• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.49 no.12
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• pp.27-35
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• 2012

In this paper, we look into a Jong Nang Channel which is the origin of digital communications and has been used in Jeju Island since AD 1234. It is one kind of communication ways which informs people of whether a house owner is in one's house or not using its own protocol. It is comprised of three timber and two stone pillars whose one side has three holes respectively. In this paper, we analyze the Jong-Nang Channel both in the light of logic and bit error probability. In addition, we compare it with a conventional binary erasure channel when some errors occur over them respectively. We also show that a capacity of NOR channel approaches Shannon limit.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.115-119
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• 1969

The authors studied the adrenotropic receptors of isolated urinary bladder from Sebastes inermis, using adrenergic activators such as epinephrine, nor-epinephrine, isoproterenol and phenylephrine and adrenergic blocking agents such as phenoxybenzamine, pronethalol and propranolol. The studies have revealed the following results. 1) The spontaneous motility of isolated bladder from Sebastes inermis was inhibited by epinephrine nor-epinephrine, isoproterenol and phenylephrine. 2) The inhibitory effect of phenylephrine on the Sebastes inermis bladder was blocked by phenoxybensamine. 3) The inhibitory effect of isoproterenol was blocked by pronethalol and propranolol. 4) The effect of epinephrine and nor-epinephrine on the Sebastes inermis bladder was usually not blocked by either kind of blocking agent alone, but was blocked by a combination of ${\alpha}\;and\;{\beta}$ blockades. 5) It is, therefore, concluded that the Sebastes inermis bladder has alpha and that both receptors, and that both receptors subserve retaxation or inhibition.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.105-114
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• 1969

The author studied the action of autonomic drugs on the urinary bladder isolated from Ditrema temmincki Bleaker and the results obtained were summarized as follows: 1) The motility of the urinary bladder of the fish was stimulated by acetylcholine and physostigmine. The stimulating action of these drugs was antagonized by atropine. 2) The motility of the fish bladder was stimulated by epinephrine, nor-epinephrine and phenylephrine, but inhibited by isoproterenol. 3) The inhibitory effects of isoproterenol on the fish bladder was not affected by phenoxybenzamine, but blocked by propranolol. 4) The excitatory effects of phenylephrine on the fish bladder were blocked by phenoxybenzamine, but augmented by propranolol. 5) The excitatory effects of epinephrine and nor-epinephrine were reversed by phenoxybenzamine and augmented by propranolol. 6) The motility of the fish bladder pretreated with phenoxybenzamine and propranolol was not affected by isoproterenol, phenylephrine, epinephrine and nor-epinephrine. 7) It seemed that the bladder muscle of the fish had both alpha excitatory and beta inhibitory receptors. 8) The motility of the fish bladder was stimulated by nicotine and DMPP. The excitatory effects of these drugs were abolished by pretreatment with hexamethonium or atropine. 9) It is, therefore, concluded that there are ganglion cells furnished with cholinergic fiber in the bladder wall of the fish.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.74-77
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• 1969

In this study, three kinds of Korean snake wine (50 V% alcohol extracts) were determined by amino acid analyzer and were discussed as follows. 1. Salmosa Ju and Nungsa Ju were composed of 22 free amino acids: cysteic acid, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, cystine, valine, methionine, iso-leucine, allo-iso-leucine, leucine, nor-leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, ${\beta}-alanine$, lysine, arginine, histidine, trytophan. 2. Doksa Ju were composed of 21 free amino acids which were all same as above except missing histidine. 3. The free amino acid composition were almost identical in Doksa Ju, Salmosa Ju and Nungsa Ju quantitatively. 4. The contents of cysteic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine and lysine were relatively high, on the other hand, methionine, allo-iso-leucine, nor-leucine, and tryptophan were trace amount in every snake wine. 5. Eleven unknowns of ninhydrin positives were identified in the every snake wine. 6. The free amino acids in snake wines were various in kind as compared with in beer, Japanese sake and Korean Tack Ju. Especially cysteic acid, allo-iso-leucine, nor-leucine and ${\beta}-alanine$ in snake wines were missed in every cereal wine.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.17-28
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• 2016

