• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.60-88
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• 2023

This study was conducted to investigate the vertical distribution and vascular plants in the Gakho mountain. Form the results of three field surveys from May 2022 to September 2022, a total of 478 total taxa, representing 426 species, 11 subspecies, 35 varieties, four forms, and two hybrids were identified, which were categorized in 282 genera and 94 families. We identified the elevational distribution ranges of 398 taxa of vascular plants. Among them, 19 taxa were endemic to Korea, one taxon was identified as a rare plant. The floristic target plants amounted to 72 taxa, specifically two taxa of grade V, two taxa of grade IV, 16 taxa of grade III, 27 taxa of grade II, and 25 taxa of grade I. Further, 71 taxa were identified as northern lineage plants. A total of 19 taxa of alien plants were identified, with a Naturalized Index of 4.0%, an Urbanization Index of 6.6%, and three plants that disturbed the ecosystem. The result of analyzing the pattern of species richness showed a reversed hump shape with minimum richness at mid-high elevation. A cluster analysis showed a high degree of similarity between adjacent elevation sections that are geographically adjacent with similar habitat environments. Warmth index in the Gakho mountain ranged from 57.2℃·month to 84.2℃·month. Our results provide basic data on vascular plants and valuable information on elevational distribution ranges of current plant species in the Gakho mountain, which could serve as a baseline for comparison of the shifts in elevation under future climate change.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.117-127
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• 2008

The vascular plants in the Eco-Arboretum site, Mt. Gumwon appeared to be 369 taxa; 84 families, 217 genera, 319 species, 43 varieties and 7 forms. Based on the list of the rare plants, 2 taxa existed in the studied areas; Abies koreana (Preservation priority order; No. 73), Paeonia obovata (No. 97) and based on the list of Korean endemic plants, 12 families, 14 genera, 11 species, 3 varieties, 1 hybrid, 15 taxa existed; Cephalotaxus koreana, Abies koreana (Planted species), Carex okamotoi, Salix hallaisanensis, Salix purpurea var. japonica, Clematis trichotoma, Thalictrum actaefolium, Lespedeza ${\times}$ tomentella, Vicia nipponica, Stewartia koreana, Hypericum attenuatum var. confertissimum, Paulownia coreana (Planted species), Weigela subsessilis, Aster koraiensis (Planted species). Specific plant species by floral region were total 38 taxa; Paeonia obovata in class V , 13 taxa (Lilium leichtlinii var. tigrinum, Betula costata, Betula davurica, Ulmus davidiana, Spiraea frutschiana, Prunus maackii, Syringa reticulata var. mandshurica, Cynanchum inamoenum, Lonicera subhispida, Cacalia firma, etc.) in class III , 5 taxa (Heloniopsis orientalis, Chrysosplenium pilosum, Acer triflorm, Viola tokubuchiana var. takedana, Teucrium veronicoides, etc.) in Class II . 19 taxa (Dryopteris erythrosora, Arisaema ringens, Veratrum versicolor, Polygonatum inflatum, Salix glandulosa, Betula schmidtii, Alnus hirsuta, Quercus variabilis, Aconitum japuense, Dicentra spectabilis, Chrysosplenium flagelliferum, Impatiens noli-tangere, Ilex macropoda, Tilia amurensis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Trigonotis icumae, etc.)in class I . The naturalized plants in this site were 5 families, 13 genera, 15 taxa (Rumex acetocella, Rumex obtusifolius, Trifolium repens, Oenothera odorata, Erigeron annuus, Erigeron philadelphicus, Bidens frondosa, Taraxacum officinale, etc.) and naturalization rate was 4.1% of all 369 taxa vascular plants.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.522-534
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• 2017

