• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.294-301
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• 1999

Geminal bisphosphonates have been well known to be effective inhibitors of various calciumrelated disorders such as Paget's disease, hypercalcemia of malignancy, and osteoporosis. To synthesize bisphosphonates, we have used the pentacovalent oxaphospholene prepared from methyl vinyl ketone and triethyl-phosphite. Υ-Ketobisphosphonates are obtained by bromination, applied Westheimer reaction, and hydrolysis of synthesized oxaphospholene. This compound was converted to the N-alkylated Υ-aminobisphosphonates by the reductive amination. Conversion of the resulting secondary amine to the tertiary one, followed by introduction of the second alkyl group on the nitrogen, was led to the synthesis of new N,N'-dialkylated Υ-aminobisphosphonates.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.304-316
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• 2021

Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza virus infections. However, conventional vaccines based on hemagglutinin (HA) have to be annually updated because the HA of influenza viruses constantly mutates. In this study, we produced a 3M2e-3HA2-NP chimeric protein as a vaccine antigen candidate using an Escherichia coli expression system. The vaccination of chimeric protein (15 ㎍) conferred complete protection against A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1; PR8) in mice. It strongly induced influenza virus-specific antibody responses, cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. To spare the dose and enhance the cross-reactivity of the chimeric, we used a complex of poly-γ-glutamic acid and alum (PGA/alum) as an adjuvant. PGA/alum-adjuvanted, low-dose chimeric protein (1 or 5 ㎍) exhibited higher cross-protective effects against influenza A viruses (PR8, CA04, and H3N2) compared with those of chimeric alone or alum-adjuvanted proteins in vaccinated mice. Moreover, the depletion of CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and NK cells reduced the survival rate and efficacy of the PGA/alum-adjuvanted chimeric protein. Collectively, the vaccination of PGA/alum-adjuvanted chimeric protein induced strong protection efficacy against homologous and heterologous influenza viruses in mice, which suggests that it may be a promising universal influenza vaccine candidate.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2015.11a
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• pp.26-26
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• 2015

Phytophthora infestans is the causal agent of potato and tomato late blight, one of the most devastating plant diseases. P. infestans secretes effector proteins that are both modulators and targets of host plant immunity. Among these are the so-called RXLR effectors that function inside plant cells and are characterized by a conserved motif following the N-terminal signal peptide. In contrast, the effector activity is encoded by the C terminal region that follows the RXLR domain. Recently, I performed in planta functional profiling of different RXLR effector alleles. These genes were amplified from a variety of P. infestans isolates and cloned into a Potato virus X (PVX) vector for transient in planta expression. I assayed for R-gene specific induction of hypersensitive cell death. The findings included the discovery of new effector with avirulence activity towards the Solanum bulbocastanum Rpi-blb2 resistance gene. The Rpi-blb2 encodes a protein with a putative CC-NBS-LRR (a coiled-coil-nucleotide binding site and leucine-rich repeat) motif that confers Phytophthora late blight disease resistance. We examined the components required for Rpi-blb2-mediated resistance to P. infestans in Nicotiana benthamiana. Virus-induced gene silencing was used to repress candidate genes in N. benthamiana and to assay against P. infestans infections. NbSGT1 was required for disease resistance to P. infestans and hypersensitive responses (HRs) triggered by co-expression of AVRblb2 and Rpi-blb2 in N. benthamiana. RAR1 and HSP90 did not affect disease resistance or HRs in Rpi-blb2-transgenic plants. To elucidate the role of salicylic acid (SA) in Rpi-blb2-mediated resistance, we analyzed the response of NahG-transgenic plants following P. infestans infection. The increased susceptibility of Rpi-blb2-transgenic plants in the NahG background correlated with reduced SA and SA glucoside levels. Furthermore, Rpi-blb2-mediated HR cell death was associated with $H_2O_2$, but not SA, accumulation. SA affects basal defense and Rpi-blb2-mediated resistance against P. infestans. These findings provide evidence about the roles of SGT1 and SA signaling in Rpi-blb2-mediated resistance against P. infestans.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.181-191
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• 2016

