• 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국재료학회 2012년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.97.2-97.2
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• 2012

This study examined the utility of two zwitterions, nitrile-functionalized zwitterions and a zwitterion without a nitrile group (MF-ZI), were used as additives along with 1 M $LiPF_6$ in ethylene carbonate (EC):diethylene carbonate (DEC) (3:7 V/V) (E-0) to form an electrolyte solution for use in lithium ion batteries comprising graphite and $LiCoO_2$ electrodes. The presence of NF-ZI (E-NF-ZI) in the electrolyte produced an ion conductivity comparable to that of E-0 and higher than that of an electrolyte containing MF-ZI (E-MF-ZI). Linear sweep voltammetry data revealed that the intensity of the E-NF-ZI reduction peak was lower than that of E-0. Furthermore, the successful formation of an SEI layer in the E-NF-ZI over graphite was confirmed by cyclic voltammetry data. These results were attributed to the adsorption of NF-ZI on the electrode surface, as verified by differential capacity measurements.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.69-80
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• 1975

수도(水稻)의 수량(收量)과 여러가지 질소효율간, 질소효율 상호간(相互間), 효율과 흡수량간(吸收量間)의 관계(關係)를 설정(設定)하고 3개(個) 연간(年間)의 3요소시험(要素試驗) (30~50개지역(個地域)) 결과자료(結果資料)로 검토(檢討)하였다. 설정(設定)된 상호관계(相互關係)는 고도유의상관(高度有意相關)을 보이므로 실험결과(實驗結果)에 잘 일치(一致)하였다. 시비하(施肥下)에서 다수성(多收性)은 시료(肥料)의 이용율(利用率)(Eu)을 증가(增加)시켜 일차적(一次的)으로 질소흡수(窒素吸收)를 증가(增加)시키고 흡수시료질소吸收肥料窒素(Nf) 효율(Ef) 및 시비효율(Fe)을 증가(增加)시키며 이차적(二次的)으로 질소효율(E)을 증가(增加)시키는데 의존(依存)한다. 흡수(吸收)된 토양질소(土壤窒素)(Ns) 효율(Es)은 Ef보다 E에 대(對)한 기여도(寄與度)가 컸으며 모든 질소효율은 동반질소(同伴窒素)의 흡수량(吸收量) 및 상대(相對)되는 다른 질소효율에 역상관(逆相關)을 보였다. Es와 Ef는 1. 감법(減法) 2. Cs (Cs=Ns/Ns+Nf) 대(對) E plotting 법(法)과 3. 표식비료(標識肥料)를 사용(使用)한 E-Cs 및 Y-Ns Plotting 법(法)이 있으며 Plotting 법(法)은 E-Es Cs+B 식(式) 또는 Y=Es Ns+Ef Nf식(式)을 사용(使用)하며 B=Ef Cf로 Ef Nf와 함께 주어진 조건하(條件下에서 상수(常數)로 본다. Es는 Ef보다 대부분(大部分)의 경우 (80%) 크며 포장간(圃場間)에 Es보다 Ef에 차이가 크며 Ef는 특히 비료(肥料)의 형태(形態)에 의존(依存)한다. 설정검토(設定檢討)된 상호관계(相互關係)는 다음과 같다. 1. Y=$Es{\cdot}Ns+Ef{\cdot}Nf$ (Y는 수량(收量)) 2. E=$Es{\cdot}Cs+Ef{\cdot}Cf(Cf=Nf/Ns/Nf)$ 3. E=b-aN, E=E, Es 또는 Ef이고 N=N, Ns 또는 Nf이다. (E=Y/N, N=Ns+Nf), b는 주어진 조건(條件)에서의 E의 이론적(理論的) 최대치(最大値)이고 a는 Y=EN 곡선(曲線)의 N=0에서의 접선(接線)의 기울기이다. 4. Fe=$Ef{\cdot}Eu$, Se=$Es{\cdot}Eu$ (Se는 토양유효질소의 종조생산효율) 5. E=$Se{\cdot}Cs/Eu+Fe{\cdot}Cf/Eu$ 6. Y=$Es{\cdot}Eu{\cdot}Sf+Ef{\cdot}Eu{\cdot}Fn$ 또는 Y=$Es{\cdot}Eu{\cdot}Ea{\cdot}Sn+Ef{\cdot}Eu{\cdot}Fn(Sf=Ea{\cdot}Sn$, Ea는 비료질소(肥料窒素)와 대등(對等)한 토양유효질소(Sf)를 전토양질소(全土壤窒素)(Sn)로 나눈 유효화율).

