• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.403-410
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• 2014

This study was conducted in organic certification soil for the comparison of heavy metals, nutrients, and irrigated water standards to certify a farm. It was carried out in 811 paddy fields of organic rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivated at Goseong-Gun. The amounts of 8 heavy metals, Cd, Cu, As, Hg, Pb, $Cr^{6+}$, Zn, and Ni were found to be 0.05, 14.5, 1.08, 0.92, 10.7, 1.34, 35.9, and 22.2 mg $kg^{-1}$ in regular sequence in the organic paddy soil, and they were 0.32, 13.6, 1.01, 0.03, 10.4, 0.91, 42.4 and 22.5 mg $kg^{-1}$ in the non-pesticide paddy soil. In comparing organic and non-pesticide paddy soil with respect to the chemical characteristics of the soil, the average pH and the amount of organic matter, available phosphate and available silicate were 5.88 and 27.6 g $kg^{-1}$, 134.5 mg $kg^{-1}$, and 165.3 mg $kg^{-1}$, while they were 5.78 and 32.1 g $kg^{-1}$, 107.7 mg $kg^{-1}$, and 175.2 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively. The amount of exchangeable cation $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Mn^{2+}$ were 0.25, 5.20, and 1.04 cmol+ $kg^{-1}$ in organic paddy soil, while they were 0.38, 5.13, and 1.19 cmol+ $kg^{-1}$ in non-pesticide paddy soil. The pH, DO, BOD, COD and SS conditions of the irrigated water used in the organic paddy soil were found to be 7.23, 8.40, 2.80, 1.86, and 2.58 mg $l^{-1}$ and the condition of irrigated water used in the non-pesticide paddy soil were found to be 7.65, 9.16, 2.25, 4.11, and 4.00 mg $l^{-1}$, respectively. Based on these findings, we suggest that environmentally-friendly certificates in Korea have to unify organic and non-pesticide agro-products in an organic standard in food policy and control because there is no difference between soil and irrigated water standards in the two certifications.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.31-39
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• 2017

From July to August 2013, liquid fertilizers produced at 180 liquid manure public resource centers and liquid fertilizer distribution centers were collected. The maturity of liquid fertilizers was measured using the mechanical maturity measurement device. The nutrient contents (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium), physicochemical properties, and heavy metal content of 46 liquid fertilizers were investigated in this study. We used a matured liquid fertilizer with a total number of 46, with number of 7 for Gyeonggi-do, 3 for Chungcheongbuk-do, 2 for Chungcheongnam-do, 13 for Jeollabuk-do, 5 for Jeollanam-do, 3 for Gyeongsangbuk-do, 11 for Gyeongsangnam-do, 1 for Daejeon, and 1 for Jeju-do. The physicochemical properties were as follows: pH 8.0, EC 11.6 mS/cm, SS 5,188 mg/L, TKN 847mg/L, ${{NH_4}^+}-N$ 317 mg/L, ${{NO_3}^-}-N$ 170 mg/L, Org-N 360 mg/L, TP 193 mg/L, and TK 2,557 mg/L. The total amount of NPK was 3,596 mg/L. The total amount of N-P-K was as follows: a number of 2 at 1,000-2,000 mg/L (4%), a number of 17 at 2,000-3,000mg/L (37%), a number of 11 at 3,000-4,000mg/L (24%), and a number of 16 at 4,000mg/L or more (35%). Thus, 41% of the mature liquid fertilizers were below the official standard of commercial fertilizer (livestock manure liquid fertilizer) (0.3% of the total amount of N-P-K). Most of the N-P-K total amount showed non-uniform characteristics of low nitrogen and low phosphoric acid due to the potassium concentration. The average heavy metal content in the matured liquid fertilizer was as follows: As, not detected; Cd, 0.01 mg/kg; Hg, not detected; Pb, 0.02 mg/kg; Cr, 0.14 mg/kg; Cu, 6.89 mg/kg; Ni, 0.44 mg/kg; and Zn, 20.70 mg/kg. Thus, the official standard of commercial fertilizer was satisfied in all categories, indicating a safe level.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.517-524
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• 2009

