• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.169-177
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• 2010

One of the most obvious climatic manifestations of urbanization in Korea is a trend towards higher air temperature. The trends of long-term annual temperature generally well describe the warming of urban areas. The increase of air temperature in urban area has been observed to the present since the meteorological observations in Korea began. The objective of this study is to explore the actual increase and the regional long-term trends of air temperature attributed to urbanization in the Korean Peninsula. Therefore, temperatures of the selected urban areas were compared with that of the surrounding rural areas, with the results varying by the application of the estimates of each region. The second objective is to separate the long-term trend of surface air temperature of global warming from urbanization and to find the actual temperature increase from urbanization in Korean peninsula. For the data analysis, daily air temperatures observed by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) during between from 1961 and 2005 were used at five rural sites and cities. The re-analyzed surface air temperatures by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) was also carried out to compare the result from the observed air temperature in the Korean climate domain. In this study, the urban areas in Korea showed high increase rate of air temperature with $0.4^{\circ}C$ per decade during past 50 year period, while rural sites as Chupungryung with the $0.2^{\circ}C$ decadal increase rate. The analyses reflect that the urban area shows the high rate of temperature increase with $1.39^{\circ}C$ of regression value at the urban area, Seoul, and $0.43^{\circ}C$ at the rural site, Chupungnyeong during the period of 30 years. The temperature increas due to the urbanization only showed the increase range between $0.44^{\circ}C$ and $0.86^{\circ}C$, and the observed decrease in diurnal temperature range at five urban areas during the 30 years period.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.103-117
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• 2017

This note provides technical guide on three issues associated with establishing and automatically running regional ocean forecasting systems: (1) a strategy for continuous production of hourly-interval three-day ocean forecast data, (2) the daily download of ocean and atmospheric forecasting data (i.e., HYCOM and NOAA/NCEP GFS data), which are provided by outside institutions and used as initial condition, surface forcing, and boundary data for regional ocean models, and (3) error notifications to numerical model managers through the Short Message Service (SMS). Guidance on dealing with these three issues is illustrated via solutions implemented by the Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Agency, since in embarking on this project we found that this procedural information was not readily available elsewhere. This technical guide is based on our experiences and lessons learned during the process of establishing and operating regional ocean forecasting systems for the East Sea and the Yellow and East China Seas over the 5 year period of 2012-2016. The fundamental approach and techniques outlined in this guide are of use to anyone wanting to establish an automatic regional and coastal ocean forecasting system.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.535-549
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• 2008

Vicarious calibration for the satellite sensor relies on simulated TOA (Top-of-Atmosphere) radiances over various targets. In this study, TOA visible radiance was calculated over ocean targets which are located in five different regions over the Indian and Pacific ocean, and its possible use for the satellite sensor calibration was examined. TOA radiances are simulated with the 6S radiative transfer model for the comparison with MODIS/Terra and SeaWiFS measurements. Geometric angles and sensor characteristics of the reference satellites were taken into account for the simulation. AOT (Aerosol Optical Thickness) from MODIS/Terra, pigment concentrations from Sea WiFS, and ozone amount from OMI measurements were used as inputs to the model. Other atmospheric input parameters such as surface wind and total column water vapor were taken from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. The 5-day averaged radiances over all targets show that the percent differences between simulated and observed radiances are within about ${\pm}5%$ in year 2005, indicating that the calculated radiances are in good agreement with satellite measurements. It has also been shown that the algorithm can produce the SeaWiFS radiances within about ${\pm}5%$ uncertainty range. It has been suggested that the algorithm can be used as a tool for calibrating the VIS bands within about 5% uncertainty range.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.79-91
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• 2019

Long-term trends and recent variations of upwelling index (UI), which affects significantly ecosystem in southwestern part of the East Sea, were investigated. The UI was calculated with the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data from January 1948 to September 2018. The mean UI has positive value that causes upwelling in April to August with a peak in July. The long-term reducing trend of UI was in statistically significant in June and July, and the sum of UI in May, June and July also showed same result. Through the atmospheric pressure analysis around the Korean peninsula, it was found that the trend of the UI was the influence of the pressure change trend in the northwestern region ($35-50^{\circ}N$, $114-129^{\circ}E$) of the southwestern part of the East Sea. Investigating UI in recent 7 years from 2012 to 2018, it was revealed that the UI was bigger than 3 times of standard deviation in July 2013. This was result from the sea level pressure difference became larger in the southwestern part of the East Sea than normal year due to the lowered air pressure in the northeastern region of China and the strengthened high air pressure of western peripheral of the North Pacific High. On the other hand, the UI in July 2018 was negative when the impact of the North Pacific High and the low air pressure in the northeastern China was weak. Due to the decreasing trend of UI and its large year-to-year variation in southwestern part of the East Sea, continuous monitoring is necessary to know the influence of coastal upwelling on the ecosystem.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.3B
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• pp.269-276
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• 2010

