• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.226-233
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• 2007

Purpose: Dual reporter gene imaging has several advantages for more sophisticated molecular imaging studies such as gene therapy monitoring. Herein, we have constructed hepatoma cell line expressing dual reporter genes of sodium iodide symporter (NIS) and enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP), and the functionalities of the genes were evaluated in vivo by nuclear and optical imaging. Materials and Methods: A pRetro-PN vector was constructed after separating NIS gene from pcDNA-NIS. RSV-EGFP-WPRE fragment separated from pLNRGW was cloned into pRetro-PN vector. The final vector expressing dual reporter genes was named pRetro-PNRGW. A human hepatoma (HepG2) cells were transfected by the retrovirus containing NIS and EGFP gene (HepG2-NE). Expression of NIS gene was confirmed by RT-PCR, radioiodine uptake and efflux studies. Expression of EGFP was confirmed by RT-PCR and fluorescence microscope. The HepG2 and HepG2-NE cells were implanted in shoulder and hindlimb of nude mice, then fluorescence image, gamma camera image and I-124 microPET image were undertaken. Results: The HepG2-NE cell was successfully constructed. RT-PCR showed NIS and EGFP mRNA expression. About 50% of cells showed fluorescence. The iodine uptake of NIS-expressed cells was about 9 times higher than control. In efflux study, $T_{1/2}$ of HepG2-NE cells was 9 min. HepG2-NE xenograft showed high signal-to-background fluorescent spots and higher iodine-uptake compared to those of HepG2 xenograft. Conclusion: A hepatoma cell line expressing NIS and EGFP dual reporter genes was successfully constructed and could be used as a potential either by therapeutic gene or imaging reporter gene.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.294-299
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• 2004

Purpose: Both human NIS and mutant $D_2R$ transgenes are proposed as reporting system in transplanted cell tracking. Using hepatoma cell lines, we constructed a dual reporter system containing human sodium-iodide symporter (hNIS) and dopamine 2 receptor ($D_2R$) and compared its characteristics. Materials and Methods: The recombinant plasmid ($pIRES-hNIS/D_2R$) was constructed with IRES (internal ribosome entry site) under control of the CMV promoter $pIRES-hNIS/D_2R$ was transfected to human hepatoma SK-Hep1 cell line with lipofectamine. HEP-ND ($SK-Hep1-hNIS/D_2R$) cells stably expressing hNIS and $D_2R$ was established by selection with G418 for two weeks. RT-PCR was performed to investigate the expression of both hNIS and $D_2R$ genes. The expressions of hNIS and $D_2R$ were measured by $^{125}I$ uptake assays and receptor binding assays. Specific binding of $D_2R$ to $[^3H]spiperone$ was verified by Scatchard plot with (+) butaclamol as a specific inhibitor. $K_d\;and\;B_{max}$ values were estimated. The correlation between hNIS and $D_2R$ expression was compared by using each clone. Results: Similar quantities of hNIS and $D_2R$ genes were expressed on HEP-ND as RT-PCR assays. HEP-ND cells showed 30 to 40 fold higher radioiodine uptakes than those of parental SK-Hep1 cells. $^{125}I$ uptake in HEP-ND cells was completely inhibited by $KClO_4$, a NIS inhibitor Specific binding to HEP-ND cells was saturable and the $K_d\;and\;B_{max}$ values for HEP-ND cells were 2.92 nM, 745.25 fmol/mg protein and 2.91nM, 1323 fmole/mg protein in two clones, respectively. The radioiodine uptake by hNIS activity and $D_2R$ binding was highly correlated. Conclusion: We developed a dual positron and gamma imaging reporter system of hNIS and $D_2R$ in a stably transfected cell line. We expect that $D_2R$ and hNIS genes can complement mutually as a nuclear reporting system or that $D_2R$ can be used as reporter gene when hNIS gene were used as a treatment gene.

• Informatization Policy
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.23-42
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• 2010

Lee Myung-bak Administration declared the National Infomatization Strategy(NIS) in a timely manner from its inauguration. The NIS is a new program which innovates old-fashioned Infomatization policy of the past administration. NIS aims to upgrade Information-society(NIS defines its goal as 'The Creative and Trustful Knowledge-Information-society') This study examines both the Legislative Implication and the Legislation Principles for fulfilling Lee Myung-bak Administration's National Infomatization Strategy(NIS) by deducting legislative way concerning concrete plan for NIS. We expect this study to contribute to the IT Legislative policy of Lee Myung-bak Administration.

