• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.1067-1074
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• 1995

Reaction of arachno-S2B7H8- with either THF or 1,2-dimethoxyethane upon refluxing condition results in the formation of the previously known compound hypho-S2B7H10-. Protonation of hypho-S2B7H10- with HCl/Et2O generates hypho-2,5-S2B7H11 in good yield. This hypho-S2B7H10- anion has been employed to generate a series of new nido-, arachno-, and hypho-metalladithiaborane clusters. Reaction of the anion with Cp(CO)2FeCl results in direct metal insertion and the formation of a complex containing the general formula (η5-C5H5)FeS2B7H8. Spectroscopic studies of nido-6-CpFe-7,9-S2B7H8 Ⅰ demonstrated that compound Ⅰ was shown to have an nido-type cage geometry derived from an octadecahedron missing one vertex, with the iron atom occupying the three-coordinate 6-position in the cage and the two sulfurs occupying positions on the open face of the cage. Reaction of hypho-S2B7H10- with CoCl2/Li+[C5H5]- gave the previously known complex arachno-7-CpCo-6,8-S2B6H8 Ⅱ. Also, the reaction of the anion with [Cp*RhCl2]2 gave the complex arachno-7-Cp*Rh-6,8-S2B6H8 Ⅲ, the structure of which was shown to be that of complex Ⅱ. The similarity of the NMR spectra of Ⅱ and Ⅲ suggest that Ⅲ adopts cage structure similar to that previously confirmed for Ⅱ. A series of 9-vertex hypho clusters in which the sulfur atoms are bridged by different species isoelectronic with a BH3 unit, such as HMn(CO)4 or SiR2 have been prepared. Compounds Ⅳ,Ⅴ and Ⅵ are each 2n+4 skeletal electron systems and would be expected according to skeletal electron counting theory to adopt hypho-type polyhedral structures derived from an icosahedron missing three vertices. The complex hypho-1-(CO)4Mn-2,5-S2B6H9 Ⅳ was obtained by the reaction of the anion with (CO)5MnBr and has been shown from spectroscopic data to consist of a (CO)4Mn fragment bound to the two sulfur atoms S2 and S5 of hypho-S2B7H10-. Also, similar hypho-type complexes hypho-1-R2Si-2,5-S2B6H8 (R=CH3 Ⅴ, R=C6H5 Ⅵ) have been prepared from the reaction of hypho-S2B7H10- with R2SiHCl.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.118-129
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• 2007

This study was performed to investigate the effect of lysine-limited diets containing different levels of L-carnitine on body weight and lipid metabolism in obesity-induced adult rats. Eight-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 90) were raised for one month with high fat diet (40% fat as calorie) to induce obesity. After induction of obesity, rats weighing 739.5 g were randomly blocked into three groups according to the body weight and raised for eight weeks with control diet (Co), 50% lysine-limited diet (-L), 50% lysine limitation with 0.3% pivalate diet (-L + P). Each of three groups was allotted to 0.0% L-carnitine (0.0% CT), 0.5% L-carnitine (0.5% CT) and 2.5% L-carnitine (2.5% CT) groups, respectively. The levels of AST, ALT, total protein and albumin in plasma were within the normal range. Daily food intake and calorie intake tended to be lower in 2.5% CT groups than those of other groups regardless lysine limitation or pivalate intake. And body weight gain and calorie efficiency ratio (weight gain (g) /calorie intake (100 kcal)) were significantly the lowest in 2.5% CT groups among all experimental groups regardless of lysine limitation or pivalate intake. The weights of perirenal, epididymal fat pads and brown adipose tissue in 2.5% CT groups were significantly lower than 0.0% CT groups. Plasma total lipid, triglyceride, total cholesterol concentrations in all groups were not significant by experimental compound. HDL-cholesterol concentrations in -L + P +2.5% CT group were highest in -L + P groups. Levels of hepatic total lipid, triglyceride and total cholesterol in 2.5% CT groups were tend to be lower those than in 0.0% CT groups regardless of dietary lysine limitation and pivalate intake. Fecal total lipid excretions of 2.5% CT groups were significantly lower than in 0.0% CT groups in all experimental groups. But fecal triglyceride excretions of 2.5% CT groups were significantly higher than 0.0% CT groups regardless of lysine limitation and pivalate. In conclusion, there was no difference on body weight and lipid metabolism by dietary lysine limitation and pivalate intake. And feeding of 2.5% L-carnitine was more effective than feeding of 0.5% L-carnitine and 0.0% L-carnitine in reduction of body weight, body fat and lipid metabolism.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.135-147
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• 1990

