• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-31
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• 2007

Negative numbers have been one of the most difficult mathematical concepts, and it was only 200 years ago that they were recognized as a real object of mathematics by mathematicians. It was because it took more than 1500 years for human beings to overcome the quantitative notion of numbers and recognize the formality in negative numbers. Understanding negative numbers as formal ones resulted from the Copernican conversion in mathematical way of thinking. we first investigated the historic and the genetic process of the concept of negative numbers. Second, we analyzed the conceptual fields of negative numbers in the aspect of the additive and multiplicative structure. Third, we inquired into the levels of thinking on the concept of negative numbers on the basis of the historical and the psychological analysis in order to understand the formal concept of negative numbers. Fourth, we analyzed Korean mathematics textbooks on the basis of the thinking levels of the concept of negative numbers. Fifth, we investigated and analysed the levels of students' understanding of the concept of negative numbers. Sixth, we analyzed the symbolizing process in the development of mathematical concept. Futhermore, we tried to show a concrete way to teach the formality of the negative numbers concepts on the basis of such theoretical analyses.

• The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.205-226
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to find out the relations between 6th graders' negative cognitive process and anger experience and aggressiveness. To achieve the goal, it conducted a test to examine children's negative cognitive process, anger experience, aggressiveness targeting 100 children of 6th grade in C elementary school, Gyeonggj province. Then it conducted SPSS 12.0 statistical program to get the results of correlation analysis and regression analysis. The outcomes were as follows. First, there was a meaningfully positive relation between a negative cognitive process and anger experience. In other words, children having more negative cognitive process seemed to experience the feelings of anger more often, this presented the important role of cognition while getting into a temper Second, it reported a positive relation between anger experience and aggressiveness. Children who have experienced anger more often showed more violent behaviors, especially there were more significant positive relations between trait-anger and aggressiveness compared to state-anger and aggressiveness. This could explain some possibilities that children with high level of trait-anger might outrage more often than others by recognizing the situations as anger stimulants. Third, when conducting a regression analysis, a negative cognitive process made an effect on anger experience which affected aggressiveness. However, it did not show a negative cognitive process making a direct effect on aggressiveness. This is considered that children could experience an anger while evaluating an event or object in a negative way based on individual belief, and emotional linguistic behavioral aggressiveness would be formalized as they express the sparked fury either internally or externally. In conclusion, this study proved that there were close relations between children's negative cognitive process and anger experience and aggressiveness. A negative cognitive process affects anger experience, and anger experience affects aggressiveness afterwards. A negative cognitive process affects aggressiveness through anger experience indirectly, and especially trait-anger among anger experience is the main factor to influence on aggressiveness. With consideration of these results, it is believed that mediation is important key to moderate the negative cognition and trait-anger in order to diminish children's aggressive behaviors. This study has a meaning to provide searching for manifold mediating methods between negative cognition and trait anger, with a fundamental resource.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of demographical variables(gender and age) and alienation on adolescent's negative emotion-induced eating motivation. The subjects were 389 middle and high school students who lived in Keoungbok. The data were analyzed by t-test, one-way ANOVA and stepwise multiple regression(using SPSS 12.1). Major findings were as follows: 1) There was difference in adolescent's negative emotion-induced eating motivation according to gender, age, and level of alienation. Adolescent's negative emotion-induced eating motivation tended to be higher when adolescent were girl students, or high school students or in higher level of alienation. 2) Alienation was the stronger predictor of adolescent's negative emotion-induced eating motivation than gender and age. 3) There was difference in boy adolescent's negative emotion-induced eating motivation according to age and level of alienation. But there was difference in girl adolescent's negative emotion-induced eating motivation only according to level of alienation. 4) For boy, alienation was the stronger predictor of adolescent's negative emotion-induced eating motivation than age. But for girl alienation was only significant predictor of adolescent's negative emotion-induced eating motivation.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.37-52
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• 2013

This study was performed to model the effects of ego strength, stress coping styles, fear of negative evaluation, and the effects these concepts have upon children's peer relationships. Data were collected from 580 fifth and six graders in Seoul and Gyeonggi province. In summary, the results indicated the following. Firstly, there were significant correlations between ego strength, stress coping styles, fear of negative evaluation, and peer relationships. Secondly, the ego strength of children was found to have direct influences upon their stress coping styles, fear of negative evaluation and peer relationships. Thirdly, out of stress coping styles of children affected by ego strength, only the negative coping style was found to significantly influence the fear of negative evaluation and peer relationships. Fourth, the fear of negative evaluation on the part of children was affected by ego strength and negative stress coping styles, and in particular, negative stress coping styles influenced peer relationships through the anxiety induced from interpersonal relationships.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.1037-1041
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• 2013

Background: Prognostication of breast cancer using clinico-pathologic variables, although useful, remains imperfect. Recent research has focused on finding new markers of prognosis using gene expression profiling. Panels of proteins assessed by immunohistochemistry might also be useful in this regard. This study focused on Bcl-2 protein expression in triple-negative (TNBC) and non- triple-negative breast cancer (non-TNBC) with correlation to clinico-pathologic variables. Materials and methods: We analyzed Bcl-2 expression in 77 women with primary breast carcinoma divided into two groups; triple-negative and non- triple-negative according to expression of estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptors (Her2/neu). Bcl-2 expression was assessed in relation to age, histo-pathological subtype, grade, nodal status and tumor size. Results: Bcl-2 was expressed in 74% of triple-negative breast cancers and 70% of non- triple-negative cancers. In TNBC, expression was significantly correlated with invasive ductal subtype, while in non-TNBC it was significantly correlated with age and negative nodal status. In both groups higher Bcl-2 expression associated with favourable prognostic factors in breast cancer, but no significant statistical correlations were found. Conclusions: Frequency of Bcl-2 expression does not differ between TNBC and non-TNBC, but different prognostic factors correlate with Bcl-2 in the two cases.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.49-65
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• 2010

