• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.125-132
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• 1991

We have previously reported that simulated snuff dipping in conjunction with type I herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) induced oral malignant changes in hamsters. Present study was designed to investigate the carcinogenic effect of tobacco specific-N-nitrosamines (TSNAs) and HSV-1, alone or in combination, in hamsters. Hamsters were divided into 6 groups and the right buccal pouch mucosa were treated as follows: Grp 1, Control (Mock inoculation) [MI]+Topical Application [TA] of mineral oil[MO] : Grp 2, TA of 1% n'- nitrosonornicotine [NNN] + IM: Grp3, TA of 1% 4-N-nitrosomethylamino-1- (3-pyridyl)-1-butanone [NNK] + MI: Grp 4, HSV-1 inoculation [HI]+TA of MO : Grp 5, TA of 1% N-nitrosonornicotine [NNN] + HI: Grp 6, TA of 1% NNK + HI. TA of MO or TSNAs was initiated 1 day after the MI or HI and given 3 times per week for 20 consecutive weeks. At the buccal pouches were fixed for light microscope examination. No animal s developed tumors or malignant histopathologic changes in the mucosa of the buccal pouches. These data indicate that individual TSNAs, alone or in conjunction with HSV-1 infection, do not develop malignant changes in hamster buccal pouches.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.238-244
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• 2003

Nicotine is one of the major hazardous components in cigarettc smoke. Nicotine deals a harmful effect to smokers and passive smokers due to its rapid conversion to various carcinogenic metabolites. Nitrosamine-4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is believed to cause lung cancers among the nicotine-derived carcinogens. Recent studies report that NNK synthesis can be inhibited by the metabolism pathway to produce a stable metabolite cotinine from nicotine. Tea polyphenols have been known to contain factors to prevent cancers and to retard progression of cancers. This study aims to correlate tea polyphenol's potential for cancer prevention with an accelerated formation of cotinine. The conversion from nicotine to cotinine in the presence of tea extracts or three polyphenols (Catechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate) was measured in established cell lines and in Xenopus oocytes. Among three lines of cell used, PLC/PRF5 and HEK293 cells showed a fast turnover from nicotine to cotinine while HepG2 cell line showed a marginal difference between groups treated and non-treated with tea polyphenols. When Xenopus oocytes were microinjected with nicotine, tea polyphenols appear to accelerate the conversion of nicotine to cotinine. Among the polyphenols tested in this study, (＋)－catechin showed the best efficiency overall in accelerating conversion from nicotine to cotinine both in the cell lines and in the oocytes. In summary, the present study indicated that tea polyphenols have a positive effect on conversion of nicotine to cotinine.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.8-14
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• 2002

천연식물소재 및 한약재 추출제재인 식물추출 혼합제재가 인체내에서 니코틴 분해능에 미치는 영향을 FRCFR5 세포주, Xenopus oocyte, 임상 실험을 통하여 검토하였다. 본 실험은 체내에 잔존하는 니코틴이 식물추출 홉합 제재에 의해 무독한 대사산물인 코티닌으로 분해량이 증가되고 동시에 NNK, NNN, NNA 등과 같은 폐암 유발물질인 니트로사민 유도체 생성 경로가 억제될 것이라는 가정을 전제로 실험을 수행하였다. 본 실험 결과에서 볼 수 있듯이 식물추출 혼합 제재에는 니코틴에서 코티닌으로 전환시키는 대사 활성물질이 함유되어 있다는 사실을 알 수 있으나, 실제로 어떤 유효성분들이 관여하는지 그리고 정확한 작용 기작을 규명하기 위해서는 더 많은 분석 및 생화학적 연구가 앞으로 수행되어야 할 것이다. 간세포에서 유래된 FRCFR5 세포주 실험 결과, 니코틴과 식물추출 혼합 제재가 첨가된 배지에서 니코틴과 물을 첨가한 배지보다 니코틴에서 코티닌으로 전환능력이 약 2∼3배 높게 나타났으며, 이러한 결과는 Xenopus oocyte에 직접 주사한 경우와 거의 비슷한 양상을 보였다. 임상실험 결과 식물추출 혼합 제재음료를 음용하고 담배를 피운 실험군이 물을 음용하고 담배를 피운 대조군에 비해 약 2배 정도 높은 코티닌 함량을 나타내었다. 이는 실험군의 소변 중에 계속적으로 다량의 코티닌이 배출되는 것을 의미하며, 식물추출 혼합 제재 섭취시 체내에 존재하는 니코틴이 코티닌으로 지속적이면서 효과적으로 전환되는 것을 말한다 이상의 생체 내·외 실험에서 알 수 있듯이 식물추출혼합물은 니코틴에서 코티닌 생성을 약 2배정도 증가 시키는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.100-115
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• 2009

