• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.248-270
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to collect the raw data for conservation of plant ecosystem by surveying and analysing the flora of Mt. Geumgok located in Gyeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. The flora were summarized as 453 taxa including 91 families, 298 genera, 397 species, 4 subspecies, 46 varieties and 6 forms. The rare plants designated by Korea Forest Service were 3 taxa such as Eranthis byunsanensis B.Y.Sun, Potentilla discolor Bunge and Iris odaesanensis Y.N.Lee. The Korean endemic plants were 6 taxa such as Carpinus laxiflora (Siebold & Zucc.) Blume, Eranthis byunsanensis B.Y.Sun, Philadelphus schrenkii Rupr., Lespedeza maritima Nakai, Vicia chosenensis Ohwi and Weigela subsessilis (Nakai) L.H.Bailey. The specific plants by floristic region were 36 taxa such as Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc., Salix chaenomeloides Kimura, Anemone raddeana Regel, Chloranthus japonicus Siebold, Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr., Ilex macropoda Miq., Ajuga multiflora Bunge, Saussurea odontolepis Sch.Bip. ex Herd, Viola orientalis (Maxim.) W.Becker, Betula davurica Pall., Vitex negundo var. incisa (Lam.) C.B.Clarke and Cimicifuga heracleifolia Kom.. The naturalized plants were 36 taxa such as Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub, Lepidium apetalum Willd., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Trifolium repens L., Euphorbia supina Raf., Ipomoea purpurea Roth, Veronica persica Poir., Bidens pilosa L., Carduus crispus L., Xanthium canadense Mill., Bromus unioloides H.B.K. and Festuca arundinacea Schreb.. The invasive alien plants were 2 taxa such as Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. and Aster pilosus Willd.. The ratios of the urbanized index(UI), the naturalized index(NI) and the disturbed index(DI) were 11.2%, 7.9% and 18.2% each.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.209-224
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• 2012

This study was carried out to survey the vascular plants of Namhan River located in Chungju-si, and the period of survey was from June, 2010 to June, 2011. The results are as follows. The vascular plants distributed in Neungam, Mokgye and Jangcheon around Namhan river were summarized as 225 taxa including 52 families, 164 genera, 200 species, 23 varieties and 2 forms. The rare plant designated by Korea Forest Service was $Aristolochia$ $contorta$ Bunge, and the endemic plant was identified as $Salix$ $koriyanagi$ Kimura. The specific plants by floristic region were 7 taxa including $Salix$ $chaenomeloides$ Kimura, $Aristolochia$ $contorta$ Bunge, $Actinostemma$ $lobatum$ Maxim., $Artemisia$ $selengensis$ Turcz., $Cirsium$ $pendulum$ Fisch., $Alisma$ $plantago-aquatic$ var. $orientale$ Samuels. and $Carex$ $versicaria$ L.. The naturalized plants were 47 taxa including $Fallopia$ $dumetorum$ (L.) Holub., $Chenopoidum$ $album$ L., $Silene$ $armeria$ L., $Brassica$ $juncea$ (L.) Czern., $Melilotus$ $alba$ Medicus, $Trifolium$ $pratense$ L., $Oenothera$ $erythrosepala$ Borb$\acute{a}$s, $Ipomoea$ $hederacea$ var. $integriuscula$ A.Gray, $Bidens$ $frondosa$ L., $Matricaria$ $inodora$ L., $Xanthium$ $canadense$ Mill., $Panicum$ $dichotomiflorum$ Michx. and so forth. In life forms, megaphanerophytes (M) were 13 taxa, 13 taxa in nanophanerophytes (N), 14 taxa inchamaiphytes (Ch), 40 taxa in hemicryptophytes (H), 20 taxa in geophytes (G), 103 taxa in therophytes (Th) and 22 taxa in hydrophytes (HH). The ratios of the naturalized index (NI), the urbanized index (UI) and the disturbed index (DI) were 20.9%, 14.6% and 18.2% in all sites.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.169-176
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• 2003

