• 제목/요약/키워드: NEF

검색결과 45건 처리시간 0.03초

The frequency of defective genes in vif and vpr genes in 20 hemophiliacs is associated with Korean Red Ginseng and highly active antiretroviral therapy: the impact of lethal mutations in vif and vpr genes on HIV-1 evolution

  • Cho, Young Keol;Kim, Jung-Eun
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • 제45권1호
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    • pp.149-155
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    • 2021
  • Background: We have reported that internal deletions in the nef, gag, and pol genes in HIV-1-infected patients are induced in those treated with Korean Red Ginseng (KRG). KRG delays the development of resistance mutations to antiretroviral drugs. Methods: The vif-vpr genes over 26 years in 20 hemophiliacs infected with HIV-1 from a single source were sequenced to investigate whether vif-vpr genes were affected by KRG and KRG plus highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART) (hereafter called GCT) and compared the results with our previous data. Results: A significantly higher number of in-frame small deletions were found in the vif-vpr genes of KRG-treated patients than at the baseline, in control patients, and in ART-alone patients (p < 0.001). These were significantly reduced in GCT patients (p < 0.05). In contrast, sequences harboring a premature stop codon (SC) were more significant in GCT patients (10.1%) than in KRG-alone patients, control (p < 0.01), and ART-alone patients (p = 0.078 for peripheral blood mononuclear cells). The proportion of SC in Vpr was similar to that in Vif, whereas the proportion of sequences revealing SC in the env-nef genes was significantly lower than that in the pol-vif-vpr genes (p < 0.01). The genetic distance was 1.8 times higher in the sequences harboring SC than in the sequences without SC (p < 0.001). Q135P in the vif gene is significantly associated with rapid progression to AIDS (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Our data show that KRG might induce sD in the vif-vpr genes and that vif-vpr genes are similarly affected by lethal mutations.

국내 항공기소음 평가방법과 외국 평가방법의 비교연구 (A Study on the Comparison between Domestic and Foreign Evaluation Method of Aircraft noise)

  • 김봉석;김득성;장서일
    • 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국소음진동공학회 2006년도 추계학술대회논문집
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    • pp.229-229
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    • 2006
  • WECPNL(Weighted Equivalent Continuous Perceived Noise Level) which designated currently in Domestic 'The Stanrd Method of Measuring Noise and Vibration' is composed of different factor with WECPNL that published in ICAO. Domestic WECPNL is concerned in application of $L_{MAX}$ measurement. On the other hand, ICAO's WECPNL is based on EPNL that includes factors of the pure tone correction and the duration time. NNI and NEF also are each based on PNL and EPNL. Because a military aircraft noise, especially, has the pure tone of high frequency and the irregular duration, it seems to be undesirable to estimate aircraft noise for using Domestic WECPNL. Therefore, this study was performed to detect a flaw of Korean WECPNL, through comparison of the trend of each other aircraft noise index by using equivalent rawdata.

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ON THE ADJOINT LINEAR SYSTEM

  • Kwan, Shin-Dong
    • 대한수학회보
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    • 제31권1호
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    • pp.15-23
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    • 1994
  • Throughout this paper, we are working on the complex number field C. The aim of this paper is to explain the applications of Theorem 2 in .cint. 1. In the surface theory, the adjoint linear system has played important roles and many tools have been developed to understand it. In the cases of higher dimensional varieties, we don't have any useful tools so far. Theorem 2 implies that it is enough to compute the dimension of the adjoint linear system to check the birationality. We can compute, somehow, the dimension of the adjoint linear system. For example, we can get an information about $h^{0}$ (X, $O_{x}$( $K_{x}$ + D)) from Euler characteristic of vertical bar $K_{X}$ + D vertical bar and some vanishing theorems. We are going to show the applications of Theorem 2 to smooth three-folds and smooth fourfold, specially, of general type with a nef canonical divisor, smooth Fano variety, and Calabi-Yau manifold. Our main results are Theorem A and Theorem B. Most of birationality problems in Theorem A and Theorem B have been studied. (see Ando [1] and Matsuki [4] for the detail matters.) But Theorem 2 gives short and easy proofs in the cases of dimension 3 and improves the previously known results in the cases of dimension 4.4. 4.4.