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the analgesic effects of Taxus cuspidata pharmacopuncture(TCP) at KI03 on formalin-induced pain in rats and to evaluate the efficiency of different extraction methods of Taxus cuspidata(TC). Methods : 30 rats were divided into 5 groups, each consisting of 6 rats. Each of the groups was treated two times. The first treatment for its right KI03 was as follows: rats were treated with normal saline(NOR), normal saline(CON), hot-water extraction of TC(W), ethanol extraction of TC(E), and ultrasonification extraction of TC(U). The second treatment was given 35 mins after the first one. Rats in NOR were treated with normal saline at their hind-paw. All groups, except NOR, were treated with formalin(5 %, $40{\mu}{\ell}$) at their hind-paw. To evaluate pain behavior, Ultrasonic vocalization(USV) was examined to be around 18~30 kHz. After analysis of USV, blood samples were taken from the rats for analysis of Substance P, aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and alanine aminotransferase(ALT). Results : In the experimental groups, USV was significantly decreased compared with CON and similar to that of NOR in the early phase. But there were no significant differences among the three extraction methods of TC. In addition, Substance P of W was significantly decreased. AST and ALT activation showed no significant differences among the 5 groups. Conclusion : These results show that regardless of extraction methods of TC, TCP at KI03 has analgesic effects in the early phase on formalin-induced pain in rats. In particular, hot-water extraction of TC significantly reduces Substance P activation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.35-38
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• 2002

In this paper, the characteristics of channel hot electron (CHE) injection for the write operation in a NOR-type SONOS flash memory with common source line were investigated. The thicknesses of he tunnel oxide, the memory nitride， and the blocking oxide layers for the gate insulator of the fabricated SONOS devices were $34{\AA}$, $73{\AA}$, and $34{\AA}$, respectively. The SONOS devices compared to floating gate devices have many advantages, which are a simpler cell structure, compatibility with conventional logic CMOS process and a superior scalability. For these reasons, the introduction of SONOS device has stimulated. In the conventional SONOS devices, Modified Folwer-Nordheim (MFN) tunneling and CHE injection for writing require high voltages, which are typically in the range of 9 V to 15 V. However CHE injection in our devices was achieved with the single power supply of 5 V. To demonstrate CHE injection, substrate current (Isub) and one-shot programming curve were investigated. The memory window of about 3.2 V and the write speed of $100{\mu}s$ were obtained. Also, the disturbance and drain turn-on leakage during CHE injection were not affected in the SONOS array. These results show that CHE injection can be achieved with a low voltage and single power supply, and applied for the high speed program of the SONOS memory devices.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.397-410
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the effect of Injinsammul-tang (IJS) on hepatocellular carcinogenesis in rats. Methods : Sprague Dawley (SD) rats of control and treatment groups received intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg/day diethylnitrosamine (DENA) weekly for 8 weeks. Experimental rats were classified into 3 groups; normal group (Nor), hepatic cancer induced control group (Con), and IJS extract 250 mg/kg administered group (IST) after being injected with DENA. Thereafter the changes of body weight, liver weight and weight of liver/100g body weight, the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. Gross anatomy and optical microscopy were also observed. Results : The body weight decreased in Con and IST compared with the Nor. The weight of liver and the weight of liver/100g body weight increased significantly in Con and IST compared with the Nor. The activities of AST, ALT, ALP, LDH increased in the Con compared with Nor, but decreased in IST compared with Con. The activities of SOD increased in the Con and IST compared with Nor. Upon naked eye and light microscopic examination, IJS improved the morphological and histopathological changes of liver caused by DENA-induced hepatic neoplasm. The number of hepatic p53 positive cells decreased in the IST compared with Con. Conclusions : Most of the results did not show a significant effect, but some of the results showed a significant effect. It can be estimated that IJS has some effects on hepatocellular carcinogenesis induced by DENA in rats, and further studies will be needed.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.5-24
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• 2009