The genetic relationships between 4 Korean native Taraxacum and 2 naturalized Taraxacum species were analyzed using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method. Because 141 polymorphic bands were generated from 30 random primers selected through the primer screening, it was possible to analyze the genetic relationship among 6 Taraxacum species. In RAED with the primer OPC12, OPD16, OPK16, OPK17, OPK20, OPS1 or OPS8, many specific polymorphic bands have been appeared in each species. Especially RAPD with the primer OPS8, a specific polymorphic band at 564bp was appeared only in the naturalized Taraxacum officinale. Based on RAPD analysis, Korean native Taraxacum and naturalized Taraxacum species are divided into two groups. T. officinale and T. laevigatum are classified into group I which is a naturalized Taraxacum species group, and T. mongolicum, T. hallasanensis, T. ohwianum and T. coreanum are classified into group II which is a Korean native Taraxacum species group. The result from the RAPD method was very similar to the result from the Bootstrap method. From the examination of the physical characteristics of 6 Taraxacum species populated in Korea, flowering period of Taraxacum species in group I are longer than Taraxacum species in group ll, and the direction of involucral bract of Taruxacum species in the group I was also different comparing to the group ll. Because the flowering color, leaf direction, and the specificity of seed germination of T. coreanum were different compared to the other species in the group II, T. coreanum would be genetically divergent and showed the highest dissimilarity index score.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.61-74
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• 2004

The study was to investigate and compare plants and frequency of appearing species of vegetation transect in a straight and a restoration Section of Bulgwang stream in Seoul. Some part of Bulgwang stream was restored as a closed-to-nature stream. This present study consists of two investigations, the first investigation being conducted on May and the second one on August -September 2003. Based on the analysis of the data collected from both investigations, this study classified and listed all of the plants appeared in a straight and a restoration section of the stream. The study used the Belt-transect method in order to examine and analyze discover the appearance frequency of the vegetaton transect per 200 meters. During the period of the first investigation and the second one, plants of 33 families, 73 classes, and 88 species appeared in the straight section, while plants of 36 families, 76 classes, and 90 species appeared in the restoration section. The Naturalized Index of the straight section was 22.7％, and that of the restoration section was 21.1％. As shown on the results indicating that the Urbanization Index of the straight section was 7.8％, and that of the restoration section was 7.4％, the Urbanization Index of the straight section was slightly higher than the restoration section. The results using belt-transect analysis method showed that in case of the straight section, the plants of the highest appearance frequency on the riverside were Persicaria hydropiper and Humulus japonicus. On the contrary, in the case of restoration section, the plants showing a higher appearance frequency on the riverside were identified as Salix gracilistyla, Persicaria hydropiper, Rumex crispus, and Humulus japonicus. In conclusion, there was no difference between the straight and the restoration section in the bank with regard to vegetation transect. However, a remarkable difference was found on the riverside for the Salix gracilistyla which was introduced in the restoration section.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.191-213
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• 2017

This study was conducted to elucidate the distribution of vascular plants and their value of Mt. Samyeong. The vascular plants that were collected 10 times from October 2013 to July 2015 consisted of a total of 538 taxa; 92 families, 308genera, 466 species, 3 subspecies, 62 varieties and 7 forms. The observed rare plant species as designated by Korea Forest Service were 24 taxa. Endemic species were 25 taxa. 28 taxa were recorded as naturalized plants and their naturalized rate and urban index were noted as 5.3% and 8.7%. Among the surveyed 538 taxa, edible, medicinal, pasturing, ornamental, timber, dye, fiber and industrial plants included 220 taxa, 195 taxa, 167 taxa, 65 taxa, 25 taxa, 8 taxa, 6 taxa and 3taxa, respectively.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.573-582
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• 2003

According to the survey map, the altitudes of up and down the Ansungchon were 242m and 49m accordingly. The width of the river was 4m at upperstream and became wider, lam at midstream and 114m at downstream. Water pH of the Ansungchon was measured variously in the range of 6.0-7.9 according to the surveyed times and areas. The water pH measured during June through August decreased continually and suddenly increased at the end of October. Phragmites iaponica, a major species of the fresh water emergent anchored hydrophytes, was surveyed mostly in the area of upperstream, Phragmites communis, Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Typha orientalis were surveyed in the areas of midstream and downstream, and Zizania latifolia was found in all areas of the river. The total of 101 taxa dividing into 32 families, 71 genera, 88 species, and 13 varieties have been inhabited in these areas. Among the inhabited plants, Poaceae was 21.8%, which appeared in the highest percent. Compositae was 20.8%, and Polygonaceae was 11.9%. In the surveyed areas, herbaceous plants were 95.1% and mostly occupied, and woody plants were 4.9％. Among the herbaceous plants, perennial plants were 52.5%, and annual and biannual plants were 28.7% and 13.9% accordingly. Naturalized plants dividing into 8 families and 18 genera have been found in the surveyed areas. The number of the naturalized plants increased from upperstream to downstream as the environmental disruption became worse. Only 2.5% of the total naturalized plants were appeared in up, 17.7% in midstream, and 28.6% in downstream. Shannon-Weiner's index for the degree of diversity was 2.898-3.666 in the area of upperstream, but 3.708-4.135 in downstream, which was little higher.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.203-214
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• 2013

