• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.1-25
• /
• 1996

The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis can not be summarized as a single process. Lipid infiltration hypothesis and endothelial injury hypothesis have been proposed and investigated. Recent developments show that there are many points of potential interactions between them and that they can actually be regarded as two phases of a single, unifying hypothesis. Among the many risk factors of atherosclerosis, plasma homocysteine and lipoprotein(a) draw a considerable interest because they are independent indicators of atherogenicity. Triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins (chylomicron and VLDL) are not considered to be atherogenic but they are related to the metabolism of HDL cholesterol and indirectly related to coronary heart disease (CHD). LDL can of itself be atherogenic but the oxidative products of this lipoprotein are more detrimental. HDL cholesterol has been considered to be a favorable cholesterol. The so-called 'causalist view' claims that HDL traps excess cholesterol from cellular membranes and transfers it to TG-rich lipoproteins that are subsequently removed by hepatic receptors. In the so-called 'noncausalist view', HDL does not interfere directly with cholesterol deposition in the arterial wall but instead reflects he metabolism of TG-rich lipoproteins and their conversion to atherogenic remnants. Approximately 70-80% of the human population shows an effective feedback control mechanism in cholesterol homeostasis. Type of dietary fat has a significant effect on the lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis. Generally, saturated fatty acids elevate and PUFA lower serum cholesterol, whereas MUFA have no specific effect. EPA and DHA inhibit the synthesis of TG, VLDL and LDL, and may have favourable effects on some of the risk factors. Phospholipids, particularly lecithin, have an antiatherosclerotic effect. Essential phospholipids (EPL) may enhance the formation of polyunsaturated cholesteryl ester (CE) which is less sclerotic and more easily dispersed via enhanced hydrolysis of CE in the arterial wall. Also, neutral fecal steroid elimination may be enhanced and cholesterol absorption reduced following EPL treatment. Antioxidants protect lipoproteins from oxidation, and cells from the injury of toxic, oxidized LDL. The rationale for lowering of serum cholesterol is the strong association between elevation of plasma or serum cholesterol and CHD. Cholesterol-lowing, especially LDL cholesterol, to the target level could be achieved using diet and combination of drug therapy. Information on the link between cholesterol and CHD has decreased egg consumption by 16-25%. Some clinical studies have indicated that dietary cholesterol and egg have a significant hypercholesterolemic effect, while others have indicated no effect. These studies differed in the use of purified cholesterol or cholesterol in eggs, in the range of baseline and challenge cholesterol levels, in the quality and quantity of concomitant dietary fat, in the study population demographics and initial serum cholesterol levels, and clinical settings. Cholesterol content of eggs varies to a certain extent depending on the age, breed and diet of hens. However, egg yolk cholesterol level is very resistant to change because of the particular mechanism involved in yolk formation. Egg yolk contains a factor of factors responsible for accelerated cholesterol metabolism and excretion compared with crystalline cholesterol. One of these factors could be egg lecithin. Egg lecithin may not be as effective as soybean lecithin in lowering serum cholesterol level due probably to the differences of fatty acid composition. However, egg lecithin may have positive effects in hypercholesterolemia by increasing serum HDL level and excretion of fecal cholesterol. The association of serum cholesterol with egg consumption has been widely studied. When the basal or control diet contained little or no cholesterol, consumption of 1 or 2 eggs daily increased the concentration of plasma cholesterol, whereas that of the normolipemic persons on a normal diet was not significantly influenced by consuming 2 to 3 eggs daily. At higher levels of egg consumption, the concentration of HDL tends to increase as well as LDL. There exist hyper-and hypo-responders to dietary (egg) cholesterol. Identifying individuals in both categories would be useful from the point of view of nutrition guidelines. Dietary modification of fatty acid composition has been pursued as a viable method of modifying fat composition of eggs and adding value to eggs. In many cases beneficial effects of PUFA enriched eggs have been demonstrated. Generally, consumption of n-3 fatty acids enriched eggs lowered the concentration of plasma TG and total cholesterol compared to the consumption of regular eggs. Due to the highly oxidative nature of PUFA, stability of this fat is essential. The implication of hepatic lipid accumulation which was observed in hens fed on fish oils should be explored. Nutritional manipulations, such as supplementation with iodine, inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis, garlic products, amino acids and high fibre ingredients, have met a limited success in lowering egg cholesterol.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제47권6호
• /
• pp.745-750
• /
• 2014