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금 광산 폐망미로부터 유가자원 회수에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Recovery of Valuable Resources from Abandoned Fold Mine Tailings)

  • 채영배;정수복;윤평란
    • 자원리싸이클링
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    • 제8권3호
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    • pp.37-42
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    • 1999
  • 오래전에 가행되었던 일부 금 광산에서 폐기된 광미엔는 미회수돈 금 및 시리카 등의 유가광물을 함유하고 있는 것으로 알려져 있으므로, 이들의 유가자원을 회수하기 위한 분리특성을 검토하였다. 처리공정은 가능한 경제성 확보를 위하여, 분급, 자력선별 및 비중선별 등 단순한 분리 공정을 적용하였으며, 본 공정에 으히ㅏ여 부리 회수된 유가지원으로는 금 농축 정광 0.87wt%[금 함유량 307.7 g/ton(0.6.wt%), 97.7 g/ton(0.27wt%)와 Sio$_2$ 품위가 96.40wt% 인 고품위 실리카를 60.65 Wt% 회수 할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 경과는 광산 폐기물 중에서 유가자원을 회수하거나 광산폐기물의 무해화 및 감량화를 목적으로 하는 공정수립에 참고자료가 될 수 있을 것이다.

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Inhibition of HIV-1 Replication by the Water-soluble Extract Mixture of Ricini Semen and Coptidis Rhizoma

  • Kim, Kyong-Tai;Park, Se-Young;Hong, Eun-Kyung;Han, Yong-Bok;Kim, Jong-Bae
    • Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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    • 제3권3호
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    • pp.210-216
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    • 1995
  • Partially purified water-soluble extract mixture from Ricini and Coptidis (named as RIC) showed to be a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) replication. RIC was evaluated for in vitro anti-HIV activity using SupTl and H9 cells infected by a recombinant virus (pSVCAT) containing chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene substituted for nef gene in the HIV-1 genome. RIC inhibited syncytiaformation of SupTl cells with a half maximal effective concentration, $IC_{50}$/, of 2.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mι and showed marked inhibition of CAT activity in the infected H9 cells and also suppressed reverse transcriptase (RT) activity in the supernatant of the infected H9 culture. However, RIC did not inhibit the activity of reverse transcriptase directly when it was mixed with the enzyme or with viral particles. Berberine, one of components of RIC, also showed similar anti-HIV activity as RIC did. The data suggest that there are active ingredients which mediate anti-HIV activity in RIC.

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휴대용 멀티미디어기기를 위한 RAW 이미지 포맷 분석 및 응용 (An Analysis on RAW Image Format and its Application for Portable Multimedia Devices)

  • 박미란;신소희;김재신;노광현
    • 한국산학기술학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국산학기술학회 2009년도 춘계학술발표논문집
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    • pp.738-741
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    • 2009
  • 본 논문에서는 RAW 이미지 포맷 중 PEF, MRW에 대한 분석 결과와 RAWImage Viewer에 대해 소개한다. DSLR 디지털 카메라로 촬영되는 이미지 파일은 범용의 JPEG 포맷이나 제조사별 독자적인 RAW 이미지 포맷으로 저장된다. 이러한 RAW 이미지 파일을 PMP 등의 휴대용 멀티미디어 기기나 디지털액자에서 재생 및 확인하기 위한 요구가 증대되고 있다. 하지만, RAW 이미지 포맷이 디지털 카메라 제조사별로 다르고, 해당 포맷에 대한 구체적인 정보가 공개되지 않아 대부분의 휴대용 멀티미디어 기기에서 RAW 이미지 파일 재생 기능을 완벽하게 지원하지 못하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 RAW 이미지 파일 포맷을 분석하여 다양한 임베디드 멀티미디어 기기에서 모든 RAW 이미지 파일을 지원할 수 있는 라이브러리 구축을 위한 연구 결과 중 일부를 소개한다. Cannon의 CRW, CR2 포맷과 Nikon의 NEF 분석 결과에 이어 PEF, MRW에 대한 분석 결과와 RAW 이미지 출력 및 분석 기능이 포함된 RAWImage Viewer에 대해 설명한다. 연구 결과는 RAW 파일을 재생할 수 있는 임베디드 장비 및 PC용 RAW 이미지 파일 재생 라이브러리를 구축 및 응용 프로그램 개발시 활용될 것이다.

