• 제목/요약/키워드: NO flux

검색결과 669건 처리시간 0.028초

A Review Study on Ozone Phytotoxicity Metrics for Setting Critical Levels in Asia

  • Agathokleous, Evgenios;Kitao, Mitsutoshi;Kinose, Yoshiyuki
    • Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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    • 제12권1호
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    • pp.1-16
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    • 2018
  • Ground-level ozone ($O_3$) can be a menace for vegetation, especially in Asia where $O_3$ levels have been dramatically increased over the past decades. To ensure food security and maintain forest ecosystem services, such as nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration and functional diversity of soil biota, in the over-populated Asia, environmental standards are needed. To set proper standards, dose-response relationships should be established from which critical levels are derived. The predictor of the response in the dose-response relationship is an $O_3$ metric that indicates the dose level to which the plant has been exposed. This study aimed to review the relevant scientific literature and summarize the $O_3$ metrics used worldwide to provide insights for Asia. A variety of $O_3$ metrics have been used, for which we discuss their strengths and weaknesses. The most widely used metrics are based only on $O_3$ levels. Such metrics have been adopted by several regulatory agencies in the global. However, they are biologically irrelevant because they ignore the plant physiological capacity. Adopting AOT40 ($O_3$ mixing ratios Accumulated Over the Threshold of $40nmol\;mol^{-1}$) as the default index for setting critical levels in Asia would be a poor policy with severe consequences at national and Pan-Asian level. Asian studies should focus on flux-based $O_3$ metrics to provide relevant bases for developing proper standards. However, given the technical requirements in calculating flux-based $O_3$ metrics, which can be an important limitation in developing countries, no-threshold cumulative exposure indices like AOT0 should always accompany flux-based indices.

극후물재 용접부 내부잔류응력 측정기술 및 특성 (Characteristic and Measurement Technology of Inner Welding Residual Stresses in Thick Steel Structures)

  • 박정웅;안규백;우완측
    • Journal of Welding and Joining
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    • 제34권2호
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    • pp.16-21
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    • 2016
  • Recent keywords of the heavy industries are large-scale structure and productivity. Especially, the sizes of the commercial vessels and the offshore structures have been gradually increased to deliver goods and explore or produce oil and natural gas in the Arctic. High heat input welding processes such as electro gas welding (EGW) have been widely used for welding thick steel plates with flux-cored arc welding (FCAW), especially in the shipbuilding industries. Because high heat input welding may cause the detrimental effects on the fracture toughness of the welded joint and the heat affected zone, it is essential to obtain the sufficient toughness of welded joint. There are well known that the fracture toughness like CTOD, CVN, and KIC were very important factors in order to secure the safety of the structures. Furthermore, the welding residual stress should be considered to estimate the unstable fracture in both EGW and FCAW. However, there are no references on the welding residual stress distribution of EGW and FCAW with thick steel plates. Therefore the welding residual stresses were very important elements to evaluate the safety of the welded structure. Based on the measurement results, the characteristics of residual stress distribution through thickness were compared between one-pass electron gas welding and multi-pass flux-cored arc welding. The longitudinal residual stress in the multi-pass flux-cored arc welding is tensile through all thicknesses in the welding fusion zone. Meanwhile, longitudinal residual stress of EGW is tensile on both surfaces and compressive at the inside of the plate. The magnitude of residual stresses by electron gas welding is lower than that by flux-cored arc welding.

Collisionless Magnetic Reconnection and Dynamo Processes in a Spatially Rotating Magnetic Field

  • Lee, Junggi;Choe, G.S.;Song, Inhyeok
    • 천문학회보
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    • 제41권1호
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    • pp.45.1-45.1
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    • 2016
  • Spatially rotating magnetic fields have been observed in the solar wind and in the Earth's magnetopause as well as in reversed field pinch (RFP) devices. Such field configurations have a similarity with extended current layers having a spatially varying plasma pressure instead of the spatially varying guide field. It is thus expected that magnetic reconnection may take place in a rotating magnetic field no less than in an extended current layer. We have investigated the spontaneous evolution of a collisionless plasma system embedding a rotating magnetic field with a two-and-a-half-dimensional electromagnetic particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation. In magnetohydrodynamics, magnetic flux can be decreased by diffusion in O-lines. In kinetic physics, however, an asymmetry of the velocity distribution function can generate new magnetic flux near O- and X-lines, hence a dynamo effect. We have found that a magnetic-flux-reducing diffusion phase and a magnetic-flux-increasing dynamo phase are alternating with a certain period. The temperature of the system also varies with the same period, showing a similarity to sawtooth oscillations in tokamaks. We have shown that a modified theory of sawtooth oscillations can explain the periodic behavior observed in the simulation. A strong guide field distorts the current layer as was observed in laboratory experiments. This distortion is smoothed out as magnetic islands fade away by the O-line diffusion, but is soon strengthened by the growth of magnetic islands. These processes are all repeating with a fixed period. Our results suggest that a rotating magnetic field configuration continuously undergoes deformation and relaxation in a short time-scale although it might look rather steady in a long-term view.