This study examined the effects of exercise intensity and type on insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and exercise time. Obese thirty-two subjects (>body fat 30%) were randomly assigned one of four experimental groups: VO2 max 50% aerobic exercise group (MAE, n=8), VO2 max 80% aerobic exercise group (VAE, n=8), VO2 max 50% + resistance exercise group (MARE, n=8), and VO2 max 80% + resistance exercise group (VARE, n=8). Body fat significantly decreased in all groups and insulin resistance decreased significantly in MARE and VARE (p<.05 & p<.01) after exercise. CRP and IL-6 were slightly reduced after exercise, although these did not reach statistical significance, whereas the IL-6 level of the VAE group decreased significantly (p<.05). TNF-${\alpha}$ significantly decreased in the MAE group (p<.05) but significantly increased in the VARE group after exercise (p<.05). For exercise time, higher intensity exercise groups were significantly less than the lower intensity exercise groups (p<.001). These results suggest that body fat is affected by all kinds of exercise intensity and type while CRP is not. Insulin resistance and TNF-${\alpha}$ were affected by exercise type, whereas IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, and exercise time were affected by exercise intensity.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.846-851
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• 2003

Background: To clarify the clinical significance of the aortic nodes in resected non-small cell lung cancer of the left upper lobe. Material and Method: One hundred fifty six patients with resected non-small cell lung cancer of the left upper lobe were studied. Patients who received preoperative induction therapy, non-curative operation or defined as operative mortality were excluded from this study. Result: In N2 left upper lobe tumors, aortic nodes comprised 52.7% of the metastatic mediastinal lymph nodes. In single station N2 disease, a frequently metastasized station was aortic node (64.3%). 5-year actuarial survival according to the N status was 65.0% in N0, 30.4% in N1, and 17.9% in N2. There was no statistically significant difference in survival between N1 and N2 diseases (p=0.06). The patients with metastasis to aortic node alone had a comparatively good prognosis (5-year survival: 35.6%) than other N2 diseases (5-year survival: 4.6%) (p=0.01) and had a similar survival outcome as N1 diseases (p=0.97). Considering the aortic node as N1 node, 5-year survival according to the N status was 65.0% in N0, 31.2% in N1, 4.6% in N2 and significant survival difference was observed between N1 and N2 disease (p=0.00). In multivariate analysis, the male sex (hazard ratio 6.892, p=0.011) and the involvement to the aortic node alone (hazards ratio 2.799, p=0.009) were the significant factors affecting postoperative survival. Conclusion: According to the our data, involvement to the aortic node alone in left upper lobe tumors should be grouped with N1 disease because this combined category reflects the surgical outcome more accurately.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.385-390
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• 2000

Background: To review the experience that used both ventricular assist device(VAD) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO) for children with congential heart disease requiring postcardiotomy mechanical circulatory support. Material and Method: Between March 1993 and May 1995, we applied mechanical assist device using centrifugal pump to the 16 patients who failed to be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass(n=15) or had been in cardiogenic shock in intensive care unit(n=1). The diagnosis were all congenital heart diseases and the ages of patients ranged from 20 days to 10 years (mean age=2.5$\pm$3.5 years). Result: The methods of mechanical circulatory support were LVAD(n=13), BVAD (n=1), and ECMO(n=2). The mean assist times were 54.0$\pm$23.7 hours. Post-assist complications were in orders: bleeding, acute renal failure, ventricular failure, respiratory failure, infection, and neurologic complication. It was possible for 9 patients(56.3%) to be weaned from assist device and 5 patients(31.3%) were discharged from hospital. There was no statistical significant between hospital discharged group and undischarged group by age, body weight, cardiopulmonary bypass time, and assist time. Conclusion: The ventricular assist device is an effective modality in salvaging the patient who failed to be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass, but multiple factors must be considered for improving the results of mechanical circulatory support ; such as patient selection, optimal time of starting the assist device, and prevention and management of the complications.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.157-163
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• 2008

