• 한국안전학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.155-162
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• 1999

reliability from components reliability. In this case, it assumes that components failure is mutually independent, but it may not true in real systems. In this study, the mean cost per unit time is computed as the ratio of mean life to the mean cost. The mean life is obtained by the reliability function under power rule model. The mean cost is obtained by the mathematical model based on the inspection interval. A heuristic method is proposed to determine the optimal number of redundant units and the optimal inspection interval to minimize the mean cost per unit time. The assumptions of this study are as following : First, in the load-sharing k-out-of-n:G system, total loads are applied to the system and shared by the operating components. Secondly, the number of failed components affects the failure rate of surviving components as a function of the total load applied. Finally, the relation between the load and the failure rate of surviving components is set by the power rule model. For the practical application of the above methods, numerical examples are presented.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and information Science
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.28-35
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• 1998

In this paper, an NxN input-buffered crosspoint packet switch which selects a Head of the Line, HOL, packet in contention randomly is analyzed with a new approach. The approach is based on both a Markov chain representation of the input buffer and the probability that a HOL packet is successfully served. The probability as a function of N is derived, and it makes it possible to express the average packet delay and the average number of packets in the buffer as a function of N. The contention resolution policy based on the occupancy of the input buffer is also presented and analyzed with this same approach and the relationship between two selection policies is analyzed in terms of the occupancy of the input buffer.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.119-130
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• 2013

시스템을 구성하고 있는 $n$개의 부품 중 적어도 ${\kappa}$개의 부품이 제대로 작동하면 정상적으로 작동하는 시스템을 ${\kappa}$-out-of-$n$ 시스템이라 한다. 기존의 ${\kappa}$-out-of-$n$ 시스템에 관한 대부분의 연구에서는 단지 시스템의 작동여부에만 관심을 갖고 시스템의 신뢰도를 산출하는 문제를 주로 다루었다. 하지만 시스템이 작동할 때 작동하는 부품의 개수에 따라 시스템의 효율이 달라질 수 있으므로, 본 논문에서는 다상태 ${\kappa}$-out-of-$n$ 시스템을 고려하고 시스템의 총 효율을 산출하는 연구를 수행한다. 또한 시스템이 수리 가능할 경우, 시스템의 총 효율을 최대화 시킬 수 있는 수리 시점을 찾아보기로 한다. 이러한 시스템의 효율은 기존의 평균수명을 일반화한 형태가 됨을 보일 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서 다루는 모형은 기존의 모형을 보다 일반적인 경우로 확장한 모형이라 할 수 있다.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.171-184
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• 2017

This study presents the effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on the characteristics of emission of three major greenhouse gases (GHGs) including $CH_4$, $CO_2$ and $N_2O$ during operation of a sequencing batch reactor for aerobic oxidation of methane with denitrification (AeOM-D SBR). Dissolved $N_2O$ concentration increased, leveled-off and slightly decreased as the HRT increased from 0.25 to 1d. Concentration of the dissolved $N_2O$ was higher at the shorter HRT, which was highly associated with the lowered C/N ratio. A longer HRT resulted in a higher C/N ratio with a sufficient carbon source produced by methanotrophs via methane oxidation, which provided a favorable condition for reducing $N_2O$ formation. With a less formation of the dissolved $N_2O$, $N_2O$ emission rate was lower at a longer HRT condition due to the lower C/N ratio. Opposite to the $N_2O$ emission, emission rates of $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ were higher at a longer HRT. Longer HRT resulted in the greater total GHGs emission as $CO_2$ equivalent which was doubled when the HRT increased from 0.5d to 1.0 d. Contribution of $CH_4$ onto the total GHGs emission was most dominant accounting for 98 - 99% compared to that of $N_2O$ (< 2%).

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.307-312
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• 2013

본 논문은 경량 컨테이너 구조 환경에서 EJB 3.1 기반의 영화 예매 시스템의 설계 및 구현을 하는데 목적이 있다. N-tier 엔터프라이즈 아키텍처가 가지고 있는 문제점을 해결하고 장점들을 지원하기 위하여 새롭게 등장한 아키텍처가 경량 컨테이너 아키텍처이다. 이 구조는 EJB 아키텍처와 같이 무겁지 않으면서도 EJB 컨테이너의 모든 가능을 제공하는 구조이다. 현재까지 경량 컨테이너 아키텍처로 표준 엔터프라이즈 기반의 EJB 3.1이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 N-tier 엔터프라이즈 아키텍처가 가지고 있는 단점들을 해결하고 장점들을 지원하기 위하여 개발된 최신 경량 컨테이너 아키텍처인 새로운 표준 환경인 EJB 3.1을 기반으로 영화 예매 시스템의 분석 및 설계한 후 구현하고자 한다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.35-42
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• 2011

