• 대한화학회지
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.491-498
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• 2009

25 ${^{\circ}C}$의 순수 물 및 n-부탄올 수용액에서 음이온성 계면활성제인 DBS (sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate)와 비이온성 계면활성제인 Brij 30 (polyoxyethylene(4) lauryl ether)과 Brij 35 (polyoxyethylene(23)lauryl ether)의 혼합미셀화에 대한 임계미셀농도(CMC)와 반대이온의 결합상수값(B)을 DBS의 겉보기몰분율($\alpha$1)의 함수로서 전도도법으로 측정하였다. 이와 같이 측정한 CMC값에 비이상적 혼합미셀화모델을 적용함으로써 여러 가지 열역학적 함수값(Xi, $\gamma$i, Ci, aiM, $\beta$ 및 ${\Delta}H_{mix}$)들을 계산하여 상호 비교분석하였다. 그 결과, DBS는 Brij 30보다는 Brij 35와 더욱 강한 결합을 이루었으며 이상적 혼합미셀화로부터 더욱 큰 음의 벗어남을 보였다.

• 호남수학학술지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.275-296
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• 2017

All rings considered here are commutative rings with identity and all modules considered here are unital left modules. A submodule N of an R-module M is said to be extended to M if $N=aM$ for some ideal a of R and it is said to be fully invariant if ${\varphi}(L){\subseteq}L$ for every ${\varphi}{\in}End(M)$. An R-module M is called a [resp., fully invariant] multiplication module if every [resp., fully invariant] submodule is extended to M. The class of fully invariant multiplication modules is bigger than the class of multiplication modules. We deal with prime submodules and associated prime submodules of fully invariant multiplication modules. In particular, when M is a nonzero faithful multiplication module over a Noetherian ring, we characterize the zero-divisors of M in terms of the associated prime submodules, and we show that the set Aps(M) of associated prime submodules of M determines the set $Zdv_M(M)$ of zero-dvisors of M and the support Supp(M) of M.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.1305-1319
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• 2014

A submodule N of a right R-module M is called coneat if for every simple right R-module S, any homomorphism $N{\rightarrow}S$ can be extended to a homomorphism $M{\rightarrow}S$. M is called coneat-flat if the kernel of any epimorphism $Y{\rightarrow}M{\rightarrow}0$ is coneat in Y. It is proven that (1) coneat submodules of any right R-module are coclosed if and only if R is right K-ring; (2) every right R-module is coneat-flat if and only if R is right V -ring; (3) coneat submodules of right injective modules are exactly the modules which have no maximal submodules if and only if R is right small ring. If R is commutative, then a module M is coneat-flat if and only if $M^+$ is m-injective. Every maximal left ideal of R is finitely generated if and only if every absolutely pure left R-module is m-injective. A commutative ring R is perfect if and only if every coneat-flat module is projective. We also study the rings over which coneat-flat and flat modules coincide.

• 멤브레인
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.432-438
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 metal organic frameworks (MOFs)의 한 종류인 MIL-100(Fe)을 이용하여 혼합기질막(mixed matrix membranes, MMMs)을 제조하였다. MIL-100(Fe)의 함량을 고분자 대비 0~30 wt%까지 변화시키면서 첨가된 MOF의 함량에 따른 기체의 투과 특성을 살펴보았다. $H_2$, $CO_2$, $O_2$, $N_2$, $CH_4$의 기체 투과도는 MIL-100(Fe) 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 투과도가 증가하는 경향을 보여주었으며, 상대적으로 큰 입자크기를 가진 $SF_6$의 투과도는 MIL-100(Fe)의 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 투과도가 감소하였다. 이상 선택도는 $N_2/SF_6$의 경우 폴리이미드막 대비 약 40% 증가하였으며, 이를 통해 $N_2/SF_6$ 분리에 적합한 분리막임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 공업화학
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.877-887
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• 1996