Infection of pathogenic microsporidia, Nosema bombycis and Nosema mylitta (Chakrabarti and Manna, 2006) decreased egg production, fecundity, hatching % and increased sterile eggs in heavily infected mulberry silkmoth, Bombyx mori L. On an average a disease free moth laid upto 442.67 eggs with high hatching % (99.53) and less sterile eggs ($0.47{\sim}2.00%$). While an infected moth laid less number of eggs ($7.00{\sim}412.00$) with low hatching % ($32.437{\sim}98.643$) and high sterile eggs ($2.143{\sim}129.571$). Fecundity of disease free laying was highest (468.714) during season-1 then gradually decreased during season- 2 (414.000) to season- 3 (404.285). But fecundity of an infected laying was highest during season-2 and hatched eggs were lowest during season-2. Higher inoculums concentration of N. mylitta infected to 5th stage larva of mulberry silkworm drastically decreased the fecundity in season - 3 and lower inoculums concentration of N. bombycis decreased the fecundity in season-1 and 3. Season-3 was most effective season to decrease the fecundity and increase sterile eggs when both temperature and humidity were fluctuated from the optimum level.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2017

A two-tube reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay was designed for the rapid visual detection of the M gene of all subtypes of avian influenza virus (AIV) and the H5 gene of the H5 subtype of highly pathogenic AIV (HPAIV). The reaction carried out in two tubes in a single step at $58^{\circ}C$ for 40 min, and the assay results could be visually detected by using hydroxynaphthol blue dye. Using M or H5 gene-specific primers, the assay successfully detected all subtypes or H5 subtypes of AIVs, including the Korean representative H5N1 and H5N8 HPAIVs. The detection limit of the assay was approximately $10^{2.0}$ $EID_{50}/reaction$ for the M and H5 genes of H5N1 HPAIV, respectively, and was more sensitive than that of previously reported RT-LAMP and comparable to that of real-time RT-PCR. These results suggest that the present RT-LAMP assay, with its high specificity, sensitivity, and simplicity, will be a useful diagnostic tool for surveillance of currently circulating H5 HPAIVs and other subtypes of AIV in bird population, even in under-equipped laboratories.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 1988

Serum TBII measured by radioreceptor assay using $^{125}I-bovine$ TSH and porcine thyroid well membrane was checked before, 6 months and 12 months after initiation of thionamide regimens in 63 Graves' disease patients and was related with their remission state. 1) A significant difference (p < 0.01) in pre-treatment TBII was noted between the remitted [N = 45, TBII $40.9{\pm}18.2%$ $(mean{\pm}S.D)$] and the unremitted (N = 18, TBII $64.1{\pm}15.3%$) groups. 2) After 6 months of therapy, TBII were significantly decreased in both groups (to $20.2{\pm}10.3%$ and to $45.2{\pm}16.3%$, p<0.05 for each group) 3) At 12th month, TBII activities were not significantly decreased compared to the 6th month levels in both groups. 4) 3 of the 58 patients who were initially TBII positive (over 15%) converted negative. All the 3 belonged to the remitted group. 5) No significant differences were seen in initial and posttreatment TBII levels between propylthiouracil treated (N = 36) and methimazole treated (N = 27) cases. with above mentioned results, we observed that the TBII decreased significantly with 6 months of thionamide therapy and concluded that the pretreatment measurement of serum TBII may be clinically useful in predicting the response to thionamide regimen in the treatment of Graves' disease.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.11-22
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• 2022

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is defined as damage to the spinal cord that temporarily or permanently changes its function. There is no definite treatment established for neurological complete injury patients. This study investigated the effect of ginseng extract and ginsenosides on neurological recovery and antioxidant efficacies in rat models following SCI and explore the appropriate dosage. Searches were done on PubMed, Embase, and Chinese databases, and animal studies matches the inclusion criteria were selected. Pair-wise meta-analysis and subgroup analysis were performed. Ten studies were included, and the overall methodological qualities were low quality. The result showed ginseng extract and ginsenosides significantly improve neurological function, through the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale (pooled MD = 4.40; 95% CI = 3.92 to 4.88; p < 0.00001), significantly decrease malondialdehyde (MDA) (n = 290; pooled MD = -2.19; 95% CI = -3.16 to 1.22; p < 0.0001) and increase superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels (n = 290; pooled MD = 2.14; 95% CI = 1.45 to 2.83; p < 0.00001). Both low (<25 mg/kg) and high dosage (25 mg/kg) showed significant improvement in the motor function recovery in SCI rats. Collectively, this review suggests ginseng extract and ginsenosides has a protective effect on SCI, with good safety and a clear mechanism of action and may be suitable for future clinical trials and applications.