This study was investigated genetic variation in 24 Taraxacum accessions from various regions in South Korea based on the sequences of two chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) regions (trnL-trnF and rps16-trnK). T. mongolicum, T. officinale, and T. laevigatum were triploid, and T. coreanum and T. coreanum var. flavescens were tetraploid. The trnL-trnF region in native Korean dandelions (T. mongolicum, T. coreanum, and T. coreanum var. flavescens) were ranged from 931 to 935 bp in length, and that of naturalized dandelions were ranged from 910 bp (T. officinale) to 975 bp (T. laevigatum) in length. The rps16-trnK region in T. mongolicum, T. coreanum, T. coreanum var. flavescens, T. officinale, and T. laevigatum was 882-883 bp, 875-881 bp, 878-883 bp, 874-876 bp, and 847-876 bp, respectively, in length. The sequence similarity matrix of the trnL-trnF region ranged from 0.860 to 1.00 with an average of 0.949, and that of the rps16-trnK region ranged from 0.919 to 1.000 with an average of 0.967. According to the phylogenetic analysis, the Korean native taxa and naturalized taxa were divided independent clade in two cpDNA region. T. coreanum var. flavescens clustered only with T. coreanum, and there were no significant differences in their nucleotide sequences. The finding that two accessions (T. coreanum; Jogesan, T. mongolicum; Gangyang) had a high level of genetic variation suggests their utility for breeding materials.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.170-195
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the vascular flora of Mt. Nam, Mt. Toham, and Mt. Danseok in Gyeongju National Park. The vascular plants were surveyed for 7 times from July 2011 to May 2012. The results were summarized as 436 taxa, 96families, 284 genera, 385 species, 4 subspecies, 41 varieties, and 6 forms. The 13 taxa were categorized as Korean endemic plants species and the other 7 taxa as rare plants species, which categorized by the Korea Forest Service. Based on the Floristic Degrees categorized by the Specific Distribution of Plants Species, one taxa grouped as the Floristic Degree V, 3 for Floristic Degree IV, and 9 for Floristic Degree III, 4 for Floristic Degree II, and 24 taxa for Floristic Degree I. The naturalized plants were recorded as 29 taxa, and their Naturalization Ratio and Urbanization Index were recorded as 6.65%, and 9.03%, respectively. 436 taxa listed consists of 182 taxa(41.7%) of pasturing plant, 176 taxa(40.4%) of edible plants, 147 taxa(33.7%) of medicinal plants, 52 taxa(11.9%) of ornamental plants, 18 taxa(4.1%) of timber plants, 16 taxa(3.7%) of stain plants, 8 taxa(1.8%) of fiber plants, 1 taxa(0.2%) of industrial plants and 79 taxa(18.1%) of unknown plants.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.246-256
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• 2016

The objective of the study was to investigate vascular plants of Mueuido in Incheon from April to October, 2011. The investigation was carried out for mountains (Mt. Horyonggok and Mt. Guksa), coastal areas and annexed islands (Silmido and Somueuido). Vascular plants were found to have 338 taxa, including 90 families, 235 genera, 297 species, 5 subspecies, 32 varieties and 4 forms. Rare and endangered plants designated by Korea Forest Service had 5 taxa including Utricularia bifida, U. vulgaris var. japonica, U. racemosa, Ottelia alismoides, and Arisaema heterophyllum. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area had 3 taxa of grade V and 5 taxa of grade III. Naturalized plants consisted of 20 taxa that made up 8.3% of the total vascular plants in this area.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.455-466
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• 2013

The aim of this study is to seek application plans of National Ecosystem Survey database based on comparison and examination of feasible analysis methods for distribution characteristics of alien plants. In order to set up a correlation analysis method between alien plants and environmental factors, we had reviewed the 3rd National Ecosystem Survey guide book and consequently, two kinds of analysis method were tested. One was 1/25,000 scale map boundary based analysis and the other was representative mountain area based analysis. In this study we restricted the research area to select reliable surveyed database from whole "2011 National Ecosystem Survey flora database" according to two major criteria. First, an area defined by 1/25,000 scale map boundary and representative mountain area where the number of surveyed flora records should be within top 20%. Second, land cover map should also be built up inside that area. As a result, 25 map boundaries and 25 representative mountain areas were extracted to be analyzed. To limit a boundary for every representative mountain area we had analyzed distribution of environmental factors around that area by manual inspection with SPOT-5 remote sensed satellite image then designated 3km buffer zone from each alien plant location in that area. After then, naturalized index (NI) and urbanized index (UI) was calculated and correlations analysis was carried out. With the result of correlation analysis by map boundary only agricultural land area showed significant value of r (0.4~0.6, correlated) and the rest of factors did not. In the case of representative mountain area, the result showed that agricultural land, road and forest area showed significant value of r (0.6~0.8, highly correlated) which was corresponding to existing researches. Therefore, representative mountain area based method is preferable when using the alien plants database of National Ecosystem Survey for species distribution analysis. And also, considering the way of database utilization is strongly suggested at the first stage of survey planning for promoting active use of national ecosystem survey database.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.216-229
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• 2009