산소 전극 시스템에 사용되는 합성막은 산소에 대해 선택적인 투과를 해야 하며, 화학적으로 불활성이고 또한 우수한 기계적 강도를 가져야 한다. 본 실험에서는 산소 전극에 적합한 막 제조에 목표를 두고, 열적 안정성과 기계적 강도가 우수한 polysulfone을 막 재료로 선택하였다. 막 제조시 용매로서 THF, NMP 그리고 methylene chrolide를 사용하여, 용매에 따른 막의 특성 변화를 조사하였다. PSf막을 통한 산소와 질소의 투과도 계수는 각각 가압법과 전기화학적 방법으로 측정하였으며, 가압법에 의해 측정한 산소의 투과도 계수가 약 20% 큰 값을 나타내었다. 가압법에 의한 투과 실험 결과, 공급부의 압력이 증가함에 따라 산소와 질소의 투과도 계수는 약간 감소하였으며, 이러한 거동은 유리상 고분자막을 통한 기체의 투과에서 일반적으로 나타난다. 한편 용매로서 methylene chrolide를 사용한 PSf막의 고분자 함량을 변화시켜 실험한 결과, 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 산소 전극에의 PSf막의 밀착 문제를 완화하고자 막의 유연성을 향상시키기 위해 가소제로서 TCP를 첨가하여 막을 제조 하였으며, 가소제를 소량 첨가했을 때, 투과 특성에는 큰 영향을 미치지 않고, 막의 유연성이 증가됨을 알 수 있었다. 본 실험에서 제조한 PSf막의 산소 전극에의 사용 가능성을 조사하기 위해 PSf막을 산소 전극에 설치하여 실험하였다. -0.3~-1.0V에서 전류의 변화가 plateu를 나타내었으며, 산소 분압과 전류의 상관계수가 0.99949로서 PSf막을 산소전극에 적절하게 사용할 수 있으리라 생각된다.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.154-161
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• 2015

A novel process has successfully been developed by overcoming major difficulties through the elimination of number of process steps involved in the Classical Transesterification reaction during the preparation of Fatty Acid Methyl/Ethyl Ester (FAME.FAEE) called biodiesel. The Classical process with cost intensive process steps such as the utilization of excess alcohol, needing downstream distillation for the recovery and reutilization of excess alcohol/cosolvent, unrecoverable homogenous catalyst which consumes vast quantity of fresh distilled water during the purification of the product and downstream waste water treatment before its safe disposal to the surface water body. The Novel Process FAME/FAEE is produced from any vegetable oil irrespective of edible or inedible variety using sonication energy. The novelty of the finding is the use of only theoretical quantity of alcohol along with a co-solvent and reduced quantity of homogeneous catalyst. Under this condition neither the homogeneous catalyst goes to the FAME layer nor is the distillation needed. The same ester also has been prepared in high pressure high temperature reactor without using catalyst at sub critical temperature. The quality of prepared biodiesel without involving any purification step meets the ASTM standards. Blended Biodiesel with Common Diesel Fuel (CDF) and FAME is prepared, characterized and used as fuel in the Kirloskar make CI Engines. The evaluation of the engine performance result of pure CDF, B05 biodiesel, B10 biodiesel of all types of biodiesel prepared by using the feedstock of Soybean (Glycine max) and Karanja (Pongamia pinnate) oil along with their mixed oil provides useful information such as brake power, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, etc, and established it as ideal fuel for unmodified CI engine.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.588-596
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• 2006