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.459-469
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• 2014

Entamoeba histolytica is a tissue-invasive protozoan parasite causing dysentery in humans. During infection of colonic tissues, amoebic trophozoites are able to kill host cells via apoptosis or necrosis, both of which trigger IL-8-mediated acute inflammatory responses. However, the signaling pathways involved in host cell death induced by E. histolytica have not yet been fully defined. In this study, we examined whether calpain plays a role in the cleavage of pro-survival transcription factors during cell death of colonic epithelial cells, induced by live E. histolytica trophozoites. Incubation with amoebic trophozoites induced activation of m-calpain in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Moreover, incubation with amoebae resulted in marked degradation of STAT proteins (STAT3 and STAT5) and NF-${\kappa}B$ (p65) in Caco-2 cells. However, $I{\kappa}B$, an inhibitor of NF-${\kappa}B$, was not cleaved in Caco-2 cells following adherence of E. histolytica. Entamoeba-induced cleavage of STAT proteins and NF-${\kappa}B$ was partially inhibited by pretreatment of cells with a cell-permeable calpain inhibitor, calpeptin. In contrast, E. histolytica did not induce cleavage of caspase-3 in Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, pretreatment of Caco-2 cells with a calpain inhibitor, calpeptin (but not the pan-caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk) or m-calpain siRNA partially reduced Entamoeba-induced DNA fragmentation in Caco-2 cells. These results suggest that calpain plays an important role in E. histolytica-induced degradation of NF-${\kappa}B$ and STATs in colonic epithelial cells, which ultimately accelerates cell death.

• 공업화학
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.405-410
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 고용량 EDLC 전극의 제조를 위하여 전극의 활물질인 활성탄소에 $NF_3$ 가스를 이용하여 아미노불소화 반응을 유도하였다. 또한, 아미노불소화 반응에 의한 활성탄소의 기공 및 표면화학적 특성 변화와 그로부터 제조된 활성탄소전극의 비정전용량 특성 변화에 대하여 고찰하였다. 활성탄소의 아미노불소화 반응은 재료의 표면 기공특성을 저하시키지 않고 비표면적 및 기공부피 등의 기공특성을 유지시키면서 활성탄소의 표면에 전기화학적 특성의 향상에 도움이 되는 질소 및 불소 관능기를 효과적으로 도입시켰다. 1 at% 이하의 질소 및 불소 관능기가 도입된 활성탄소전극 (E-NF100AC)은 2 mV/s의 전압주사속도 조건에서 528 (${\pm}9$) F/g의 비정전용량으로 미처리 활성탄소전극(E-RAC)과 비교하여 약 122%의 용량증대효과를 나타내었다. 반면에, E-NF200AC의 조건에서는 1 at% 이상, 과량의 불소 관능기가 도입됨에 따라 E-NF100AC에 비하여 용량이 감소하였으며 이러한 결과로부터 적당량의 질소 및 불소 관능기 도입이 활성탄소전극의 비정전용량을 효과적으로 증가시킴을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.168-172
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• 2013