This study investigated the effects of squid Todarodes pacificus liver oil on the serum lipids and adipose tissue weight of rats. The rats in the soybean oil (SO) group received a basic diet prepared according to the recommendations of the American Institute of Nutrition (AIN-93G), with 7% SO as lipid source. The rats in the Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides muscle oil (PTFO) group received 5% PTFO and 2% SO as the lipid source, while the rats in the eco-friendly squid liver oil (EFSO) group received 5% EFSO and 2% SO. EFSO was prepared according to the method outlined in the author's patent. PTFO was extracted from muscle using a physical method in the author's laboratory. The prominent polyunsaturated fatty acids in the dietary oils were 18:2n-6 (54.3%) and 18:3n-3 (5.64%) in SO, DHA (6.77%) and EPA (3.61%) in PTFO, and DHA (26.2%) and EPA (9.94%) in EFSO. After feeding for 4 weeks, the serum lipid levels (e.g., triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) of the rats in the EFSO group were significantly reduced as compared with those in the SO group (P<0.05); those of the rats in the PTFO group were also reduced, albeit not significantly, compared with the SO group. On the other hand, the total white adipose tissue (visceral, epididymal, and perirenal) weight was significantly reduced in the EFSO and PTFO groups compared to the SO group. These results demonstrate that EFSO is an effective lipid modifying agent in rat blood, and that EFSO and PTFO have greater anti-obesity effects than SO.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.285-291
• /
• 1998

This study was designed to examine the effects of polyundaturated fatty acid(PUFA) from different sourecs on hepatic lipogenic enzyme and peroxisomal ${\beta}$-oxidation in murine hepatocarcinogenesis initiated by diethylnitrodamine (DEN). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed one of three diets containing 10%(w/w)fat; fish oil-corn oil blended(FO), corn oil-beef tallow-fish oil blended(CF), or corn oil-beef tallow-perilla oil blended (CP), from the gestation period. At 10 weeks, animals were received a single inraperitoneal injection of DEN (200mg/kg body weight), were subjected to two-thirds partial hepatectomy 3 weeks later and were sacrificed 8 weeks after DEN initiation. The areas of placental glutathione S-transferase (GST-P) positive foci were significantly smaller in rats fed fish oil containing diets (FO and CF) than those fed CP diet. Fish oil feeding significantly decreased th activities of lipogenic enzyme. Rats fed fish oil containing diets (FO, CF) exhibited the lower fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity than those fed CP diet and FAS activity was positively correlated with areas of GSP-P positivie foci. Glucose-6-phophate dehydrogenase activity was the lowest and peroxisomal ${\beta}$-oxidation was stimulated in rats fed FO diet compared to other groups. It was also found that serum cholesterol was decreased in FO group. Therefore, the preventive effect against hepatocarcinogenesis and hypolipidemic effect of fish oil can be explained partly by suppression of the hepatic lipogenesis and by increase of peroxisomal ${\beta}$-oxidation.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제27권6호
• /
• pp.696-703
• /
• 1994

수산 폐기물의 효과적인 이용을 위하여 오징어 내장의 지질을 추출하여 용매를 달리하여 분리한 후 어유에 첨가하여 산화효과를 검토하였다. 오징어 내장의 주요 지방산은 팔미틴산($C_{16:0}$), 올레산($C_{18:1}$), 아이코산펜타엔산($C_{20:5}$), 그리고 도코사헥사엔산($C_{22:6}$)으로 추출용매의 종류에 따라 $64{\sim}71\%$를 차지하였으며 그 중 오메가-3 고도불포화지방산(n-3 PUFA)의 함량이 $41\%$ 이상이었다. 조지질을 정제어유에 각각 $5\%,\;1\%,\;0.5\%$ 첨가하여 $40^{\circ}C$에서 저장하면서 산화억제정도를 검토한 결과 적정농도 ($5\%$) 이하로 첨가할 경우의 효과는 미약한 것으로 나타났다. 헥산 추출물은 조지질이나 사염화탄소-메탄올추출물 보다 산화억제효과가 낮았으며 사염화탄소-메탄올(1 : 1, 1 : 3, 1 :9 v/v)추출물은 극성이 높을 수록 효과가 큰 것으로 미루어 볼 때 극성지질이 산화억제에 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 추정할 수 있었다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.171-180
• /
• 2016