We collected 177 fishes representing 53 species of fish from the eastern (Pohang), western (Gunsan), and southern (Tongyeong) coasts of Korea, and measured their heavy metal contents. The mean recoveries of the heavy metals extracted from cod muscle (certified reference material, CRM) were $88.7{\sim}100.6%$. The mean levels of the heavy metals in the samples taken from the edible portion of each fish were high in the order of Zn ($8.981{\pm}4.835{\mu}g/g$), Cu ($0.755{\pm}0.507{\mu}g/g$), and Mn ($0.433{\pm}0.699{\mu}g/g$), which are necessary metals in the human body, and then followed by Cr ($0.206{\pm}0.181{\mu}g/g$), Ni ($0.081{\pm}0.110{\mu}g/g$), Pb ($0.038{\pm}0.046{\mu}g/g$), Cd ($0.017{\pm}0.023{\mu}g/g$). The average daily intakes of the heavy metals by the fishes were as follows: Cd (0.81 ${\mu}g$), Cr (9.98 ${\mu}g$), Cu (36.63 ${\mu}g$), Mn (21.01 ${\mu}g$), Ni (3.93 ${\mu}g$), Pb (1.84 ${\mu}g$) and Zn (435.58 ${\mu}g$). The average weekly intakes of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn by the fishes were 1.35%, 0.12%, 0.86%, and 0.73% respectively, as compared with PTWI (Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intakes) established by FAO/WHO Expert Committee for Food Safety Evaluation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 1992

Concentrations of 5 major minerals(Na, K, Ca, P, Mg) and 3 trace elements(Mn, Mo, Ni) were measured in human milk samples collected from 21 highly selected healty lactating women at 2-5 days and at 1, 2, 4, 6 and 12 weeks postpartum. Significant decrease in contents of the major minerals and trace elements were found with time postpartum. Sodium contents decreased from 293.01ug/N at 2-5 days to 194.27ug/N at 12 weeks. Potassium contents also decreased from 436.18ug/N in colostrum to 358.51ug/N in matured milk at 12 weeks. The Ca/P ratios of colostrum transitional and matured milk were 3.39, 281 and 2.45 respecti-vely. Mean manganese levels of colostrum and transitional were 0.024ug/N and those of matured milk were 0.014ug/N. Molybdenum concentrations in the breast-milk collected at 1, 2, 4 weeks were higher than those in the milk samples at 2-5 days and 12 weeks Nickel content of colostrum was 0.062ug/N and those of trnsitional matured milk were 0.22ug/N and 0.017ug/N, These determinations will provide the basic information on the variability of minerals and trace elements as lactation proceed and the comparison of the components between term and preterm milk.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.121-132
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• 2010

Soybean farms in Changnyeong were selected for hazard analysis to establish the Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) model of soybean, and physical, chemical(heavy metal) and biological(sanitary indications, foodborne pathogens) hazard analysis for cultivation environment (soil, water) was carried out. First, bow which is able to be mixed in soil and water was confirmed as physical hazard. Levels (Cd:0.01~0.103, Cu:0.001~6.036, As:0.006~3.045, Hg:ND~0.041, Pb:0.003~3.952, $Cr^{+6}$:0.007~0.496, Zn:0.001~66.500, Ni:0.003~18.010) of heavy metals in soil and water were appropriate for GAP criteria. In biological hazard, APC and coliform in soil were detected at the levels of $6.0{\pm}0.3$ and $3.6{\pm}1.6$ log CFU/g, and levels of water were $3.5{\pm}0.7$ and $1.9{\pm}0.7$ log CFU/mL, while E. coli wasn't detected in all sample. However, coliform in water wasn't appropriate for criteria, and E. coli O157 was detected about 22% in some farms, so it needs ways to prevent contamination by human and animals excrements. In conclusion, it needs proper management to prevent cross-contamination of hazards although physical and chemical hazard level were appropriate for GAP criteria while biological hazard wasn't.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.479-485
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• 1997

We investigated changes of the size of neoaortic annulus, root, and aortic anastomosis after arterial switch operation for complete transposition of the great arteries performed in infancy. A total of 23 patients were included in this study. Age ranged from 6 to 153 days. Body weight averaged 3.9$\pm$0.8kg and 17 patients were male. The preoperative angiocardiographic dimensions of the pulmonary annulus, the pulmonary root, and the sinotubular junction, standardized to the diameter of descending aorta at the level of diaphragm, were compared to the size of postoperative measurements of the neoaortic annulus, the neoaortic root, and the aortic an stomosis at a mean interval of 17.2$\pm$ 9.4 months. Mean dimensions of the neoaortic annulus and the neoaortic root were significantly increased postoperatively(n=23, annulus; p<0.01, root; p<0.01), however, those of the aortic anastomosis did not reveal significant change(n=23, p=0.06). There were no significant differences in changes of diameters of the neoaortic annulus, the root, and the aortic anastomosis between patients with(n=8) and without(n=15) postoperative neoaortic regurgitation(annulus; p=0.32, root; p=0.29, anastomosis; p=0.86). Postoperative dimensions of the neoaortic root and annulus between patients with ventricular septal defect(n: 10) and without ventricular septal defect(ni 13) were not significantly changed compared to the preoperative measurements(annulus; p=0.09, root; p=0.07) but mean diameters of the aortic anastomosis decreased significantly after operation in patients with ventricular septal defect(p=0.04). This study revealed that the site of the aortic an stomosis grows in proportion to patient's somatic growth after arterial switch operation. Although we could not demonstrate the relation between the aortic root dilatation and the postoperative neoaortic regurgitation in this study, a continuous close follow-up might be necessary to detect a possible progression of the aortic root dilatation and the resulting significant aortic valve regurgitation.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.94-101
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• 2005