This study was devised to observe the cytotoxic activities of garlic extracts against various cancer cells, that is, murine leukemic lymphocyte(L1210 and P388) and human rectal(HRT-18) and colon cancer cells(HCT-48 and HT-29) in vitro, and murine ascitic tumor cell(S-180) in vivo. Each cell-line except S-180 was cultured in medium containing serial concentration of the garlic extract in vitro. Inhibitory effect n the growth rate of the cancer cells was stronger in extracts of petroleum ether than that of ethanol. A lipid soluble compound in the extracts of garlic was cytocidal to murine leukemic cells, human rectal and colon cancer cells in vitro. The growth rates of the cancer cells in medium containing garlic extracts were inhibited gradually to a significant degree in proportion to the increase of the extract concentration. The cytotoxic activity of garlic active fraction from TLC was about 2.3 times more potent than that of crude garlic extract, one unit of cytotoxic activity against L1210 cells being equivalent to 4.2$\mu\textrm{g}$ and 1.8$\mu\textrm{g}$ from the crude garlic and active fraction, respectively. The Rf value of the active fraction on silica-gel TLC was 0.18 in condition that petroleum ether/ethyl ether/acetic acid mixture(90:10:1, v/v/v) was used as a developing solvent. The survival times of mice inoculated with S-180 cells were extended about 1.5 to 2 times in the groups treated with garlic extract(through i.p. and oral administration) compared with their control group(no garlic extract treatment). Observations were carried out on S-180. Ethanol extracts of garlic injured markedly tumor cells within 3 hours after injection.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.251-257
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• 2011

Rice is the most important crop as a model plant for functional genomics of monocotyledons. Rice is usually transformed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. However, the transformation efficiency using previous method is still low. In this study, we established a new method by modifying the general Agrobacterium protocol especially in the inoculation and co-cultivation step. We directly inoculated Agrobacterium containing a CIPK15 gene under the control of CaMV 35S promoter and NOS terminator in the pCAM1300 vector into the pre-soaked seeds in N6D media for 24 hours. After 7 days of culture at $25^{\circ}C$, calli were formed on seeds cultured on the co-cultivation medium containing an antioxidant compound (1 mM dithiothreitol) and of Agrobacterium growth-inhibiting agent (3 mg/L silver nitrate). We obtained 35 and 22 transgenic plants in rice cultivars, Gopumbyeo and Ilpumbyeo, with increase of transformation efficiency by 30.4% and 22.6%, respectively compared to the general transformation method. The new method in this study would lead to reduction of substantial labor and time to generate transgenic plants.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.195-203
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• 2012

The essential oil was extracted by steam distillation from the aerial part of erect bur-marigold (Bidens tripartita L.), one of the noxious weed in paddy field. The composition of the essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The fragrance of the essential oil was green, herbal, oily, spicy. There were 42 constituents in the essential oil：17 hydrocarbons, 6 alcohols, 6 acetates, 5 N-containing compounds, 3 ethers, 3 ketones, 1 lactone and 1 S-containing compound. Major constituents were ${\alpha}$-phellandrene (22.50%), ${\alpha}$-pinene (22.21%), 2,4-dimethyl (2,5-dimethylphenyl) methyl ester benzoic acid (15.11%), limonene (10.66%), ${\beta}$-pinene (35.43%), and ${\beta}$-cubebene (5.27%). The $IC_{50}$ value in MTT assay using HaCaT keratinocyte cell line was 0.018%. However, attachment of patch with 0.1% of the erect bur-marigold essential oil for 24 hr did not show any skin toxicity. Overall results of this study suggest that the essential oil of erect bur-marigold could be used as a source for the development of perfumery industrial products.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.263-271
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• 1999