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most prevalent liver diseases associated with an altered lifestyle, besides genetic factors. The control and management of NAFLD mostly depend on lifestyle modifications, due to the lack of a specific therapeutic approach. In this context, we assessed the effect of carrot juice on the development of high fructose-induced hepatic steatosis. For this purpose, male weanling Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups, fed either a control (Con) or high fructose (HFr) diet of AIN93G composition, with or without carrot juice (CJ) for 8 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, plasma biochemical markers, such as triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, and ${\beta}$-hydroxy butyrate levels were comparable among the 4 groups. Although, the liver injury marker, aspartate aminotransferase, levels in plasma showed a reduction, hepatic triglycerides levels were not significantly reduced by carrot juice ingestion in the HFr diet-fed rats (HFr-CJ). On the other hand, the key triglyceride synthesis pathway enzyme, hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), expression at mRNA level was augmented by carrot juice ingestion, while their protein levels showed a significant reduction, which corroborated with decreased monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), particularly palmitoleic (C16:1) and oleic (C18:1) acids. Notably, it also improved the long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6) content of the liver in HFr-CJ. In conclusion, carrot juice ingestion decreased the SCD1-mediated production of MUFA and improved DHA levels in liver, under high fructose diet-fed conditions. However, these changes did not significantly lower the hepatic triglyceride levels.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제58권6호
• /
• pp.23.1-23.17
• /
• 2016

Background: The functionality of myofibrillar proteins is a major factor influencing the quality attributes of muscle foods. Nonetheless, the relationships between muscle type and oxidative changes in chevon during ageing are meagrely elucidated. Postmortem changes in antioxidant status and physicochemical properties of glycolytic gluteus medius (GM) and oxidative infraspinatus (IS) muscles in goats were compared. Methods: Twenty Boer bucks (9-10 months old, body weight of $36.9{\pm}0.725kg$) were slaughtered and the carcasses were subjected to chill storage ($4{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$). Analyses were conducted on GM and IS muscles sampled on 0, 1, 4 and 7 d postmortem. Results: Chill storage did not affect the antioxidant enzyme activities in both muscles. The IS had greater (P < 0.05) superoxide dismutase and catalase activities than GM. Carotenoid and tocopherol contents did not differ between muscles but decreased (P < 0.05) over storage. The IS had higher (P < 0.05) glycogen and ultimate pH and lower (P < 0.05) shear force and cooking loss than GM. The carbonyl content, % metmyoglobin, drip loss and TBARS increased (P <0.05) while free thiol, metmyoglobin reducing activity (MRA), shear force and myoglobin decreased (P < 0.05) over storage. Muscle type had no effect (P > 0.05) on free thiol, MRA and TBARS. The GM had lower (P < 0.05) redness on d 0 and 1 than IS while the IS had greater carbonyl, % metmyoglobin and drip loss than GM on d 7. The reflective density of slow myosin heavy chain (MHC) was higher (P < 0.05) while the density of fast MHC and actin was lower (P < 0.05) in IS than GM. Regardless of muscle type, the density of MHC decreased (P < 0.05) while that of actin was stable over storage. Nonetheless, the degradation of fast and slow MHC was greater (P < 0.05) in IS than GM. Muscle type had no effect (P > 0.05) on consumer preference for flavour, juiciness and overall acceptability. However, IS had higher (P < 0.05) tenderness score than GM on d 1 and 4 postmortem. Intramuscular fat was higher (P< 0.05) in IS compared with GM. Fatty acid composition did not differ between the muscles. However, GM had lower (P < 0.05) n-6/n-3 ratio than IS. The n-3 and n-6 PUFA declined (P < 0.05) while the SFA increased (P < 0.05) over storage. Conclusion: The changes in myofibrillar proteins and physicochemical properties of goat meat during postmortem chill storage are muscle-dependent.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제36권2호
• /
• pp.163-173
• /
• 2007