The present study was conducted to know the physicochemical properties of Korean tea according to degree of fermention. The moisture content of green tea, blue tea, yellow tea and black tea was 2.02∼2.04%. The content of total nitrogen was 3.78 % in green tea and 3.49∼4.03% in fermented tea. The content of the mineral was highest in Ca, Mg. The content of vitamin C was 670.62 mg in green tea and 169.7∼85.03 mg in fermented tea. The content of vitamin C were increased as tea was more fermented. The composition of vitamin E and β-carotene was green tea> blue tea> yellow tea> black tea. The content of the rutin was 0.12 % in green tea and 1.37% in black tea. The content of rutin was increased with fermentation. The content of total amino acid of green tea was 2270.9 mg. The content of main amino acid of Glu, Asp, and Leu was 342.01 mg, 165.32 mg, and 161.69 mg and the hightst content of Glu. The content of total amino acid of black tea was 2,219.08 mg. Total amino acid content of fermented tea increased in the order of black tea> blue tea> yellow tea, and among the tea, the content of black tea was the highest in the fermented tea. The content of caffeine was 1.17% in green tea and 1.05∼1.32% fermented tea. These results were nothing in the content of caffeine during the fermentation. The content of theanine was 0.95% in green tea and 0.73∼1.42% in fermented tea. The content of total catechin was highest in green tea, and decreased sharply as tea was more fermented. Flavonoid content of 1.05% in green tea. DPPH radical scavenge activities of the teas 4.73∼19.5% mg.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.56-72
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• 1999

Airborne concentrations of welding fumes in which 13 different metals such as Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Si, Sn, Ti, and Zn were analyzed were measured at 18 factories including automobile assembly and manufactures, steel heavy industries and shipyards. Air samples were collected by personal sampler at each worker's worksite(n=339). Blood levels of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn were also measured from samples taken from 447 welders by atomic absorption spectrometry and compared with control values obtained from 127 non-exposed workers. The results were as follows ; 1. Among various welding types, $CO_2$ welding 70.2 % were widely used, shielded metal arc welding(SMAW) 22.1 % came next, and rest of them were metal inert gas(MIG) welding, submerged arc welding(SAW), spot welding(SPOT) and tungsten inert gas(TIG) welding. 2. Welding fume concentration was $0.92mg/m^3$($0.02{\sim}15.33mg/m^3$) at automobile assembly and manufactures, $4.10mg/m^3$($0.02{\sim}70.75mg/m^3$) at steel heavy industries and $5.59mg/m^3$($0.30{\sim}91.16mg/m^3$) at shipyards, respectively, showing significant difference among industry types. Workers exposed to high concentration of welding fumes above Korean Permissible Exposure Limit(KPEL) amounted to 7.9 % and 12.5 %, in $CO_2$ welding and in SMAW at automobile assembly and manufactures and 62.7 % in $CO_2$ welding, and 12.5 % in SMAW at shipyards, and 66.2 % in $CO_2$ welding and 70.6 % in SMAW at steel heavy industries. 3. Geometric mean of airborne concentration of each metal released from welding fumes was below one 10th of KPEL in all welding types. Percentage of workers, however, exposed to airborne concentration of metals above KPEL amounted to 16.8 % in Mn and 7.6 % in Fe in $CO_2$ welding; 37.5 % in Cu in SAW, 30 % in Cu in TIG; and 25 % in Pb in SPOT welding. As a whole, 76 Workers(22.4%) were exposed to high concentration of any of the metals above KPEL. 4. There were differences in airborne concentration of metals such as Al, Cd, Cr, Cu. Fe. Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Si, Sn, Ti and Zn by industry types. These concentrations were higher in shipyards and steel heavy industries than in automobile assembly and manufactures. Workers exposed to higher concentration of Pb above KPEI amounted to 7.4 % of workers(7/94) in automobile assembly and manufactures. In shipyards, 19.2 % of workers(19/99) were over-exposed to Mn and 7.1 % (7/99) to Fe above KPEL. In steel heavy industries, 14.4 %(21/146), 7.5 %(11/146) and 13 %(19/146) were over-exposed to Mn, Fe and Cu, respectively. As a whole, 76 out of 339 workers(22.4%) were exposed to any of the metals above KPEL. 5. Blood levels of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn in welders were $0.11{\mu}g/100m{\ell}$, $0.84{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $424.4{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $1.26{\mu}g/100m{\ell}$, $5.01{\mu}g/100m{\ell}$ and $5.68{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, respectively, in contrast to $0.09{\mu}g/100m{\ell}$, $0.70{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $477.2{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $0.73{\mu}g/100m{\ell}$, $3.14{\mu}g/100m{\ell}$ and $6.15{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ in non-exposed control groups, showing significantly higher values in welders but Fe and Zn.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.485-495
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• 2001