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role for host defense against invading pathogens. TLR4 has been identified as the receptor for lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is a cell wall component of gram-negative bacteria. The activation of TLR4 signaling by LPS leads to the activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ and the expression of pro-inflammatory gene products such as cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). To evaluate the therapeutic potential of (E)-1-(2-(2-nitrovinyl)phenyl)pyrrolidine (NVPP), previously synthesized in our laboratory, NF-${\kappa}B$ activation and iNOS and COX-2 expression induced by LPS were examined. NVPP inhibited the activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ induced by LPS. NVPP also suppressed the iNOS expression induced by LPS but it did not suppress COX-2 expression induced by LPS. These results suggest that NVPP has the specific mechanism for anti-inflammatory responses.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-27
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Yijungtang(YJT) on atopic dermatitis in an in-vitro and in-vivo experiment using a RBL-2H3 mast cells and a NC/Nga atopic dermatitis mouse. Methods: In-vitro experiment, IL-4, IL-13 mRNA expression were evaluated by a real-time PCR, IL-4, IL-13 production by ELISA and transcription factor as GATA-1, GATA-2, NF-AT1, NF-AT2, AP-1 and NF-kB by western blotting. In-vivo experiment, clinical skin score we evaluated by, hematology and Serum total IgE and IgG1 of NC/Nga atopic dermatitis mouse, cytokine level, total number of cell, Immunohistochemical staining and Histological features of auxiliary lymph node(ALN), draining lymph node(DLN), peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs) and dorsal skin tissue in NC/Nga mouse. Results: YJT decreased IL-4, IL-13 mRNA expression, IL-4, IL-13 production and prominently decreased the expression of mast cell specific transcription factors including GATA-2, NF-AT2, c-Fos and NF-kB. YJT oral administration reduced the levels of skin severity scores. It also decreased the level of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-5, IL-13, histamine and IgE in the serum. It elevated IFN-gamma level in the spleenocyte culture supernatant but decreased. $CD3e^+$, $CD19^+$, $CD4^+$, $CD8^+$, $CD3e^+CD69^+$, $CD11b^+Gr-1^+$, $CCR3^+$ in the PBMCs, $CD4^+$, $CD8^+$, $CD3e^+CD69^+$, $B220^+CD23^+$ in the ALN, $CD4^+$, $CD3e^+CD69^+$ in the ALN and $CD4^+$, $CD11b^+Gr-1^+$ in the dorsal skin. Histological examination showed that infiltration levels of immune cells in the skin of AD-induced NC/Nga mice were much improved by YJT oral administration. Conclusions: The anti-allergic activities of YJT may be mediated by down-regulation of Th2 cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-13, through the regulation GATA-2, NF-AT2 and NF-kB transcription factors in mast cells. YJT would be regulate molecular mediators and immune cells which are functionally associated with atopic dermatitis induced in NC/Nga mice, and may play an important role in recovering AD symptoms.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.1689-1697
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• 2011

본 연구는 고마리 추출물이 가지는 항염증 활성을 알아보기 위하여 쥐의 대식세포(RAW264.7 cell)에 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)를 처리하여 염증반응을 유도하고 이때 발생되는 Nitric oxide (NO)의 생성 억제를 확인하였다. 또한 염증에서 중요하게 알려져 있는 Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$) 단백질들의 발현을 비교하였고, 추가적으로 NF-${\kappa}B$ 단백질의 핵 내부로의 이전 및 활성을 확인하였다. 메탄올 추출물은 NO 생성 및 iNOS, COX-2, NF-${\kappa}B$ 단백질의 발현을 억제하고, 세포를 보호하는 효과를 가지는 Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) 단백질의 발현을 증가시켰다. 위 결과를 바탕으로 하여 n-butanol, hexane, ethyl acetate 용매를 이용한 추가적인 분획을 실시하였다. 이들 분획 중 고마리의 ethyl acetate 추출물은 Prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$), NO 생성을 억제 하였으며, iNOS, COX-2 단백질들의 발현을 감소, NF-${\kappa}B$의 핵 내부로의 이동을 억제하는 효과가 높다는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 연구결과는 고마리 식물이 좋은 항염증 활성을 가지고 있음을 나타내며, 지속적인 분획으로 고마리 식물이 가지는 항염증 활성 물질을 선별하여 그 작용기작을 규명하는 연구가 필요하다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.249-265
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• 2014