Injinho-tang(IJ) has been used for the treatment of hepatobiliary diseases. This study was performed to observe the effect of IJ extract on the hepatocellular carcinogenesis and hepatic cirrhosis induced by Diethylnitrosamine(DENA) and $CCl_4$ in Rats. Experimental groups were divided into two ; 8th and 12th week group, and subdivided into four; normal group(Nor), hepatocellular cancer and hepatic cirrhosis inducing control group(Con), and IJ extract 260mg/kg/day(IJA) or 520mg/kg/day(IJB) administered groups to Con. The results obtained are as follows: The body weight was decreased in the Con, IJA and IJB compared with the Nor from the 2nd week to the 12th week. The weight of liver and the weight of liver/100g body weight were decreased significantly in Con, IJA and IJB compared with the Nor. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and alanine aminotransferase(ALT) were significantly increased in the Con compared with Nor, but decreased in the IJA and IJB compared with Con from the 8th week group. The activities of alkaline phosphatase(ALP), lactacte dehydrogenase (LDH) and alpha fetoprotein(AFP) were increased significantly in the Con compared with Nor, but decreased in the IJA and IJB compared with Con. The activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) were decreased in the IJA and IJB compared with Con, but the activities of catalase were increased in the IJA and IJB compared with Con. According to the light and electron microscopical observation, IJA and IJB improved the morphological and histopathological changes of the liver injured by DENA and $CCl_4$. The number of hepatic p53 positive cells was decreased in the IJA and IJB compared with Con. These results suggest that administration of IJ extract suppress or retard DENA and $CCl_4$-induced hepatocelluar carcinogenesis and hepatic cirrhosis in rats.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.161-167
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• 2013

The karyotype of Korean short-hair cat was presented using the G-, C- and NOR-banding techniques. For chromosomes preparation, the fetus skin fibroblast cells were cultured and metaphases were obtained. In results, the Korean short-hair cat had 38 chromosomes with XX or XY, which consisted of 5 pairs of metacentric chromosomes(Group A and C), 3 pairs of submetacentric chromosomes (Group B), 6 pairs of medium metacentric chromosomes except for 1 pair of medium submetacentric D2 chromosomes (Group D, E), 2 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes(Group F) and metacentric X and Y sex chromosomes. In G-banding analysis, the Korean short-hair cat exhibited a typical and identical G-banding pattern in each homologous chromosome. Total number of bands and landmarks on the G-banded chromosomes of Korean short-hair cat well correspond to those of international standardization of karyotype of domestic cat. The heterochromatins of Korean short-hair cat chromosomes distributed at terminal and/or centromere regions on almost chromosomes by C-banding analysis. In addition, the C-banding pattern showed greatly heteromorphic in some chromosomes. Using the AgNOR-staining, we found the nucleolar organizer regions(NORs) of Korean short-hair cat located at chromosomes 1p12 site in E group. The quantity and number of NORs were constant among cells.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.259-266
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• 2021

Cannabis (Marijuana) is one of the most widely used drugs in the world, and its distribution has been controlled in South Korea since 1976. Identification of 11-nor-Δ⁹-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH) in urine can provide important proof of cannabis use, and it is considered scientific evidence in the forensic field. In this study, we describe a simultaneous quantitative method for identifying THCCOOH and THCCOOH-glucuronide in urine, using simple liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). THCCOOH-D₃ and THCCOOH-glucuronide-D₃ were used as internal standards. Validation results of the matrix effect, as well as recovery, linearity, precision, accuracy, process efficiency, and stability were all satisfactory. No carryover, endogenous or exogenous interferences were observed. The limit of detection (LOD) of THCCOOH and THCCOOH-glucuronide were 0.3 and 0.2 ng/mL, respectively. The developed method was applied to 28 authentic human urine samples that tested positive in immunoassay screening and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) tests. The ranges of concentrations of THCCOOH and THCCOOH-glucuronide in the samples were less than LOQ~266.90 ng/mL and 6.43~2133.03 ng/mL, respectively. The concentrations of THCCOOH-glucuronide were higher than those of THCCOOH in all samples. This method can be effectively and successfully applied for the confirmation of cannabinoid use in human urine samples in the forensic field.