폴리스티렌 막(polystyrene membrane, PS)의 표면을 Ar, $O_2$ 플라즈마로 처리하고, 처리 전후의 변화를 관찰하였고, $CO_2$, $N_2$의 투과도와 $N_2$에 대한 $CO_2$의 선택도는 연속흐름 기체 투과 분석장치(GPA)를 이용하여 측정하였다. Ar플라즈마 처리의 경우 O/C비율이 0에서 0.179로 증가하고, 표면 거칠기가 $15.86{\AA}$에서 $71.64{\AA}$로 증가함으로써 접촉각은 처리전의 $89.16^{\circ}$에서 $18.1^{\circ}$로 감소하였다. 따라서 플라즈마 처리는 막표면을 높은 친수성을 갖도록 만들었다. $CO_2$의 투과도와 선택도에 대한 Ar플라즈마 처리최적조건은 60 W, 2 min, $70^{\circ}C$이며, 투과도와 선택도는 각각 $2.1{\times}10^{-12}[m^3(STP){\cdot}m/m^2{\cdot}sec{\cdot}atm]$와 4.51이었다. $O_2$플라즈마 처리의 경우에, 접촉각은 O/C비율(0.189)과 표면 거칠기($57.10{\AA}$)의 증가에 의해 $13.56^{\circ}$로 감소하였다. 최적의 처리조건은 90 W-2 min-$70^{\circ}C$이며, 값 $7.1{\times}10^{-12}[m^3(STP){\cdot}m/m^2{\cdot}sec{\cdot}atm]$와 값 11.5이었다. 플라즈마 처리 후 막 표면의 변화는 표면에서의 교차결합과 식각효과의 경쟁적인 관계에 의해 결정된다. 결국 플라즈마 처리된 막의 투과도와 선택도가 플라즈마 기체, 처리시간, 출력세기등과 같은 플라즈마 상태를 제어함으로써 향상되었음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제30권7호
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• pp.883-890
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• 2001

Objectives : An in vitro biomechanical study of posterior lumbar interbody fusion(PLIF) with threaded cage using two different approaches was performed on eighteen functional spinal units of bovine lumbar spines. The purpose of this study was to compare the segmental stiffnesses among PLIF with one long posterolateral cage, PLIF with one long posterolateral cage and simultaneous facet joint fixation, and PLIF with two posterior cages. Methods : Eighteen bovine lumbar functional spinal units were divided into three groups. All specimens were tested intact and with cage insertion. Group 1(n=12) had a long threaded cage($15{\times}36mm$) inserted posterolaterally and oriented counter anterolaterally on the left side by posterior approach with left unilateral facetectomy. Group 2(n=6) had two regular length cages($15{\times}24mm$) inserted posteriorly with bilateral facetectomy. Six specimens from group 1 were then retested after unilateral facet joint screw fixation in neutral(group 3). Likewise, the other six specimens from group 1 were retested after fixation with a facet joint screw in an extended position(group 4). Nondestructive tests were performed in pure compression, flexion, extension, lateral bending, and torsion. Results : PLIF with a single cage, group 1, had a significantly higher stiffnesses than PLIF with two cages, group 2, in left and right torsion(p<0.05). Group 1 showed higher stiffness values than group 2 in pure compression, flexion, left and right bending but were not significantly different. Group 3 showed a significant increase in stiffness in comparison to group 1 for pure compression, extension, left bending and right torsion(p<0.05). For group 4, the stiffness significantly increased in comparison to group 1 for extension, flexion and right torsion(p<0.05). Although there was no significant difference between groups 3 and 4, group 4 had increased stiffness in extension, flexion, right bending and torsion. Conclusion : Posterior lumbar interbody fusion with a single long threaded cage inserted posterolaterally with unilateral facetectomy enables sufficient decompression while maintaining a majority of the posterior elements. In combination with a facet joint screw fixation, adequate postoperative stability can be achieved. We suggest that posterolateral insertion of a long threaded cage is biomechanically an ideal alternative to PLIF.

• 공업화학
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• 제9권7호
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• pp.968-973
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• 1998

양이온성 계면활성제인 cetylpyridinium chloride(CPC)와 비이온성 계면활성제인 Triton X-100(TX-100)의 혼합계면활성제에 염(KCl과 $Na_2CO_3$)과 부탄올 이성질체(tert-부탄올, iso-부탄올과 n-부탄올)를 첨가하였을 때 변화되는 임계미셀농도값($CMC^*$)을 UV 분광광도법으로 측정하였다. 이들 $CMC^*$값들로부터 여러 가지 열역학적 함수값들을 유사상태분리모델(pseudo-phase separation model)을 이용한 식에 의해 계산하였으며 그 값들을 상호 비교하였다. 그 결과 염 및 부탄올 이성질체들을 첨가하였을 때 CPC/TX-100 혼합계면활성제의 미셀화는 순수 물에서의 경우보다 열역학적 함수값($X_1$, $\beta$, ${\gamma}i$, $ai^M$, $C_i$ 및 ${\Delta}H_{mix}$)들이 큰 차이를 보였으며, 또한 모두 비이상적 혼합미셀모델에 잘 일치하였으며 이상적 혼합미셀모델과는 음방향으로 크게 벗어남을 보였다.

