• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제45권4호
• /
• pp.343-350
• /
• 2012

Even though the microalgal species of Isochrysis and Pavlova are widely used as live food in bivalve hatcheries, they are difficult to culture in mass during the summer season. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the optimum species or strains of Isochrysis and Pavlova to produce good growth and high contents of fatty acids at temperatures over $30^{\circ}C$. Four species of Isochrysis (I. galbana KMMCC12, I. galbana KMMCC214, I. aff. galbana, and Isochrysis sp.) and four of Pavlova (P. lutheri, P. gyrans, P. viridis, and Pavlova sp.) were cultured at $25^{\circ}C$, $29^{\circ}C$, and $33^{\circ}C$, and then analyzed for specific growth rate and fatty acid composition. Microalgae were cultured in f/2 medium at 23 psu and continuous light of $80{\mu}mol$ photons $m^{-2}s^{-1}$. For the I. galbana, growth rates were highest at $29^{\circ}C$ and decreased at $33^{\circ}C$ to the level observed at $25^{\circ}C$. I. galbana (KMMCC12) and Isochrysis sp. cultured at $29^{\circ}C$ and $33^{\circ}C$, respectively, exhibited the highest growth rates of all Isochrysis species. In terms of fatty acids, I. galbana (KMMCC12) contained higher contents of PUFA and n-3 HUFA at $33^{\circ}C$ than did Isochrysis sp. For species of Pavlova, growth rates of P. gyrans and P. viridis at $29^{\circ}C$ and $33^{\circ}C$, respectively, were higher than those of the other Pavlova species. In particular, P. viridis grew as well at $33^{\circ}C$ as it did at $29^{\circ}C$. However, P. lutheri and Pavlova sp. did not grow at $33^{\circ}C$. In terms of fatty acids, P. viridis cultured at $33^{\circ}C$ also exhibited higher contents of PUFA and n-3 HUFA, as compared to P. gyrans. Based on these results, we suggest that I. galbana (KMMCC12) and P. viridis are suitable species for mass culture during the high temperature season.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제36권6호
• /
• pp.962-972
• /
• 2023

Objective: This study determined the effects of dietary treatments and castration on meat quality, fatty acids (FAs) profiles, and volatile compounds in Korean native black goats (KNBG, Capra hircus coreanae), including the relationship between the population of rumen microbiomes and meat FA profiles. Methods: Twenty-four KNBG (48.6±1.4 kg) were randomly allocated to one of four treatments arranged into a 2×2 factorial structure. The factors were dietary forage to concentrate ratio (high forage [HF, 80:20] and low forage [LF, 20:80]), and a castration treatment (castration [CA] vs non-castration [NCA]). Results: Among meat quality traits, the CA group exhibited a higher percentage of crude fat and water holding capacity (p<0.05). The profiles of the saturated fatty acid (SFA) in meat sample derived from CA KNBG showed a significantly lower percentage compared to NCA individuals, due to the lower proportion of C14:0 and C18:0. Feeding a high-forage diet to KNBG increased the formation of C18:1n7, C18:3n3, C20:1n9, C22:4n6 in meat, and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) profiles (p<0.05). Consequently, the n6:n3 ratio declined (p<0.05). There was an interaction between dietary treatment and castration for formation of C20:5n3 (p<0.05), while C18:1n9, C22:6n3, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and the MUFA:SFA ratio were influenced by both diet and castration (p<0.05). Nine volatile compounds were identified and were strongly influenced by both dietary treatments, castration (p<0.05), and their interaction. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) revealed distinctly different odor patterns in the NCA goats fed LF diets. Spearman correlation analysis showed a high correlation between rumen bacteria and meat PUFAs. Conclusion: These results suggest the essential effects of the rumen microbial population for the synthesis of meat FAs and volatile compounds in KNBG meat, where dietary intake and castration also contribute substantially.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• 제24권6호
• /
• pp.521-526
• /
• 2009