The mechanical characteristics of materials are very essential in structural analysis for the accuracy of structural calculations. The estimation modulus of elasticity of concrete ($E_c$), one of the most important mechanical characteristics, is a very complex area in terms of analytical models. Many attempts have been made to model the modulus of elasticity through the use of experimental data. In this study, the neuro-fuzzy (NF) technique was investigated in estimating modulus of elasticity of concrete and a new simple NF model by implementing a different NF system approach was proposed. A large experimental database was used during the development stage. Then, NF model results were compared with various experimental data and results from several models available in related research literature. Several statistic measuring parameters were used to evaluate the performance of the NF model comparing to other models. Consequently, it has been observed that NF technique can be successfully used in estimating modulus of elasticity of concrete. It was also discovered that NF model results correlated strongly with experimental data and indicated more reliable outcomes in comparison to the other models.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권12호
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• pp.5001-5007
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• 2014

The acetyltransferase inhibitor garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone, is extracted from the rind of the fruit of Garcinia indica, a plant found extensively in tropical regions. Anti-cancer activity has been suggested but there is no report on its action via inhibiting acetylation against cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis-inhibtion induced by estradiol ($E_2$) in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. The main purposes of this study were to investigate the effects of the acetyltransferase inhibitor garcinol on cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and apoptosis inhibition in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells treated with estrogen, and to explore the significance of changes in acetylation levels in this process. We used a variety of techniques such as CCK-8 analysis of cell proliferation, FCM analysis of cell cycling and apoptosis, immunofluorescence analysis of NF-${\kappa}B$/p65 localization, and RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis of ac-H3, ac-H4, ac-p65, cyclin D1, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl. We found that on treatment with garcinol in MCF-7 cells, $E_2$-induced proliferation was inhibited, cell cycle progression was arrested at G0/G1 phase, and the cell apoptosis rate was increased. Expression of ac-H3, ac-H4 and NF-${\kappa}B$/ac-p65 proteins in $E_2$-treated MCF-7 cells was increased, this being inhibited by garcinol but not ac-H4.The nuclear translocation of NF-${\kappa}B$/p65 in $E_2$-treated MCF-7 cells was also inhibited, along with cyclin D1, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl in mRNA and protein expression levels. These results suggest that the effect of $E_2$ on promoting proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis is linked to hyperacetylation levels of histones and nonhistone NF-${\kappa}B$/p65 in MCF-7 cells. The acetyltransferase inhibitor garcinol plays an inhibitive role in MCF-7 cell proliferation promoted by $E_2$. Mechanisms are probably associated with decreasing ac-p65 protein expression level in the NF-${\kappa}B$ pathway, thus down-regulating the expression of cyclin D1, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.410-415
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• 1998

HPLC 및 electrospary mass spectrum으로부터 L-L dipeptide의 존제하에서 pepsin은 hexapeptide인 L-S-pNF-Nle-A-OMe를 가수분해하여 가수분해물외의 새로운 생성물을 합성하는 것이 확인되었다. 이 생성물은 254nm에서 p-nitro-Phe 잔기를 포함하는 peptide였다. 실험결과로부터 E(L-S-pNF)와 L-L 사이의 acyl transpeptidation에 의해 L-S-pNF-L-L가 생성됨을 뒷받침한다. 이러한 transpeptidation 결과는 product 저해실험에 의한 결과에 기초한 것과는 반대로 L-S-pNF가 해리되기전에 Nle-A-L-OMe가 먼저 한다는 것을 보여준다. 그리고, electrospray mass spectrum 으로부터 위에서 검출된 새로운 펩티드에 해당하는 peak (MW 636.1)을 얻었는데, 이는 새 펩티드의 생성을 확실히 증명하는 증거이다. 한편, Nle-A-L-OMe 생성에 대한 solvent isotope effect는 1.736$\pm$0.121이며 L-S-pNF는 2.28$\pm$0.184 그리고 L-S-pNF-L-L의 생성에는 inverse isotope effect로서 0.576$\pm$0.045였는데, 이는 상기 생성물 해리 순서를 확인시켜 준다. D$_{2}$에서 transpeptidation은 더 빠르기 때문에 isotopically-sensitive단계는 Nle-A-L-OMe해리후에 존재하는 것을 알 수 있다. 본 실험결과는, Rebholz and Northrop$^{1)}$ 및 Cho등의 $^{2)} iso-mechanism이론의 타당성을 제시한다.