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Unity in HIV-1 Sequence Diversity: Identification and Characterization of Korean Clade in HIV-1 Isolated from Korean

  • Lee, Chan-Hee
    • 한국미생물학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국미생물학회 2006년도 International Meeting of the Microbiological Society of Korea
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    • pp.129-131
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    • 2006
  • Through molecular phylogenetic analysis using the nef gene sequences of HIV-l isolated from Korean registered in the NCBI GenBank together with 41 reference strains and 94 foreign isolates, we verified that most (${\sim}80%$) of Korean isolates belonged to subtype B and 78% of subtype B were clustered together exclusively of foreign isolates, and this cluster was named Korean clade subtype B ($K_cB$). Similarity study suggested that the $K_cB$ cluster was more homogeneous than and clearly distinctive from the non-Korean subtype B ($NK_cB$). Comparison of the consensus amino acid sequences of the $K_cB\;or\;NK_cB$ revealed characteristic $K_cB$ signature amino acid pattern comprised of 13 amino acid residues. The $K_cB$ signature amino acid residues were critical in separating the $K_cB$ ftom the $NK_cB$, since substitution of the $NK_cB$ sequences with $K_cB$ signature amino acids relocated them to the Koran clade, and vice versa. Synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution rate study suggested positive selection event for the $K_cB$.

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Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of HIV -1 vif Gene from Korean Isolates

  • Park, Chan-Seung;Kim, Mi-Sook;Lee, Sung-Duk;Kim, Sung-Soo;Lee, Keon-Myung;Lee, Chan-Hee
    • Journal of Microbiology
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    • 제44권6호
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    • pp.655-659
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    • 2006
  • Phylogenetic studies of nef, pol, and env gene sequences of HIV-1 isolated from Koreans suggested the presence of a Korean clade in which Korean sequences are clustered to the exclusion of foreign sequences. We attempted to identify and characterize the Korean clade using all vif gene sequences isolated from Koreans registered in the NCBI GenBank database (n = 233). Most (77 %) of the Korean isolates belonged to the Korean clade as a large subcluster in subtype B, designated the Korean clade subtype B ($K_{C}B$). $K_{C}B$ sequences were relatively homogenous compared to Korean subtype B sequences that did not belong to the $K_{C}B$ (non-Korean clade subtype B; $NK_{C}B$). Comparison of amino acid frequencies of $K_{C}B$ and $NK_{C}B$ sequences revealed several positions where the amino acid frequencies were significantly different. These amino acid residues were critical in separating $K_{C}B$ from $NK_{C}B$ or from foreign sequences, since substitution of these amino acids in $K_{C}B$ with the $NK_{C}B$ amino acids relocated the $K_{C}B$ sequences to $NK_{C}B$, and vice versa. Further analyses of $K_{C}B$ will help us to understand the origin and evolutionary history of $K_{C}B$.

산업단지 입지 결정요인 분석 (Analysis of determinant Factor for Industrial Complex Location)

  • 이재탁;김동일
    • 한국융합학회논문지
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    • 제8권12호
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    • pp.343-349
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    • 2017
  • 본 연구는 산업단지 입지요인을 선행연구를 중심으로 종합적으로 검토하여 본 연구 목적에 맞게 연구모델을 개발과 관련변수를 투입하여 실증 분석을 실시하였다. 본 연구에서는 입지결정요인을 기반시설의 안정화와 산업자원의 접근도 그리고 매개변수인 주거 근린환경요인군의 세 가지 요인 군으로 대별하여 산업입지결정요인과의 관계정도를 분석하였다. 본 연구 분석을 위해 연구모형에 근거하여 설정된 가설을 통해 구조방정식 모형의 경로분석을 통해 가설을 분석하였다. 분석결과 독립변수인 기반시설요인군의 교통과 산업기반시설 요인과 자원접근 요인인 노농과 생산자원 접근성 모두 산업입지에 영향관계에 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 매개변수인 근린환경요인과 산업입지결정요인간의 분석에서도 통계적으로 유의한 상관관계가 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구 결과는 지속적으로 추진되고 있는 국가 및 지방 자치단체의 산업단지 개발에 있어서 산업기반시설의 구축과 산업단지 개발 사업에 유용한 지침을 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

3번 염색체 단완 결실과 장완 중복을 동반한 1례 (A Case of Short Arm Deletion and Long Arm Duplication at Chromosome 3)

  • 공승현;서정일;강장희;정소영;목지선
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • 제48권12호
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    • pp.1389-1389
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    • 2005
  • 저자들은 출생 시 납작한 후두골, 낮은 변형 귀, 양안 격리증, 넓고 낮은 콧등, 얇은 입술, 넓고 짧은 목의 덧살, 저긴장증, 피부의 다모증, 잠복고환 등의 소견을 보이는 미숙아의 염색체 핵형 분석에서 부모의 불균형 전도로부터 재조합된 염색체 이상의 결과로 인해 46,XY,rec(3)dup(3)(q21)del(3)(p25)inv(3)(p25q21)로 진단된 증례를 경험하였기에 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.