지질은 생체내에서 여러 가지 중요한 기능을 한다. 하지만 부적절한 식이 섭취로 인한 지방산의 불균형은 성인병을 비롯한 여러 질병의 원인이 된다. 이러한 이유로 지방산에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있으며 특히 어류나 해조류에 다량 포함되어 있는 n-3계 다중불포화지방산과 질병과의 관련성이 밝혀지고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 염생식물이 n-3계 다중불포화지방산을 함유할 가능성을 확인하기 위하여 26종의 염생식물에 대하여 지방산의 조성과 함량을 조사하였다. 용매 추출된 염생식물 시료는 gas chromatography를 이용하여 분석이 이루어졌으며, 그 결과, 퉁퉁마디, 수송나물, 염주괴불주머니, 사철쑥, 갯질경 등이 높은 총지방산 함량을 나타냈다. 또한 포화지방산인 palmitic acid (16:0)는 실험 대상 전체에서 나타났을 뿐만 아니라 그 %함량도 대부분의 염생식물에서 가장 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 불포화지방산의 경우, 단일불포화지방산에서는 oleic acid (18:1)가 그리고 n-6계 다중불포화지방산에서는 linoleic acid (18:2)가 높은 %함량을 보였다. 그리고 n-3계 다중불포화지방산 중에서 천일사초가 26.40%로 LNA의 함량이 가장 높았으며, 뒤이어 모래지치, 수송나물, 갯메꽃 순으로 나타났다. EPA의 함량은 상대적으로 낮은 비중으로 나타났으나 칠면초가 1.89%로 가장 높은 수치를 보였다. DHA는 여러 대상 식물에서 비교적 높은 함량을 보였으며 특히 흰명주아뀌가 14.54%로 높은 함량을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 염생식물이 해조류나 어류의 n-3계 다중불포화지방산의 함량에 있어서 뒤지지 않음을 보여줄 뿐만 아니라 천연물 화학적이나 식품학적 추가 연구를 통해 여러 질병의 예방과 치료분야에도 기여할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제47권6호
• /
• pp.435-442
• /
• 2014

본 연구에서는 국가적 수준에서 지방산 섭취량을 추정할 수 있도록 국민건강영양조사에서 사용하는 식품목록에 수록된 5,144개의 식품에 대해 지방산 DB를 구축하고, 그 과정을 단계별로 정리하여 향후 개정에 활용할 수 있도록 하였다. 지방산 DB는 국내 국립기관에서 발행한 식품의 지방산 함량 분석 자료를 기본으로 하여, 국외의 권위 있는 기관에서 발간한 자료와 학술지에 보고된 함량 분석 자료를 수집한 후 자료의 질을 검토하고 대체하거나 계산하는 방법으로 구축되었다. 구축된 DB를 2011년 국민건강영양조사 자료에 적용하여 지방산 섭취량을 추정한 결과, 총 지방산 섭취량은 지방섭취량의 84% 수준으로 학술지에 보고되고 있는 섭취량 추정수준보다는 높은 수준이나 DB 구축과정에서 확인된 문제점들을 보완하여 자료의 질을 향상시키는 것이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 본 연구는 관련 연구 분야와 국가 영양정책의 중요한 기본 자료를 확보하였다는데 의의가 있다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제20권11호
• /
• pp.1555-1562
• /
• 2010

Development of the strain and the fermentation process of Hansenula polymorpha was implemented for the production of ${\gamma}$-linolenic acid ($GLA,\;C18:3{\Delta}^{6,9,12}$), an n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that has been reported to possess a number of health benefits. The mutated ${\Delta}^6$-desaturase (S213A) gene of Mucor rouxii was expressed in H. polymorpha under the control of the methanol oxidase (MOX) promoter. Without the utilization of methanol, a high-cell-density culture of the yeast recombinant carrying the ${\Delta}^6$-desaturase gene was then achieved by fed-batch fermentation under glycerol-limited conditions. As a result, high levels of the ${\Delta}^6$-desaturated products, octadecadienoic acid ($C18:2{\Delta}^{6,9}$), GLA, and stearidonic acid ($C18:4{\Delta}^{6,9,12,15}$), were accumulated under the derepression conditions. The GLA production was also optimized by adjusting the specific growth rate. The results show that the specific growth rate affected both the lipid content and the fatty acid composition of the GLA-producing recombinant. Among the various specific growth rates tested, the highest GLA concentration of 697 mg/l was obtained in the culture with a specific growth rate of 0.08 /h. Interestingly, the fatty acid profile of the yeast recombinant bearing the Mucor ${\Delta}^6$-desaturase gene was similar to that of blackcurrant oil, with both containing similar proportions of n-3 and n-6 essential fatty acids.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제49권4호
• /
• pp.474-485
• /
• 2016