• Proceedings of the Technology Innovation Conference
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• 1996.12a
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• pp.241-264
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• 1996

This article introduces the five functions of the national innovation system (NIS). As the national innovation system is a kind of social systems in the national level, the five generic functions of open system-production boundary spanning, maintenance, adaptation management functions-are applied to the NIS. The production function is the primary process, which produces innovative products and services of the NIS. The boundary spanning function is the function of procuring the input and disposing the innovation output or aiding in these process. Experienced R&D human resources, R&D funds, technology etc. belong to the input of the NIS. The maintenance function is responsible for the smooth operation and upkeep of the system in terms of various conditions. The adaptive function is to help the system change and adapt, scan the environment for problems, opportunities, and technological developments. It faces outward for the survival of the system from the long-term view. The management function carries out planning and controlling the overall activities for the other four functions in order to run the system. Finally it discuses implications for the diagnosis and the decision making process of S&T policy.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.904-910
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• 2017

This paper presents temperature measurement of solar photovoltaic modules using the custom-made system composed of an infrared temperature sensor and a microcontroller. The obtained measurement results are processed, displayed and stored on a PC using the custom-made virtual instrument. The proposed system overcomes some of the problems related to the contact sensor application, and at the same time offers accurate readings and better flexibility. The proposed system is especially suitable for applications where the cost is a limiting factor in the choice of measuring system. The conducted analysis and the obtained results have shown an excellent accuracy of the proposed system in comparison to a high quality thermal imaging camera used as the reference instrument.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.1152-1157
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• 2005

The effect of carbon sources on nisin Z biosynthesis in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis A164 was studied in batch culture using M17 broth containing different carbon sources. Among the eleven carbon sources tested, glucose, sucrose, and lactose were suitable carbon sources for cell growth of L. lactis A164. In particular, cells grown on lactose produced at least 3-fold greater amount of nisin Z than those on other carbon sources. Galactose resulted in less amount of cell mass than did sucrose or glucose, but gave a higher level of nisin Z activity. Northern blot analysis revealed. that lactose increased the transcription of the nisZ pre-peptide gene. Although galactose was less efficient than lactose, it increased the transcription of nisZ along with a higher level of nisin Z than did sucrose and glucose. These results suggest that the increased nisin Z production is correlated with the induction of nisZ by lactose and galactose. Among all the carbon sources tested, no remarkable differences were observed in nisRK and nisFEG transcripts, indicating that the lactose- or galactose-mediated induction is unique to the nisZ promoter.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2006

Purpose: Previous studies have not showed consistent results for the level of expression of sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) in thyroid diseases, especially malignant tumor. We undertook this study to evaluate the distribution of NIS expression in malignant thyroid diseases and compare with that in benign thyroid disease. Materials and Methods: Total patients were 119 cases (Men 15, $48{\pm}13$ yrs). Total number of samples were 205 pieces. In malignant thyroid disease, there were 153 samples: 90 in papillary carcinoma, 4 in follicular carcinoma, 2 in medullary carcinoma and 57 in metastatic lymph node. In benign thyroid disease, there were 52 samples: 36 in goiter/cyst, 11 in thyroiditis and 5 in follicular adenoma. Using immunohistochemical methods, we probed 205 samples with monoclonal anti-NIS Ab. Grading of staining was stored as 0 (negative or absent), 1 (weakly positive), 2 (moderately positive) or 3 (strongly positive). Expression rate (ER) of NIS positivity in individual disease entity was expressed as percentage of total number divided by number in 2 plus 3 grade. Results: ERs of malignant thyroid diseases were 63% in papillary carcinoma, 81% in metastatic lymph node, 71% in follicular carcinoma and 100% in medullary carcinoma. ERs of benign thyroid disease were 53% in goiter/cyst, 64% in thyroiditis and 40% in follicular adenoma. ER of malignant thyroid diseases was higher than benign thyroid diseases (71% vs 54%). Grading of NIS expression in papillary carcinoma or goiter/cyst was heterogeneously distributed in considerable cases. Normal tissue also showed heterogeneous distribution of NIS expression, which was not correlated with that of primary lesion. Conclusion: In papillary thyroid carcinoma, distribution of NIS expression was heterogeneous and increased, and not different compared with that of benign thyroid disease.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.519-529
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• 2002

We investigate implementation of the determinantal representation of generalized inverses for complex and rational matrices in the symbolic package MATHEMATICA. We also introduce an implementation which is applicable to sparse matrices.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.1021-1027
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• 2013

We consider right and left Fredholm operator matrices of the form $\[\array{A&C\\T&S}\]$, which are linear and bounded on the Banach space $Z=X{\oplus}Y$.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.1053-1063
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• 2011

We discuss the perturbation theory of "left" and "right" Browder operators, which come somewhere between Browder operators and semi Browder operators.