We checked the presence of phospholipase $A_2(PLA)_2$ which could split the ester bond at the position 2 in the glycerol backbone of glycerophospholipids, in the cells of hyperthermophiles of Pyrococcus horikoshii and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. The results obtained are as follows; (1). Pyrococcus horikoshii cells were grown in obligate anaerobic conditions at $95^{\circ}C$ and they needed sulfur as energy source instead of oxygen, while Sulfolobus acidocaldarius species grew well in the aerobic medium (pH 2.5) containing yeast and sucrose at $75^{\circ}C$. (2). Pyrococcus horikoshii cells produced phospholipase $A_2$ in the cell culture media although this species did not show lipase activity at least in the pH range of 1.5 ${\sim}$ 3.5. Sulfolobus acidocaldarius cells produced lipase hydrolyzing triacylglycerols such as triolein, but did not split any kind of phospholipids used as substates. (3). The compound of 1-decanoyl-2-(p-nitrophenylglutaryl) phosphatidylcholine was not suitable for a substrate in this experiment, though frequently used as a subtrate for checking presence of phospholipase $A_2$, for its decomposi-tion in this experiment. The L-${\alpha}$-phosphatidylcholine-${\beta}$-[N-7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1, 3-diazol]aminohexanoyl-${\gamma}$-hexadecanoyl labelled with a fluorescent material, did not show any migration of acyl chains in the molecule during the reaction with phospholipase $A_2$ under a hot condition. (4). Phospholipase $A_2$ in the cells of Pyrococcus horikoshii, showed the optimum activity at $pH6.7{\sim}7.2$ and $95{\sim}105^{\circ}C$, respectively, and was activated by addition of calcium chloride solution. Andthe phospholipase $A_2$ specifically hydrolyzed glycero-phospholipids such as phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl inositol, but could not split phospholipid containing ether bonds in the molecule such as DL -${\alpha}$-phosphatidylcholine-${\beta}$-palmitoyl-${\gamma}$-O-hexadecyl, DL-${\alpha}$-phosphati- dylcholine-${\beta}$- oleoyl-${\gamma}$-O-hexadecyl, DL-phosphatidylcholine-dihexadecyl.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.247-258
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• 1994

A total of 31 commercial dried marine food products, consisting of 14 fishes, 2 shellfishes and 2 seaweeds species were analyzed for their contents of precusors of N-nitrosamine such as dimethylamine(DMA), trimethylamine(TMA), trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), betaine and nitrate and nitrite nitrogen as factors of N-nitrosamine formation. Carcinogenic N-nitrosamines were extracted by a steam distillation apparatus and were analyzed for their components using a gas chromatography-thermal energy analyzer. N-nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA) was confirmed by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The contents of betaine nitrogen in samples were in the range of $5.2{\sim}373.8mg\%$ and were significantly higher than tertiary amines such as TMA and TMAO. DMA nitrogen in those samples was in the range of trace-31.2ppm and was high, in the dried shark(31.2ppm), alaska pollack($22.9{\sim}24.3ppm$) and octopus($17.9{\sim}18.4ppm$). In dried laver and sea mustard, however, amines were not detected at all. The levels of nitrate nitrogen in the dried marine samples ranged from zero to 16.8ppm and were high in the dried stingray(16.8ppm), alaska pollack(16.3ppm) and squid($2.2{\sim}12.4ppm$), but were less than 1.0 ppm in other samples. The levels of nitrite nitrogen were lower than those of nitrate nitrogen and it was not detected in dried sea cucumber, laver and sea mustard. Twenty eight of 31 samples contained NDMA($range=1.2{\sim}86.0ppb$), which was the only volatile N-nitroso compound found. The NDMA levels of dried stingray($2.8{\sim}86.0ppb$), alaska pollack($8.2{\sim}55.5ppb$), squid($3.3{\sim}53.2ppb$), yellow corvenia($45.9ppb$) and plain dried shrimp($15.4{\sim}17.9ppb$) were high. However, it was not detected in dried sea cucumber, laver and sea mustard. Samples, containing high levels of NDMA, also contained high nitrate and nitrite nitrogen. From above results, it can be concluded that nitrate and nitrite were major factors for the formation of NDMA in dried marine food products.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 1978