Secondhand smoke (SHS) is one of major public health threats. Since secondhand smoke is complex mixture of toxic chemicals, there has been no standardized method to measure SHS quantitatively. The purpose of this manuscript was to review various quantitative methods to measure SHS. There are two different methods: air monitoring and biological monitoring. Air monitoring methods include exhaled carbon monoxide level, ambient fine particulates, nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine. Measurement of fine particulates has been utilized due to presence of real-time monitor, while fine particulates can have multiple indoor sources other than SHS. Ambient nicotine and 3-EP are more specific to SHS, although there is no real-time monitor for these chemicals. Biological monitoring methods include nicotine in hair, cotinine in urine, NNK in urine and DNA adducts. Nicotine in hair can provide chronic internal dose, while cotinine in urine can provide acute dose. Since biological monitoring can provide total internal dose, identification of specific exposure source may be difficult. NNK in urine can indicate carcinogenicity of the SHS exposure. DNA adducts can provide overall cancer causing exposure, but not specific to SHS. While there are many quantitative methods to measure SHS, selection of appropriate method should be based on purposes of assessment. Application of accurate and appropriate exposure assessment method is important for understanding health effects and establishing appropriate control measures.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.71-82
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• 2004

Changes in cell cycle control in the lungs and liver of the B6C3F1 mice (20 males per each group) exposed to ozone (0.5 ppm), 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK, 1.0 mg/kg), and dibutyl phthalate (DBP, 5,000 ppm) after 52 weeks were examined through Western, Northern blot, and immunohistochemistry based on alterations in protein expression levels of G1/S checkpoints (cyclin D1, cyclin E, and PCNA), G2/M checkpoints (cyclin B1, cyclin G, and cyclin A), negative regulators (p53, p21, GADD45, and p27), and positive regulator (mdm2). Expression levels of cyclins D1, E, G, PCNA, mutant p53, and mdm2 proteins were higher in the lungs and livers treated with combination of toxicants than in those treated with ozone only. Expression levels of the wild-type and mutant p53, p21, GADD45, p27, and mdm2 proteins and mRNAs were higher in toxicant-treated groups than those of the control. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed staining intensities of the PCNA, cyclin D1, c-myc and mdm2 protein- treated lungs and livers were stronger than those of the control group. Our results showed that combined treatment of ozone with NNK/DBP altered the cell cycle control through instability of the wild-type p53 gene. Such pivotal p53-mediated cell cycle alterations may be responsible for the toxicity observed under our experimental condition. These results may be applied to risk assessment of mixture-induced toxicity.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.171-175
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• 2010

The human genome contains approximately 13 orphan cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) genes, of which the apparent function or substrate has not been identified. However, they seem to possess their own biological relevance in some tissues or developmental stages. Here, we characterized the heterologously expressed CYP2W1, an orphan P450 enzyme. The recombinant CYP2W1 protein containing a $6{\times}$(His)-tag at Nterminus has been expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. Expression level of CYP2W1 holoenzyme was around 500 nmol P450 holoenzyme per liter culture medium. The reduced CO difference spectrum of CYP2W1 showed a maximum absorption at 449 nm. CYP2W1 indicated the significant induction to bioactivate Trp-P-1, MeIQ, and IQ in E. coli DJ701 tester strain. However, the bioactivation of B[$\alpha$]P, and NNK by CYP2W1 was relatively low. The model structure of CYP2W1 suggested the characteristic P450 folds with the lengths and orientations of the individual secondary elements. The F-G loop is situated on the distal side of heme to accommodate the flexibility of active site of CYP2W1. These studies can provide useful information for the finding of its biological roles and structure-function relationships of an orphan CYP2W1 enzyme.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.398-409
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• 2020

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate environmental exposure to tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) by conducting an analysis of the concentration of TSNAs in deposited dust collected from a fertilizer plant and the surrounding village, a simulation of high-temperature drying of tobacco waste, and CALPUFF modeling. Methods: The raw materials of the products, deposited dust (inside and outside the plant and residential area), soil, and wastewater were sampled and the TSNA concentrations were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. As the plant was closed down before the investigation, simulation tests were conducted to confirm the substances discharged during high-temperature (300℃) drying of tobacco waste. CALPUFF modeling was performed to identify the area of influence due to exposure to TSNAs. Results: TSNAs were detected in organic fertilizers estimated to contain tobacco waste, deposited dust, and soil collected from inside and outside the plant. N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4-(methylnitrosoamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), and N'-nitrosoanatabine (NAT) components were detected in five of 15 deposited dust samples collected from the residential area around the plant, while TSNAs were not detected in the five sampling points in the control area. Also, the simulation test for the high temperature drying of tobacco waste found emissions of TSNAs. The CALPUFF modeling results showed that the survey area was likely to be included in the area of influence of TSNA emissions from the plant. Conclusions: It is estimated that harmful tobacco ingredients such as TSNAs were dispersed in nearby areas due to the illegal use of tobacco waste as a raw material to produce organic fertilizers at the plant. These findings assume that the residents have been exposed to TSNAs and suggest that the need for the establishment of measures to manage environmental health.