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추력 2톤급 축소형 칼로리미터 개발 (Development of 2-ton thrust-level sub-scale calorimeter)

  • 조원국;류철성;정용현;이광진;김승한;이수용
    • 한국항공우주학회지
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    • 제33권3호
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    • pp.107-113
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    • 2005
  • 고성능 로켓엔진 연소기의 벽면 열유속 측정을 위하여 추력 2톤급 칼로리미터를 개발하였으며 고온에서 전열특성과 강도특성이 뛰어난 크롬동합금을 연소실 내벽 소재로 적용하였다. 전체적인 냉각성능은 경험식을 기반으로 하는 1차원 해석으로 확인하였으며 국부적인 냉각성능은 3차원 CFD 해석으로 검증하였다. 연소압 53 bar 조건에서 노즐목에서의 열유속은 43 $MW/m^{2}$ 으로 예측되었다. 연소실의 구조적인 안전성은 150 bar에서 2차원 해석과 시편에 대한 변형실험으로 확인하였다. 최종적으로 상온 150 bar에 대한 가압실험으로 안전성을 검증하였고 개발된 칼로리미터와 동일한 냉각성능을 갖는 시험용 노즐을 사용하여 예비시험을 수행하였다. 노즐목에서 측정된 열유속이 설계값에 비하여 10% 높았음에도 연소실 내벽에 열손상은 발생하지 않았다.

Effect of Vehicles and Enhancers on the in vitro Skin Penetration of Aspalatone and Its Enzymatic Degradation Across Rat Skins

  • Gwak, Hye-Sun;Chun, In-Koo
    • Archives of Pharmacal Research
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    • 제24권6호
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    • pp.572-577
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    • 2001
  • The feasibility of skin penetration was studied for aspalatone (AM, acetylsalicylic acid maltol ester), a novel antithrombotic agent. In this studys hairless mouse dorsal skins were used as a model to select composition of vehicle and AM. Based on measurements of solubility and partition coefficient, the concentration of PC that showed the highest flux for AM across the hairless mouse skin was found to be 40%. The cumulative amount permeated at 48 h, however, appear inadequate, even when the PC concentration was employed. To identify a suitable absorption enhancer and its optimal concentration for AM, a number of absorption enhancers and a variety of concentration were screened for the increase in transdermal flux of AM. Amongst these, linoleic acid (LOA) at the concentration of 5% was found to have the largest enhancement factor (i.e., 132). However, a further increase in AM flux was not found in the fatty acid concentration greater than 5%, indicating the enhancement effect is in a bell-shaped currie. In a study of the effect of AM concentration on the permeation, there was no difference in the permeation rate between 0.5 and 1% for AM, below its saturated concentration. At the donor concentration of 2%, over the saturated condition, the flux of AM was markedly increased. A considerable degradation of AM was found during permeation studies, and the extent was correlated with protein concentrations in the epidermal and serosal extracts, and skin homogenates. In rat dorsal skins, the protein concentration decreased in the rank order of skin homogenate > serosal extract > epidermal extract. Estimated first order degradation rate constants were $6.15{\pm}0.14,{\;}0.57{\pm}0.02{\;}and{\;}0.011{\pm}{\;}0.004{\;}h^{-1}$ for skin homogenate, serosal extract and epidermal extract, respectively. Therefore, it appeared that AM was hydrolyzed to some extent into salicylmaltol by esterases in the dermal and subcutaneous tissues of skin. taken together, our data indicated that transdermal delivery of AM is feasible when the combination of PC and LOA is used as a vehicle. However, since AM is not metabolically stable, acceptable degradation inhibitors may be nervessary to fully realize the transdermal delivery of the drug.

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Sensitivity analysis of input variables to establish fire damage thresholds for redundant electrical panels

  • Kim, Byeongjun;Lee, Jaiho;Shin, Weon Gyu
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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    • 제54권1호
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    • pp.84-96
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    • 2022
  • In the worst case, a temporary ignition source (also known as transient combustibles) between two electrical panels can damage both panels. Mitigation strategies for electrical panel fires were previously developed using fire modeling and risk analysis. However, since they do not comply with deterministic fire protection requirements, it is necessary to analyze the boundary values at which combustibles may damage targets depending on various factors. In the present study, a sensitivity analysis of input variables related to the damage threshold of two electrical panels was performed for dimensionless geometry using a Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). A new methodology using a damage evaluation map was developed to assess the damage of the electrical panel. The input variables were the distance between the electrical panels, the vertical height of the fuel, the size of the fire, the wind speed and the wind direction. The heat flux was determined to increase as the vertical distance between the fuel and the panel decreased, and the largest heat flux was predicted when the vertical separation distance divided by one half flame length was 0.3-0.5. As the distance between the panels increases, the heat flux decreases according to the power law, and damage can be avoided when the distance between the fuel and the panel is twice the length of the panel. When the wind direction is east and south, to avoid damage to the electrical panel the distance must be increased by 1.5 times compared to no wind. The present scale model can be applied to any configuration where combustibles are located between two electrical panels, and can provide useful guidance for the design of redundant electrical panels.