It was investigated whether $Ca^{2+}$ and $K^+$ channels were involved in the inhibitory action of nitric oxide (NO) on the contractile and slow wave activity of guinea pig gastric antral circular muscle. The gastric antral circular muscle showed spontaneous phasic contraction and slow wave. NO donors, 3-morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride (SIN-1, $0.01{\sim}100{\mu}M$) and S-nitroso-L-cysteine (CysNO, $0.001{\sim}10{\mu}M$), reduced not only the amplitude of phasic contraction but also that of slow wave in a concentration-dependent manner. Both the perfusion of $Ca^{2+}$-free solution and the administration of $Ni^{2+}$, a nonselective $Ca^{2+}$ channel blocker, reduced the phasic contraction as well as the amplitude and frequency of the slow wave. The effects of these treatments were similar to those of NO donors. Nifedipine ($10{\mu}M$), a specific L-type $Ca^{2+}$ channel blocker, abolished the phasic contraction and remarkably reduced the plateau of slow wave but had no profound effect on the upstroke of slow wave. In the whole-cell patch clamp mode, CysNO shifted the steady-state activation curve for L-type $Ca^{2+}$ current to the right and the steady-state inactivation curve to the left. Pretreatment of various $K^+$ channel blockers such as tetraethylammonium (1 mM), 4-aminopyridine (0.5 mM), glibenclamide (10 mM), apamin ($0.1{\mu}M$), and iberiotoxin ($0.1{\mu}M$) did not affect the inhibitory action of SIN-1. These results suggest that NO donors suppress mechanical and electrical activity of guinea pig gastric antral circular muscle by inhibition of L-type $Ca^{2+}$ channel rather than by activation of $K^+$ channels.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.480-495
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• 2010

This study evaluated the distribution of the concentrations of nano-particles and heavy metals (08-Pb, Cr, Zn, As, Fe, 09-Pb, Cr, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mn) in Seoul, Chungnam A and Gwangyang from August to December, in 2008 5 times each in the Seoul area, 5 times in and Chungnam A area and from August to November, in 2009 14 times in the Chungnam A area, 8 times in the Gwangyang area. The examined results showed high concentration level from $PM_1$ through $PM_{0.1}$ in all three areas. These results were obtained the concentration of particles by diameter and statistically significant in Stage5 (1.0-0.56 ${\mu}m$) from the result of conducting Kruskal-Wallis H test (p < 0.05). In the case of the heavy metal concentration included in 0.10-0.056 ${\mu}m$, 0.056 ${\mu}m$, the lead concentration of Chungnam Asan area was 6.49 ng/$m^3$ and 9.93 ng/$m^3$, which was higher than 3.05 ng/$m^3$ and 4.22 ng/$m^3$ of Seoul, respectively. The concentration of iron in Seoul was 9.28 ng/$m^3$ and 13.24 ng/$m^3$, that appeared higher than 2.38 ng/$m^3$ and 3.23 ng/$m^3$ of Chungnam A area, respectively. The concentration level was similar to other metals except lead and iron in Chungnam A area and Seoul. From the concentration of heavy metal included in 0.10-0.056 ${\mu}m$, 0.056 ${\mu}m$, the lead concentration of Chungnam A area was 0.31 ng/$m^3$ and 0.12 ng/$m^3$ while Gwangyang was 0.28 ng/$m^3$, 0.06 ng/$m^3$. Thus Chungnam A area showed higher lead concentration than Gwangyang. The manganese concentration of Chungnam A area was 0.12 ng/$m^3$ and 0.03 ng/$m^3$ while Gwangyang was 0.21 ng/$m^3$ and 0.08 ng/$m^3$. Therefore, the concentration of Gwangyang appeared higher than that of Chunnam A area. These two metals showed statistically significant in 0.056 ${\mu}m$ (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). Among the concentration of heavy metal in all regions, the result demonstrated that the order of higher concentration is arsenic > iron > zinc > chrome > lead > nickel > copper > manganese.