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 2000년도 제26회 펄프종이기술 국제세미나
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• pp.16-23
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• 2000

The increasing functional needs of top-quality printing papers and packaging paperboards, and especially the rapid developments in electronic printing processes and various computer printers during past few years, set new targets and requirements for modern paper quality. Most of these paper grades of today have relatively high filler content, are moderately or heavily calendered , and have many coating layers for the best appearance and performance. In practice, this means that many of the traditional quality assurance methods, mostly designed to measure papers made of pure. native pulp only, can not reliably (or at all) be used to analyze or rank the quality of modern papers. Hence, introduction of new measurement techniques is necessary to assure and further develop the paper quality today and in the future. Paper formation , i.e. small scale (millimeter scale) variation of basis weight, is the most important quality parameter of paper-making due to its influence on practically all the other quality properties of paper. The ideal paper would be completely uniform so that the basis weight of each small point (area) measured would be the same. In practice, of course, this is not possible because there always exists relatively large local variations in paper. However, these small scale basis weight variations are the major reason for many other quality problems, including calender blacking uneven coating result, uneven printing result, etc. The traditionally used visual inspection or optical measurement of the paper does not give us a reliable understanding of the material variations in the paper because in modern paper making process the optical behavior of paper is strongly affected by using e.g. fillers, dye or coating colors. Futhermore, the opacity (optical density) of the paper is changed at different process stages like wet pressing and calendering. The greatest advantage of using beta transmission method to measure paper formation is that it can be very reliably calibrated to measure true basis weight variation of all kinds of paper and board, independently on sample basis weight or paper grade. This gives us the possibility to measure, compare and judge papers made of different raw materials, different color, or even to measure heavily calendered, coated or printed papers. Scientific research of paper physics has shown that the orientation of the top layer (paper surface) fibers of the sheet paly the key role in paper curling and cockling , causing the typical practical problems (paper jam) with modern fax and copy machines, electronic printing , etc. On the other hand, the fiber orientation at the surface and middle layer of the sheet controls the bending stiffness of paperboard . Therefore, a reliable measurement of paper surface fiber orientation gives us a magnificent tool to investigate and predict paper curling and coclking tendency, and provides the necessary information to finetune, the manufacturing process for optimum quality. many papers, especially heavily calendered and coated grades, do resist liquid and gas penetration very much, bing beyond the measurement range of the traditional instruments or resulting invonveniently long measuring time per sample . The increased surface hardness and use of filler minerals and mechanical pulp make a reliable, nonleaking sample contact to the measurement head a challenge of its own. Paper surface coating causes, as expected, a layer which has completely different permeability characteristics compared to the other layer of the sheet. The latest developments in sensor technologies have made it possible to reliably measure gas flow in well controlled conditions, allowing us to investigate the gas penetration of open structures, such as cigarette paper, tissue or sack paper, and in the low permeability range analyze even fully greaseproof papers, silicon papers, heavily coated papers and boards or even detect defects in barrier coatings ! Even nitrogen or helium may be used as the gas, giving us completely new possibilities to rank the products or to find correlation to critical process or converting parameters. All the modern paper machines include many on-line measuring instruments which are used to give the necessary information for automatic process control systems. hence, the reliability of this information obtained from different sensors is vital for good optimizing and process stability. If any of these on-line sensors do not operate perfectly ass planned (having even small measurement error or malfunction ), the process control will set the machine to operate away from the optimum , resulting loss of profit or eventual problems in quality or runnability. To assure optimum operation of the paper machines, a novel quality assurance policy for the on-line measurements has been developed, including control procedures utilizing traceable, accredited standards for the best reliability and performance.