비료 유도용액의 정삼투를 이용한 하수의 재이용 및 농축 (Reuse and Concentration of Sewage by Forward Osmosis Using Fertilizer as Draw Solution)

  • 김승건;이호원
    • 공업화학
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    • 제30권1호
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    • pp.122-131
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    • 2019
  • 본 연구에서는 하수의 재이용과 농축에 비료를 유도용액으로 하는 정삼투 기술을 적용하였다. 1차 침전지 유입수를 30 min간 정치한 상등액(Sewage-1), 1차 침전지 유출수를 30 min간 정치한 상등액(Sewage-2), 1차 침전지 유출수를 $1{\mu}m$ 카트리지 필터에 의해 여과한 여과액(Sewage-3)의 3종류의 하수를 대상으로 하였다. 유도용액은 삼투압, 용해도 및 pH를 고려하여 $NH_4H_2PO_4$, KCl, $KNO_3$, $NH_4Cl$, $(NH_4)_2HPO_4$, $NH_4NO_3$, $NH_4HCO_3$$KHCO_3$의 8종류의 유도용액을 사용하였다. Sewage-3를 대상으로 한 경우의 수투과선속은 하수처리장 방류수의 수투과선속과 거의 유사하였으며, Sewage-1와 Sewage-2의 수투과선속에 비해 크게 나타났다. 비역용질선속은 $NH_4H_2PO_4$가 가장 작았으며, 반대로 $NH_4NO_3$가 가장 크게 나타났다. 본 연구에 사용된 유도용액 중에서 $NH_4H_2PO_4$는 비료의 주요 성분인 질소와 인을 포함하고 있을 뿐 아니라 낮은 비역용질선속을 갖고 있어서 하수의 재이용과 농축에서 가장 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다. $NH_4H_2PO_4$를 유도용액으로 사용한 경우, Sewage-3에 대한 24 h 후의 농축인자는 1.72이었다.

한외여과막 반응기를 이용한 어피젤라틴의 연속적 가수분해 (Continuous Hydrolysis of Cod Skin Gelatin in an Ultrafiltration Reactor)

  • 김세권;변희국
    • KSBB Journal
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    • 제6권3호
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    • pp.309-319
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    • 1991
  • 효소를 이용하여 대구피 젤라틴 가수분해물을 연속적으로 생산하기 위해 한외여과막 반응기에서의 젤라틴 가수분해 최적 공정조건 및 한외여과막 반응기를 장시간 작동하였을 때의 효소활성 저하원인을 규명하였다. 효소농도가 0.4mg/ml까지 증가함에 따라 기절의 전환율은 증가하였으나 기질의 경우는 농도가 증가함에 따라 전환율이 감소하였다. 유량(Flux)이 클수록 전환율은 감소되었으며 잔류시간이 길수록 전환율을 증가하였다. 한외여과막 반응기 장치의 작동시 가질의 전환율은 반응시간 1시간 부근에서 최대 전환율을 나타내었으며 시간당(8시간 작동) 평균 전환율 감소는 2.1%였다. 한외여과막을 통한 효소 누출은 반응시간 10~60분 범위에서 최대였으며 6시간 이후에는 거의 누출되지 않았다. 전체 효소량 중 누출량은 $50^{\circ}C$에서 16%인데 비해 $35^{\circ}C$에서는 12%였다. 그러나 효소 누출과 기질 전환율 사이에 명백한 상호관계는 나타나지 않았다. 막에 의한 효소의 활성저하는 작동시간 120분까지 나타났으며, 이때 초기속도의 36%가 저하하였다. 연속식(CSTMR)에서 $K_m$ 값은 회분식의 그것보다 20배 큰 반면 $K_2$ 10.5배 낮았다. 최적 가수분해조건은(기질농도 10%, $50^{\circ}C$, pH 8.0, 유량 7.31ml/min, 잔류시간 82분, S / E = 50w / w) 하에서의 생산량은 효소 mg당 가수분해물이 285mg으로 회분식 44.8mg에 비해 6배 이상이었다.