Aflatoxin은 Aspergillus속 곰팡이로부터 생성되며 사람에게 있어서 간독성 및 간암을 유발하는 잠재력을 가진 곰팡이 독소이며, 지질과산화 반응은 aflatoxin $B_1$에 의한 세포 산화적 손상 시 발생하는 주요 현상 중의 하나이다. 방사선은 수술, 항암약물요법과 더불어 임상 시 중요한 치료방법이나, 정상세포에 방사선을 조사하였을 때 반응성이 높은 활성산소와 과산화라디칼$(OH{\cdot})$을 생성하여 세포막의 불포화지방산을 지질과산화물로 변성시켜 세포 산화적 손상을 일으킨다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 aflatoxin $B_1$과 방사선조사 후 유도된 간과 혈청의 지질성분 및 지방산 조성에 미치는 vitamin C의 영향을 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. X-ray 조사는 실험기간 내 단 1회로 실험사육기간 첫 일에 조사하였고 X-ray 조사 후 vitamin C를 투여하였으며 vitamin C 투여 1시간 후 $AFB_1$을 투여하였다. Vitamin C와 $AFB_1$은 모두 복강투여로 실험 사육 첫 일부터 1회 시작하여 3일에 한번씩, 5회 반복 투였으며 실험동물 사육기간은 총 15일로 하였다. 혈청 총콜레스테롤 농도는 $1\sim5$군에서 유의적인 차이를 볼 수 없었는데 방사선과 $AFB_1$을 함께 처리한 6군에서는 $130.37{\pm}9.14mg/dL$로서 전군에서 가장 높은 수치를 나타낸 반면 6군에 vitamin C를 혼합 투여한 7군에서는 $90.23{\pm}6.15mg/dL$로서 가장 낮았으며 이는 중성지질과 유사한 경향이었다. 또한 간장의 총콜레스테롤과 유리 콜레스테롤도 이와 유사한 경향이었다. HDL 농도는 방사선과 $AFB_1$을 함께 처리한 것에 vitamin C를 혼합 투여한 7군이 $59.57{\pm}9.56mg/dL$로서 p<0.01 수준에서 현저히 증가하였다. 혈청의 인지질과 콜레스테롤 에스테르의 지방산 조성에서 vitamin C를 혼합 투여한 3,5,7군에서 PUFA 함량이 증가한 반면, SFA 함량은 감소하여 P/S 비율, n-3P/n-6P 비율은 증가하는 경향이었으며 이는 간장의 인지질, 콜레스테롤 에스테르, 총 지질의 지방산조성에서도 같은 경향을 볼 수 있었다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• 제31권1호
• /
• pp.121-131
• /
• 2009

In an effort to better understand the physiological and ecological differences between warm and cold water copepod species in Korean waters using lipid contents and compositions, two species of copepods (Pleuromamma sp. as a warm water species and Neocalanus plumchrus as a cold water species) were collected from the Northwest Pacific and East Sea/Sea of Japan, respectively. The cold water species showed two fold higher lipid contents than the warm water species (11% vs. 5% of dry weight). Wax esters, known as one of the major storage lipid classes, were found to be the dominant lipid class (accounting for 64% of total lipids) in the cold water species, whereas, in the warm water species, phospholipids, which are known as membrane components, were the dominant lipid class (accounting for 43% of total lipids),with a trace amount of the storage lipids as a form of triacylglycerols (${\leq}1%$ of total lipids). With regard to the fatty acid compositions, saturated fatty acids (SAFA), especially 16:0 (about 30% of total fatty acids), were most abundant in the warm water species, whereas the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA : 20:5(n-3)) (${\geq}16%$ of total fatty acids), were most abundant in the cold water species. Among the neutral fraction of lipids, phytol, originating from the side chain of chlorophyll and indicative of active feeding on phytoplankton, was detected only in the warm water species. Significant quantities of fatty alcohols were detected in cold water species, particularly long-chain monounsaturated fatty alcohols (i.e. 20:1(n-9) and 22:1(n-11)), which are well known to abound in cold water herbivorous copepods. However, only trace amounts of short-chain fatty alcohols were detected in the warm water species. Twelve different kinds of sterols were detected in these copepod species, with cholest-5-en-$3{\beta}$-ol (cholesterol) and cholesta-5, 24-dien-$3{\beta}$-ol (desmosterol) dominating in cold and warm water species, respectively. In addition, for the warm water species (Pleuromamma sp.), we assessed the latitudinal gradients of lipid contents and compositions using samples from three different latitudinal regions (Philippine EEZ, Japan EEZ, and the East China Sea). Although no latitudinal gradients of lipid contents were detected, the lipid compositions, particularly dietary fatty acid markers, varied significantly with the latitude. The findings of this study confirm that the distribution of lipid contents and compositions in copepods may not only indicate their nutritional condition and diet history, but may also provide insights into their living strategies under different environmental conditions (i.e., water temperature, food availability).