Climatic disasters are globally soaring due to recent acceleration of global warming. Especially the occurrence frequency of heavy rainfalls is increasing since the rainfall intensity is increasing due to the change of rainfall pattern, This study proposed the non-stationary frequency analysis for estimating design rainfalls in a design target year, considering the change of rainfall pattern through the climatic change scenario. The annual rainfalls, which are regionally downscaled from the BCM2 (A2 scenario) and NCEP data using a K-NN method, were used to estimate the parameters of a probability distribution in a design target year, based on the relationship between annual mean rainfalls and distribution parameters. A Gumbel distribution with a probability weighted method was used in this study. Seoul rainfall data, which are the longest observations in Korea, were used to verified the proposed method. Then, rainfall data at 7 stations, which have statistical trends in observations in 2006, were used to estimate the design rainfalls in 2020. The results indicated that the regional annual rainfalls, which were estimated through the climate change scenario, significantly affect on the design rainfalls in future.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 2005

Weather data for disease forecasts are usually derived from automated weather stations (AWS) that may be dispersed across a region in an irregular pattern. We have developed an alternative method to simulate local scale, high-resolution weather and plant disease in a grid pattern. The system incorporates a simplified mesoscale boundary layer model, LAWSS, for estimating local conditions such as air temperature and relative humidity. It also integrates special models for estimating of surface wetness duration and disease forecasts, such as the grapevine downy mildew forecast model, DMCast. The system can recreate weather forecasts utilizing the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis database, which contains over 57 years of archived and corrected global upper air conditions. The highest horizontal resolution of 0.150 km was achieved by running 5-step nested child grids inside coarse mother grids. Over the Finger Lakes and Chautauqua Lake regions of New York State, the system simulated three growing seasons for estimating the risk of grape downy mildew with 1 km resolution. Outputs were represented as regional maps or as site-specific graphs. The highest resolutions were achieved over North America, but the system is functional for any global location. The system is expected to be a powerful tool for site selection and reanalysis of historical plant disease epidemics.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.566-577
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the predictors of metabolic syndrome among police officers and determine its prevalence. Methods: Data were collected through a questionnaire survey and medical examination among 1,089 male police officers from 2010 to 2013. Information about age, marital status, smoking, drinking and exercise were based on data from the self-administered questionnaire. We collected job type, working position, and work duration from company personnel data and the indices of metabolic syndrome through the medical examination. Metabolic syndrome was assessed according to the NCEP-ATP III definition and the Asia-Pacific obesity guidelines. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among the 1,089 police officers was 33.4%. The prevalence of metabolic influencing factors were 47.5% for abdominal obesity, 30.1% for hypertension, 37.1% for hypertriglyceridemia, 22.0% for low HDL-cholesteralemia and 13.2% for hyperglycemia. Factors such as age, drinking, and family history were significantly associated with metabolic syndrome. Conclusions: Weight control and a moderate drinking program may decrease the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among male police officers.

• Atmosphere
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.79-91
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• 2009

Seoul National University General Circulation Model (SNUGCM) has been run for 100 years to obtain daily temperature and meridional velocity at the Northern lower stratosphere. The model results are compared with the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. The polar temperature and the eddy heat flux from the model show that the model-produced climatology has well-known cold bias and weaker planetary wave activities. The model climatology also has a lag in the seasonal evolution. The relationship between the model-produced polar temperature and the eddy heat flux is investigated with respect to the interannual and decadal time scales. The interannual variation of the polar temperature is related with both total and stationary eddy heat flux in January and March, which is in agreement with observation. The model, however, does not reproduce the relationship between the decadal variation of the polar temperature and transient eddy heat flux, which is revealed in the observed data.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and lifestyle factors related to the metabolic syndrome in Korean elderly. Methods: A total number of 122 elderly over 60 yr were recruited from a community elderly center. Elderly were classified into young old (60-74 yr) and old (75-84 yr). Metabolic syndrome was defined by third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III). Abdominal obesity was determined by Korean society for the study of Obesity criteria. The nutritional status was measured by mini nutritional assessment (MNA). Results: The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in the old than young old elderly (p<0.05, respectively). Abdominal obesity and hypertension were the most common risk factors. The related factors to metabolic syndrome were high Body mass Index (BMI) and currently not participating in exercise. Abdominal obesity, low HDL cholesterol and hypertension were associated with specific nutrient intakes. Conclusion: A strategy to decrease the metabolic syndrome in the elderly is urgently needed particularly so for the old elderly. A nutritional and exercise program for young old elders may be helpful reducing the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in later stage.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.125-132
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• 2005

Hypercholesterolemia has been regarded as a major risk factor of coronary heart disease(CHD). CHD is increasing in recent years among Koreans due to westernization of lifestyle and dietary behaviors. In the United States, implementation of the National Cholesterol Education Program(NCEP) had resulted 40% decline in mortality from CHD. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of medical nutrition therapy on serum lipid levels and discuss the effective nutrition education contents. Thirty outpatients(Male 40%, female 60%) with hypercholesterolemia were educated by medical nutrition therapy(MNT) protocol. At first visit and after three months of MNT, we assessed serum lipid profile, body weight and surveyed general characteristics, lifestyle and food habits through questionnaire. After 12 weeks of MNT, there were significant reductions in serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C). Foods habits and lifestyle were changed to the desirable patterns. These results indicate that lipid profile is improved by changes of dietary behaviors and lifestyle. Especially in case of obesity, cholesterol lowering effect of MNT was more powerful. Consequently, MNT is effective on reduction of serum lipids by behavior change in hypercholesterolemic patients.