The purpose of this paper is to derive the categories of negative e-WOM (electronic word of mouth) via consumer review. Disclosing the details of negative e-WOM based consumer reviews has never been done before. For this reason, a content analysis was adopted to provide knowledge and understanding of the phenomenon. This paper analyzes the content of 630 consumer reviews posted on the open market internet site, www.auction.co.kr. The analysis was conducted from October 20th, 2008 to March 10th, 2009. The results indicated that the negative e-WOM based consumer reviews can be divided into two categories: the cognitive evaluation and the expression of consumer's emotion. The category of cognitive evaluation is consisted of negative e-WOM of product, negative e-WOM of service, and warning about the risk of purchasing products. The category of expressing consumers' emotion are composed of venting customers' dissatisfaction and passive response of dissatisfaction. Investigating the details of negative e-WOM has a number of implications. Most importantly, the results revealed multidimensional structure of negative e-WOM. This understanding of negative e-WOM communication allows marketers to improve products and services that better meet customers' current and future needs.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.265-274
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• 1995

Skin temperatures were tested under the same conditions by using the thermography in order to extract the biological characteristics of the physical constitutional types in according to the Lee's 4 type physical constitutional theory. The subjects of this experiment were 14 ; 5 Macro-Negative subjects, 5 Micro-Negative subjects, 3 Micro-Positive subjects and 1 Macro-Positive subject. All subjects were stimulated with 2.5Hz 30Vpeak-peak pulses for 2 minutes. As the results, in normal prestimulation state the skin temperatures of the trunk in Micro-Positive and Macro-Positive subjects were higher than those of Macro-Negative and Micro-Negative subjects. In Macro-Negative subjects the reflected skin temperature of lever was the highest in the anterior trunk. In Micro-Negative subjects the reflected skin temperature of kidney was the highest in the trunk. In Micro-Positive subjects the reflected skin temperature of stomach was the highest in the trunk.In Macro-Positive subject the reflected skin temperature of lung was the highest in the trunk. In transient poststimulation state, heart rate was decreased in 7 cases among of 10 Macro-Negative ana Micro-Negative subjects, but it was increased in 3 cases among of 4 Micro-Positive and Macro-Positive subjects. And the hand temerature was increased in 8 cases among of 10 Macro-Negative and Micro-Negative subjects, but it was decreased in 3 cases among of 4 Micro-Positive and Macro-Positive subjects.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.72-77
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• 2019

To study the characteristics of AC driven OLED, we fabricated the fluorescent OLEDs and analyzed the electroluminescence characteristics of OLEDs with AC negative voltage. The luminance and the current density of the OLED decreased, and the number and size of the dark spots increased in proportion to the duration time and level of the applied AC negative voltage. The current efficiency of the OLED was improved when high AC negative voltage was applied within a short time. When the AC negative voltage of 10 V was applied for 1 minute, the efficiency was improved by 12.4%. Also, the degradation of luminance and current efficiency due to the duration of light emission was improved in the case of OLED applied for 1 minute with 10 V AC negative voltage. These are expected as a result of the improvement of the leakage current characteristics by eliminating the short-circuit region formed by the defect of the OLED at the AC negative high voltage. As a result, the continuous application of AC negative voltage reduced the luminance and the current density of OLED, but the temporary application of AC negative voltage with the proper time and voltage could improve the efficiency and lifetime of OLED.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 2023.10a
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• pp.366-371
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• 2023

신경망 기반의 검색 모델이 활발히 연구됨에 따라 효과적인 대조학습을 위한 다양한 네거티브 샘플링 방법이 제안되고 있다. 대표적으로, ANN전략은 하드 네거티브 샘플링 방법으로 질문에 대해 검색된 후보 문서들 중에서 정답 문서를 제외한 상위 후보 문서를 네거티브로 사용하여 검색 모델의 성능을 효과적으로 개선시킨다. 하지만 질문에 부착된 정답 문서를 통해 후보 문서를 네거티브로 구분하기 때문에 실제로 정답을 유추할 수 있는 후보 문서임에도 불구하고 네거티브로 분류되어 대조학습을 진행할 수 있다는 문제점이 있다. 이러한 가짜 네거티브 문제(False Negative Problem)는 학습과정에서 검색 모델을 혼란스럽게 하며 성능을 감소시킨다. 본 논문에서는 False Negative Problem를 분석하고 이를 완화시키기 위해 가짜 네거티브 분류기(False Negative Classifier)를 소개한다. 실험은 오픈 도메인 질의 응답 데이터셋인 Natural Question에서 진행되었으며 실제 False Negative를 확인하고 이를 판별하여 기존 성능보다 더 높은 성능을 얻을 수 있음을 보여준다.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.15
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• pp.15-22
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• 1995

We have studied the generation and behavior of negative ions in silane plasmas. The negative ions were formed by homogeneous reaction in silane plasma and the behavior of negative ions were predicted by solving the model equations. The concentration profiles of negative ions were shown as a function of reactor length and time. The effects of process variables such as reactor pressure, flow rate and electrical field strengths on the behavior of negative ions were analyzed.