A field experiment was conducted on a soil where habitual zinc deficiency has been observed, to investigate the effectiveness of two forms of zinc containing fertilizers: zinc enriched fused phosphate and zinc enriched compound fertilizer. The result of present study is summarized as following. 1. The sail used for the study contained relatively large amount of 1N $CH_2COONH_4$ extractable Ca and the pH was 7.03. Available Zn extracted by 0.1 HCl and available $SiO_2$ extracted by NaOAc were 3.35 ppm and 67.7 ppm respectively. 2. In control plots Zinc content of rice plant measured at 20 days after transplanting was 22-23 ppm, which was a little higher than the critical level (20ppm). But at harvesting stage it dropped to 15ppm. 3. The ratios of $P_2O_5/Zn$ and N/Zn tended to lower as the zinc applied to the soil increased. 4. Application of Zinc clearly increased the number of tillers and plant height as compared to the control. It was also observed that the plots received znic headed and matured earlier compared to the control plots by two weeks. 5. Application of zinc increased all of the yield components and the yield of rice. However, there were no statistical differences in yield and yield components among the forms and levels of zinc fertilizers.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.317-322
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• 2016

A pesticide mix solution containing difenoconazole, lambda-cyhalothrin, and lufenuron was applied 3 times on field grown chili pepper at a fivefold overdose dilution concentration of the spray solution at a pre-harvest interval of 7 day. Difenoconazole, lambda-cyhalothrin, and lufenuron were detected at 4.43, 0.334, and 1.56 mg/kg, respectively, in raw chili pepper. Washing with water reduced the residue levels to 91.4, 94.3, and 85.3%, respectively. In dried chili pepper, the residues of difenoconazole, lambda-cyhalothrin, and lufenuron were 22.2 mg/kg (processing factor, Pf =5.01), 1.65 mg/kg (Pf =4.94), and 6.54 mg/kg (Pf =4.19). In the seeds, difenoconazole and lambda-cyhalothrin were not detected, and lufenuron was detected at 0.0075 mg/kg (n=1) and <0.005 mg/kg (n=2). Thus the pesticide residues in the seeds was negligible. In the seed oil, difenoconazole and lufenuron residues were 0.0263 and 0.0295 mg/kg, respectively (concentration factors=5.26 and 4.72). These concentration factors supported the theoretical concentration factor of 6.8, assuming that all of compound present in the seed are transferred into the oil.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.141-146
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• 2001

Protoplasts were isolated from cotyledons, hypocotyls, and mesophyll tissues of three species of Capsicum species (C. anuumm, C. bacatuum, and C. chacoense). Combination of Cellulysin (1%) and Macero-zyme (0.25%) in 0.65 M sorbitol was found to be the most effective for the digestion of cell wall, regardless of the Capsicum species. Antioxidant MES (2-［N-Morpholino］ethanesulfonic acid) in the enzyme solution helped protoplasts overcome browning. After 5 days of initial culture, Cell division occurred in modified K8p medium containing 1~5 mg/L zeatin, 0.5 mg/L IAA, 0.1~0.5 mg/L TDZ, and 1 mg/L 2,4-D under continuous dark condition at $25^{\circ}C$. Semi-solid agarose culture method was more effective than liquid culture, and it also protected the cells from browning caused by polyphenolic compound released during protoplast culture. A total of 4000 calli were obtained from protoplast culture of different capsicum species. All of these calli were transferred to the 100 combinations of regeneration media using various plant growth regulators; TDZ, IAA, 2ip, BAP, NAA, and zeatin. These calli derived from protoplast of three species of capsicum were, however, not differentiated into shoots.