This study is to check the applicability of SWAT-APEX (Soil and Water Assessment Tool-Agricultural Policy / Environmental eXtender) model as combined watershed and field models by applying the APEX to paddies in a watershed (465.1 $km^2$) including Yedang reservoir. Firstly, the SWAT were calibrated with 3 years (2000~2002) daily streamflow and monthly water quality (T-N and T-P) data, and validated for another 3 years (2003~2005) data. The average Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency (ME) of streamflow during validation was 0.73, and the coefficient of determination ($R^2$) of T-N and T-P were 0.77 and 0.73 respectively. Next, running the SWAT-APEX model with the SWAT calibrated parameters for paddies, the $R^2$ of T-N and T-P were 0.80 and 0.76 respectively. The results showed that SWAT-APEX model was more correctly predicted for T-N and T-P loads than SWAT model. The difference results between watershed and field models was predicted to have substantial impact on NPS loads, especially on T-N and T-P loads. Therefore, to improve negative NPS load simulations should be considered the model characteristics as simulating mechanism to properly select the NPS model for agricultural watershed.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.95-117
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• 2004

This study was conducted to estimate nitrogen discharge from Korea (southern part of Korean peninsula) as NPS(non-point source) by mass balance approach; input and output analyses of nitrogen using existing data available. The material flow was sectored into three different activities; agricultural (raising crop and animals), human and natural activities in forest and urban areas. Atmospheric deposition, biological nitrogen fixation, inorganic fertilizers and manures applied, animal feed and imported foodstuffs such as crops, meat and fish were the inputs in this study, while ammonia volatilization, denitrification, human and animal waste generation, crop and meat production, and discharge into river to ocean were the outputs. The estimated total nitrogen input was $1,194.5{\times}10^3$ tons N/year and the river discharge was 408 to $422{\times}10^3$ tons N/year, of which 66 to 71% was from NPS. In detail, the estimated NPS discharges were respectively $8,274\;kg\;N/km^2$/year from agricultural area, $730\;kg\;N/km^2$/year from forest and $7,657\;kg\;N/km^2$/year from the other land areas such as urban and industrial area.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제23권9A호
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• pp.2305-2312
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• 1998

본 논문에서는 Virtual Cellular Network(VCN)을 사용하는 무선 통신망에서 음성 패킷의 지연 특성을 분석하였다. 주기적으로 발생하는 음성 패킷이 슬롯-알로하 프로토콜로 전송될 때의 전송 특성을 Markov Chain으로 모델링하여 정상 상태(steady state)에서의 지연 확률 분포를 구하였고, 무선 채널의 평균 수신확률(prbability of capture), 재전송 방식 등이 성능에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이를 위하여 무선 단말기의 수신 확률의 변화에 따른 음성 패킷의 전송 지연 누적 확률 함수를 구하였다. 재전송 방식의 평균 backoff 시간이 성능에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 음성 패킷 발생 주기(N 슬롯시간)당 평균 재전송 횟수, NPr을 파라미터로 정의하였으며 여러가지의 프레임 크기 N에 대하여 1% outage delay를 비교하였다. 성능 실험 결과 NPr의 최적의 범위는 4~7임을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 프레임 크기 N이 주어졌을 때의 재전송 시도 확률 Pr을 구할 수 있다. 또한 전송큐의 크기가 유한함으로써 발생하는 blocking 확률과 전송큐의 적절한 크기를 구하였다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.99-105
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• 2004

The present agricultural water quality standards are set by a policy goal. This is intended for water quality management of public water resources, but not for the use of water resources. These standards were not determined by considering the influence of water quality on the safety of agricultural produce and the growth, yield and quality of agricultural crops. Thus, this study was carried out to investigate the influence of irrigation water quality on the growth, yield, and grain quality of rice and acquire fundamental knowledges to set up irrigation water quality standards. The pot experiment was conducted with 4 treatments using irrigation waters with various total nitrogen concentrations (control, 1, 5, 10, 20mg/L) and replicated four times with randomized block design. The results of this study showed that plant height, number of tiller, plant dry weight, the uptake of N, P, and K, and rice protein contents tended to increase as the T-N concentration in irrigation water was increased. In addition, grain yield at T-N 20 mg/L was significantly higher than in the control, but the percentage of head rice was slightly lower due to the increase of green kernel and white belly/core kernel.

• 한국컴퓨터산업학회논문지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.217-226
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• 2006

멀티미디어 스트림은 일반적으로 용량이 크고, 서로 다른 미디어간의 동기화가 필요하며 실시간으로 재생되어져야 한다는 특징이 있다. 그러므로 N-VOD 서버에 관계된 연구는, 궁극적으로 디스크 대역폭이나 버퍼의 크기 등 서버의 주어진 자원 한계 아래에서 얼마만큼 사용자의 수를 최대화 하느냐에 주된 관심이 되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 효율적인 멀티미디어 서비스를 위하여 서버의 자원을 관리하여 효율적으로 서비스를 할 수 있는 VCR 조작이나 버퍼 및 디스크 관리정책을 제안한다. 시뮬레이션 해본 결과 전통적인 방식보다 버퍼의 활용과 서비스 처리시간에서 약 18% 정도 향상된 성능을 보였는데, 이는 서비스 사용자의 수를 증가 시키는 문제와 밀접한 관련이 있다.