Knowing how many species live in a ecosystem is a major work because of the distributions of species are determined by the environmental condition. This study was carried out to investigate the distribution of vascular plants of Gonggeom-ji, located in Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, from April to October on 2012. The vascular plants were summarized as 240 taxa including 69 families, 176 genus, 204 species, 2 subspecies, 29 varieties, and 5 forma. Among the investigated taxa, 3 taxa of Korean endemic plants were included. Based on the list of specially designated plants by Ministry of Environment, 11 taxa including Alisma orientale, Monochoria korsakowii and Nymphoides peltata were recorded. The naturalized plants were identified as 26 taxa and the ratio of naturalized index (NI) was 10.8% of vascular plants recorded. 31 taxa of hydrophytes showed 17.8% of Korea. To conservation of wetlands, we suggest that it is required to minimize for unnecessary disturbance of human and to make a strategy for effective management by continuous monitoring for ecosystem alteration.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.911-942
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• 2014

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of indigenous habitat of Donghae-si and Samcheok-si in Gangwon-do, Korea. The vascular plants were collected 18 times (from March to October 2011), and were identified as 804 taxa; 127 families, 445 genera, 720 species, 8 subspecies, 69 varieties, 5 forms and 2 hybrids. In the flora of this area, the calcicolous plants were 55 taxa; Cheilanthes argentea, Clematis serratifoliam, Quercus variabilis. Epipactis papillosa, etc. The endangered plants designated and protected by the wildlife protection law, the Ministry of Environment, Korean were counted to one taxon; Cymbidium macrorhizum. The red list of vascular plants according to IUCN valuation basis were examined, endangered species (EN); Prunus yedoensis and Cymbidium macrorhizum, Vulnerable species (VU); Juniperus chinensis, Pulsatilla tongkangensis, Diarthron linifolium and Swertia wilfordii, Near Threatened species (NT); Paeonia japonica, Allium senescens, Epipactis papillosa and Pogonia minor, Least Concern species (LC); Asplenium ruta-muraria, Platycladus orientalis, Monotropa hypopithys and Eleutherococcus divaricatus var. chiisanensis, etc., Data Deficient species (DD); Paeonia lactiflora var. trichocarpa, and Not Evaluate species (NE); Prunus choreiana, Panax ginseng and Polygonatum infundiflorum etc. Korean endemic plants of this area were 26 taxa; Aconitum pseudolaeve, Corydalis hirtipes, Vicia chosenensis, Salvia chanroenica and Hemerocallis hakuunensis, etc. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 130 taxa comprising 11 taxa of grade V, 15 taxa of grade IV, 33 taxa of grade III, 15 taxa of grade II, 56 taxa of grade I. The naturalized plants were identified as 67 taxa and the percent of naturalized index (NI) was 8.3% of total 804 taxa vascular plants.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.171-188
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• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Mt. Baegam (1,099 m) from March, 2014 to July, 2015. The vascular plants were summarized as 506 taxa, including 90 families, 293 genera, 435 species, 5 subspecies, 58 varieties and 8 forms. Among the investigated 506 taxa, 14 Korean endemic, 16 rare plants and 80 specially designated plants (V degree: 3 taxa, IV degree: 7 taxa, III degree: 22 taxa, II degree: 21 taxa, I degree: 27 taxa) by the Ministry of Environment were also included. The naturalized plants were 36 taxa including 3 ecosystem disturbance wild plant. The urbanization index and percent of naturalized plants species were estimated as 11.2% and 7.1%, respectively. Useful plants of 506 taxa listed consists of 207 taxa (40.9%) of edible plants, 200 taxa (39.5%) of pasture plants, 146 taxa (28.9%) of medicinal plants, 58 taxa (11.5%) of ornamental plants and 15 taxa (3.0%) of timber plants, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.48-64
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• 2018

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Oeumsan Mountain (Hongcheon-gun and Hoengseong-gun, Gangwon-do) from March of 2016 to September of 2017. The vascular plants were summarized into 509 taxa, including 98 families, 301 genera, 436 species, 4 subspecies, 57 varieties and 12 forms. Among the 509 investigated taxa, 9 Korean endemic, 1 endangered plant, 8 rare plants and 57 floristic regional indicator plants were also included. The naturalized plants encompassed 35 taxa. The percentage of naturalized plants species and the urbanization index were estimated to be 6.9% and 10.9%, respectively.