The flora of vascular plants in the Geumgang area (Mt. Guryongsan, Mt. Jeonwolsan, Mt. Samasan, Mt. Yongmeorisan and Mt. Hamrasan) was investigated to suggest strategies for conservation. This study was performed from May 2007 to April 2008, with total 17 times. The Korean endemic species, legally protected species and species to threaten domestic ecosystem species to threaten were grasped on this study. The flora consists of 334 taxa, 86 families 246 genera 297 species 34 varieies and 3 forms in total results from 5 sites in this study. Korean endemic species were confirmed 8 taxa. No rare and endangered species were found in this study. The 2 taxa of the fourth grade of specially designated plants announced the Ministry of Environment were investigated and 8 taxa of the third grade were confirmed. In totally, 24 taxa that are specially designated plants announced the Ministry of Environment including the first and the second grade taxa. 25 taxa of alien naturalized plants were confirmed. The degree of destroy of forest vegetation and reduction of plant diversity in the midstream of Geumgang were in proceeding by construction of multifunctional administrative city and cultivation. It is needed to set up strategies for conservation forest vegetation in this study area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.1
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• pp.44-55
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• 1996

This study was first performed since 1933 to investigate the flora of $\check{O}$ch$\check{o}$ng Island located in the middle part of Yellow Sea. A number of vascular plants recognized through in this survey were 319 taxa belonging to 78 families, 213 genera, 279 species, 38 varieties and 2 forma in which 38 species were newly recorded and 26 species of evergreen plant were identified. The Pteridophyta distributed in this island were 10 species and the naturalized plants were 4 species. And the coefficient of cryptogram(Pte-Q) and Urbanization Index(UI) as to the destruction degree of natural vegetation showed a value of 0.81, 3.64 respectively. Some noticeable species were Kadsura japonica, Castanopsis cuspidate var. thunbergii, Dendropanax morbifera, and Ficus stipulate and $\check{O}$ch$\check{o}$ng Island was considered as the northern limit of distribution of these species.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.271-286
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• 2002

To understand the status of vegetational composition of Jungnangcheon, 21 plots in 7 sites were investigated in June 2001 and flora survey was done during the period from June to September 2001. The results obtained from this study were as follows: Vegetational compositions of 7 sites in Jungnangcheon area were different site by site and plot by plot. In lower(nearest) point, Phalaris arundinacea, Potentilla supina, Rorippa islandica, Chenopodium album, Beckmannia syzigachne and Chenopodium ficifolium showed higher constancy and frequency. Bromus japonicus, Humulus japonicus, Conyza canadensis, Elymus tsukusiensis var. transiens showed higher constancy and frequency in middle point and Bromus japonicus, Chenopodium ficifolium, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis showed in upper point. Bromus japonicus, Chenopodium ficifolium, Humulus japonicus, Conyza canadensis, Elymus tsukusiensis var. transiens, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis and Lepidium uirginicum appeared at more than 9 polts in 21 sample plots. Number of naturalized plants in Jungnangcheon area were 79 taxa. Total naturalized index(NI) and urbanized index(UI) were recorded as 29.2%, 27.9%. 253 taxa including 50 families 169 genera 224 species 1 subspecies 27 varieties 1 forma were recorded in Jungnangcheon area. Therophyte(Th) was the most common dormancy form recorded in survey area. Geophyte(G) and Hemicryptophyte(H) were calculated as 7.1%, 17.8% and it was the lower value compared to those of other dormancy form. Consequently, Th-R$_{5}$-D$_4$-e was recorded as the most common life form in Jungnangcheon.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.333-345
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• 2009

Carpinus laxiflora communities are known as the climax forest community of the temperate zone of Korea. There are three Carpinus laxiflora communities in Seoul. The purpose of this research is to analyze the characteristics of Carpinus laxiflora communities of Seoul and supply basic data for establishing of a management plan. The research sites are Sahmyook University, Mountain Dobong and Jinkwandong. This study considers investigation and the analysis of communities structure, soil characteristics and the growth increment of trees. As the result of study, we could know that the growth increment of the Carpinus laxiflora trees of Seoul is decreasing recently because of soil acidification and so on. Also the vegetation disturbance is increasing because of naturalized plant. Oak wilt disease has appeared in the oak forest around Sahmyook University that is the largest Carpinus laxiflora communities area in Seoul. For that reason the open gap was appeared in forest, and the spread of naturalized plants has been increasing in the gap. Furthermore, the Carpinus laxiflora trees are affected by the Platypus koryoensis which is a kind of oak wilt disease. And so, Unless there is a specific management plan, the survival of Carpinus laxiflora communities are uncertain in Seoul. Therefore the management plan of Carpinus laxiflora communities is necessary such as precise investigation, annual monitoring, etc. For the conservation of the Carpinus laxiflora communities, it is necessary to establish the management plan of the biodiversity for Seoul area.