higher average dry matter yields were obtained in the CF plots than in the SF plots. In the mixed sward, the yields of whole mixed forages were inclosed by 10.8-14.5%, grasses by 11%, and legume by 21.5-31.0% by the use of the CF over the use of SF. In the pure grass sward, the yield of grasses was increased by 7.0-21.8%. 2. The rates of yield increase due to the application of CF were dependent on such factors as types of sward (pure or mixed), application rates of NPK, and forage species. The increase of forage yields due to the CF was greater at the normal rate of NPK application than at lower application rate, and in legume forage than in grass forage. 3. The crude fiber, crude fat and NFE contents of forages were not significantly changed by different treatments. However, the forage of CF plot at the normal application rate of NPK contained relatively higher amount of crude protein and crude fat compared with the forages of other plots. 4. There were no significant differences in the contents of mineral nutrients in forages among the different treatments. In spite of the application of Mg-enriched CF, the contents of Mg in soils and forages were below the optimum level.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.248-254
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• 2002

This study was carried out to evaluate the proper application amount of anaerobic digestion waste water and the environmental influence on rice. The waste water collected after methane fermentation process of pig manure was used as a liquid manure. Liquid manure 100%+chemical fertilizer 30%(LM 100%+CF 30) treatment was the most favorable at all growth stages of rice. The LM 100%+CF 30% treatment was applied to 100% amount of liquid manure which was correspond to the same amount of nitrogen for the standard application amount on rice, with adding 30% amount of chemical fertilizer(urea) at tillering stage. The yields of rice in the treatments of 100%(LM 100%) and 150% amount(LM 150%) of liquid manure were similar or a little higher than NPK treatment but LM 100%+CF 30% treatment was less than the NPK treatment due to the increase of straw weight and plant lodging. In periodic changes of the $NH_4-N$ and $NO_3-N$ contents, the LM 70%+CF 30% treatment in paddy soil was the highest in all treatments. The NPK and the LM 100% treatments in irrigation water quality were higher than other treatments. In infiltration water quality, $NH_4-N$ content was leached out much in the LM 150% treatment and $NO_3-N$ content was in the LM 100%+CF 30% treatment. The proper application amount of anaerobic digestion waste water as a liquid manure must be to analyse the nitrogen content of the waste water and to apply the same amount of nitrogen for the standard application amount on rice.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.265-272
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• 2001

A manure compost has been identified as an alternative to fertilizer to increase soil fertility and crop production in farming fields. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of pig manure compost on soil properties and rice productivity as well as to determine the optimum application rate. In 1997, a field experiment was carried out to evaluate the growth of rice on sandy loam, loam, and clay loam soils amended with 0, 5, 10, and $20Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of pig manure compost plus NPK, which decided by soil testing. Rice yields were higher in soils receiving manure compost amendment. The maxim um yields were evaluated with $7,520kg\;ha^{-1}$ in the levels of $4.2Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of pig manure compost application plus NPK in sandy loam, $7,320kg\;ha^{-1}$ in the levels of $10.7Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in loam, and $6,320kg\;ha^{-1}$ in $17.2Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in clay loam soil. The optimum application rate of pig manure compost, which decided for 95% of maximum yields, was $4.0Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in sandy loam and $7.0Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in loam and clay loam soils under the condition of chemical fertilization by soil diagnosis. An increase in rice yield indicated a better nutrient status in compost-amended soil which was supported by the higher nutrient contents of N, P and K in shoot of plants grown in soil with manure compost amendment. Addition of manure compost increased available phosphate, silicate and exchangeable K in the amended soils according to the rate of compost application rate. It can be concluded that the manure compost could be a suitable organic fertilizer for improving rice productivity and soil fertility, and an application rate of $4.0Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in sandy loam and $7.0Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in loam and clay loam soils would give the optimum rice yields in the standard fertilization by chemical fertilization.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.215-220
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• 2011

In order to estimate the inorganic nutrient content in cucumber leaves at respective growth stages under greenhouse conditions, we investigated five cucumber farms practicing a forcing cultivation system with nine-month growth period and another five cucumber farms practicing a semiforcing cultivation system with six-month growth period. The cucumber yield in forcing and semiforcing cultivation systems amounted to 14.8 ton $10a^{-1}$ and 10.7 ton $10a^{-1}$, respectively. Soils between two different cultivation systems showed no significant differences in pH, organic matter contents and exchangeable cation contents during early growth stage, whereas EC, $NO_3$-N and available $P_2O_5$ contents were higher in soils of semiforcing cultivation systems. Suitable soil temperature was well provided by forcing cultivation. The highest NPK contents in leaves were observed in 60~80 days after planting for forcing systems and in 100 days after planting for semiforcing systems. Thereby forcing cultivation systems showed somewhat higher NPK contents. Ca and Mg contents in cucumber leaves did not significantly change during the growth period in forcing systems, while semiforcing systems showed the highest contents of Ca and Mg in 80~100 days after planting. Fe, Mn and Zn contents in leaves also did not significantly change during the growth period, whereas Mn contents were slightly higher in forcing systems due to lower soil pH. B contents in leaves were higher in semiforcing systems because of higher available B contents in soil.