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.533-540
• /
• 2010

본 연구에서는 자연산 말전복과 양식산 참전복의 일반성분을 비롯한 지방산, 아미노산 및 핵산관련물질을 비교 분석하여 전복에 대한 기초자료로 활용하고자 하였다. 자연산 말전복과 양식산 참전복을 육과 내장으로 분리하여 실험한 결과, 육의 경우 자연산 말전복이 양식산 참전복에 비해 수분함량이 높게 나타났으며, 내장도 동일한 결과를 나타냈다. 조단백질 함량은 자연산 말전복에 비해 양식산 참전복에서 더 높게 나타났고, 조지질 함량은 자연산말전복과 양식산 참전복에 공통적으로 육보다는 내장에 더 많이 함유되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 자연산 말전복의 내장에 조지질 함량이 $2.02{\pm}0.15%$로 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다. 자연산 말전복 및 양식산 참전복의 육과 내장의 포화지방산(SFA)으로는 palmitic acid (16:0), 단일불포화지방산(MUFA) 으로는 oleic acid (18:1n-9), 다가불포화지방산(PUFA)으로는 eicosatrienoic acid (20:3n-3, ETA), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) 및 docosahexaenoic acid(22:6n-3, DHA)가 많이 함유되어 있었다. 대표적인 오메가-3 지방산인 EPA와 DHA의 함량은 자연산 말전복의 육에 양식산 참전복의 육보다 더 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 자연산 말전복과 양식산 참전복에서 총 17개의 구성아미노산이 분석되었고, 주요 구성아미노산으로 aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine 및 arginine 등이 확인되었고, cystine, methionine, histidine 등의 함량은 낮았다. 또한, 자연산 말전복과 양식산 참전복의 주요 유리아미노산은 taurine, alanine, arginine, glycine 등으로 확인되었으며, 자연산 말전복의 육과 내장에 더 많은 taurine이 함유되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 자연산 밀전복과 양식산 참전복의 핵산관련물질의 총 함량은 각각 12.93 mg/100g 및 30.75 mg/100g으로 2배 이상의 함량차이를 나타내었다. 본 연구결과 자연산 말전복과 양식산 참전복 간에는 약간의 성분의 차이를 나타내었는데, 이는 전복의 먹이 섭취에 따라 조금의 차이가 있을 것으로 사료되었다.

• 한국패류학회지
• /
• 제28권2호
• /
• pp.137-143
• /
• 2012

큰가리비 치패의 대체 먹이원을 개발하기 위해 각기 다른 먹이원을 공급하여 성장, 생존율 및 체내 조성을 조사하였다. 생존율은 PTE + PHY 실험구에서 90.0%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 각장과 각고는 PHY에서 가장 높게 나타났으나 PTE +PHY 실험구와의 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 반면, PTE와 OTE 단독구는 유의적으로 가장 낮게 나타났다. 한편, 각폭 및 전중량도 동일한 경향을 보여 PHY 단독 실험구와 PTE+PHY 혼합 실험구에서 유의적으로 가장 높게 나타난 반면 PTE와 OTE 단독구는 가장 낮은 값을 보였다. 한편, 체내 지방산 분석에서 DHA 함량은 기존 먹이인 미세조류 단독 실험구 (PHY) 와 경제적인 먹이원인 INS 실험구에 비해 지질강화원인 PTE와 OTE가 혼합된 실험구에서 더욱 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 이러한 높은 값에 기인하여 n-3 PUFA도 높았다. 또한, 총 단백질 함량은 주요 단백질원인 PHY와 INS가 들어간 실험구가 55.5-65.2%의 함량을 보인반면 지질영양강화원만 들어간 PTE, OTE 단독 실험구는 각각 44.8%, 47.0%로 가장 낮은 함량을 나타내었다. 필수아미노산 함량도 동일한 경향을 보여 단순 지질강화원 실험구에서는 낮았다. 한편, 체내 핵산 분석에서 RNA 값은 PHY 단독 실험구와 PTE+PHY 혼합구에서 0.76으로 가장 높게 나타났으나 PTE, OTE 단독구는 각각 0.35, 0.32로 가장 낮게 나타났다. DNA 값도 PHY 단독 실험구와 PTE + PHY 혼합구에서 3.95으로 가장 높게 나타난 반면 PTE, OTE 단독구는 유의적으로 가장 낮았다. 이러한 경향에 의해 RNA/DNA ratio 값도 PHY와 INS가 들어간 단독구와 몇몇 혼합구가 PTE와 OTE 단독구 보다 높았다. 이상의 결과를 통해서 미세조류 단독 공급구인 PHY에 PTE를 혼합해 준 PTE+PHY 혼합 공급구는 큰가리비 치패의 성장, 생존율 및 체내 조성을 향상시켜 주는 것으로 나타났다. 본 실험을 통해 새롭게 대체 개발된 PTE+PHY 혼합구는 이매패류 양식에서 차지하는 미세조류 생산비용의 절감 효과를 기대해 볼 수 있는 것으로 경제적인 측면에서 매우 유용한 결과라 할 수 있다.