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장거리이동 대기오염물질 이동량의 공간적 분포와 변화 추이(1997~2004) (Spatial Distribution and Variation of Long-range Transboundary Air Pollutants Flux during 1997~2004)

  • 한진석;김영미;안준영;공부주;최진수;이상욱;이석조
    • 한국대기환경학회지
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    • 제22권1호
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    • pp.99-106
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    • 2006
  • Aircraft measurements have been executed for the purpose of monitoring the long range transported air pollution and estimation of air pollutant in/out-flux over the Yellow sea. Total 74 missions of measurements have been done since 1997, mainly in spring and fall. The main study domain was over $124^{\circ}$E $/sim$ $124^{\circ}$E, $35^{\circ}$N $/sim$ $37^{\circ}$N below 3,000m. In long-term trends, mixing ratios of $SO_{2}$N were around 2 ppbv expect in summer ( < 1 ppbv). NOx exhibited 24 ppbv and have no clear annual trends over the Yellow Sea. The concentrations of 03 were 51, 58, 41 ppbv in spring, summer and fall-winter, respectively. Backward trajectory was performed for three days to investigate the source regions of the air mass. Six regions were divided around Korea peninsular centering at $36^{\circ}$N, $126^{\circ}$E. I, II, III, IV and V regions represents in sequence northeast China and Siberia, Sandong peninsula and Balhae gulf, Sanghi and southern China, the south Pacific included Jeju island and the East sea included Japan. L region correspond to the airmass from Korea peninsula. Influx of $SO_{2}$N was approximately five times higher than outflux in yearly flux variation and showed a decreasing long-term trend since 1998. NOx outflux was average 0.095 ton/km/hr and three times higher than $SO_{2}$ outflux. In/out flux of 03 showed even distribution in yearly basis except 2002 (influx 5.45 ton/km/hr). The transported amounts from I, II, III regions were much higher than those from other region. In seasonal flux variation, influx levels of gas phases were the lowest in summer and the levels gradually increased from fall toward spring. As a result, transport of pollutants begins from fall and prevails in winter and spring.

Three-dimensional Numerical Prediction on the Evolution of Nocturnal Thermal High (Tropical Night) in a Basin

  • Choi, Hyo;Kim, Jeong-Woo
    • International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Korean Journal of Geophysical Research
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    • 제25권1호
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    • pp.57-81
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    • 1997
  • Numerical prediction of nocturnal thermal high in summer of the 1995 near Taegu city located in a basin has been carried out by a non-hydrostatic numerical model over complex terrain through one-way double nesting technique in the Z following coordinate system. Under the prevailing westerly winds, vertical turbulent fluxes of momentum and heat over mountains for daytime hours are quite strong with a large magnitude of more than $120W/\textrm{m}^2$, but a small one of $5W/\textrm{m}^2$ at the surface of the basin. Convective boundary layer (CBL) is developed with a thickness of about 600m over the ground in the lee side of Mt. Hyungje, and extends to the edge of inland at the interface of land sea in the east. Sensible heat flux near the surface of the top of the mountain is $50W/\textrm{m}^2$, but its flux in the basin is almost zero. Convergence of sensible heat flux occurs from the ground surface toward the atmosphere in the lower layer, causing the layer over the mountain to be warmed up, but no convergance of the flux over the basin results from the significant mixing of air within the CBL. As horizontal transport of sensible heat flux from the top of the mountain toward over the basin results in the continuous accumulation of heat with time, enhancing air temperature at the surface of the basin, especially Taegu city to be higher than $39.3^{\circ}C$. Since latent heat fluxes are $270W/\textrm{m}^2$ near the top of the mountain and $300W/\textrm{m}^2$ along the slope of the mountain and the basin, evaporation of water vapor from the surface of the basin is much higher than one from the mountain and then, horizontal transport of latent heat flux is from the basin toward the mountain, showing relative humidity of 65 to 75% over the mountain to be much greater than 50% to 55% in the basin. At night, sensible heat fluxes have negative values of $-120W/\textrm{m}^2$ along the slope near the top of the mountain and $-50W/\textrm{m}^2$ at the surface of the basin, which indicate gain of heat from the lower atmosphere. Nighttime radiative cooling produces a shallow nocturnal surface inversion layer with a thickness of about 100m, which is much lower than common surface inversion layer, and lifts extremely heated air masses for daytime hours, namely, a warm pool of $34^{\circ}C$ to be isolated over the ground surface in the basin. As heat transfer from the warm pool in the lower atmosphere toward the ground of the basin occurs, the air near the surface of the basin does not much cool down, resulting in the persistence of high temperature at night, called nocturnal thermal high or tropical night. High relative humidity of 75% is found at the surface of the basin under the moderate wind, while slightly low relative humidity of 60% is along the eastern slope of the high mountain, due to adiabatic heating by the srong downslope wind. Air temperature near the surface of the basin with high moisture in the evening does not get lower than that during the day and the high temperature produces nocturnal warming situation.

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