This study compared the fatty acid composition of wild and cultured specimens of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. We extracted total lipids from the specimens and determined their fatty acid compositions through capillary gas chromatography, resulting in the identification of 53 fatty acids. We found that wild sea cucumbers were rich in palmitoleic (C16:1n-7) and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3), whereas cultured specimens were rich in eicosenoic (C20:1n-9) and arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6). In both types of sea cucumbers, the highest percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) consisted of polar lipids (PL), followed by total lipids (TL) and neutral lipids (NL). Cultured sea cucumbers contained a higher percentage of total lipids (TL) than wild sea cucumbers did, whereas there was no significant difference between the two groups in the percentages of neutral (NL) and polar lipids (PL).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.206-215
• /
• 2009

This experiment was carried out to evaluate performance and carcass characteristics of 40 crossbred young bulls ($Zebu{\times}European$) finished in a feedlot under two roughage sources (Bermuda grass hay or sorghum silage) with or without the addition of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae). The bulls were 20 months old, their initial average weight was 356 kg and they were allocated into four groups of ten animals. The experimental diets were Bermuda grass, Bermuda grass+yeast, sorghum silage and sorghum silage +yeast. Animal performance and carcass characteristics were not influenced by roughage source or yeast addition. The average daily weight gain was 1.50 kg, dry matter intake (DMI) was 11.1 kg/d, DMI as percentage of liveweight was 2.60% and feed dry matter conversion was 7.70. The mean dressing percentage was 52.0% and hot carcass weight was 268 kg. Carcass conformation was classified between good-minus to good. Carcass length (137 cm), leg length (72.9 cm) and cushion thickness (26.6 cm) were not influenced by treatments. The average fat thickness was 3.80 mm and the Longissimus muscle area was 66.9 $cm^{2}$. The classification of color, texture and marbling were slightly dark red to red, fine and slight-minus to light-typical, respectively. The mean percentage of bone, muscle and fat in the carcass was 15.5%, 62.3% and 22.5%, respectively. Yeast addition increased ${\gamma}$-linolenic fatty acid (0.15 vs. 0.11%) deposition. Bermuda grass hay increased deposition of ${\alpha}$-linolenic (0.49 vs. 0.41%), arachidonic (2.30 vs. 1.57%), eicosapentaenoic (0.41 vs. 0.29%), docosapentaenoic (0.80 vs. 0.62%), docosahexaenoic (0.11 vs. 0.06%) and n-3 fatty acids, and reduced n-6: n-3 ratio in meat, when compared to sorghum silage treatments. The treatments had no effect on saturated fatty acids (49.5%), polyunsaturated fatty acids (11.8%), n-6 fatty acids (9.87%), n-3 (1.61%) and PUFA:SFA ratio (0.24). Monounsaturated fatty acid levels were higher on sorghum silage (40.7 vs. 37.7%). The addition of yeast caused higher n-6: n-3 ratio (7.28 vs. 5.70) than treatments without yeast.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제24권5호
• /
• pp.408-419
• /
• 1991

The effects of various dietary fats on plasma lipids. liver lipids, and Plasma Peroxide levels were studied in rats fed for 6 wk with diets containing 15 wt% fat, as sesame oil. raw perilla seed oil. roasted perilla seed oil, heated perilla seed oil. mackerel oil or beef tallow. TBA values of these lipids during 4 wk storage, and linolenic acid contents of three kinds of perilla seed oil were also measured. Linolenic acid contents of raw perilla seed oil. roasted perilla seed oil and heated perilla seed oil were 62.3%, 61.6% and 53.1% respectively. Raw perilla seed oil showed the lowest rate of lipid peroxidation after 4 wk storage at 4$^{\circ}C$, and mackerel oil showed the highest peroxidation rate. The plasma cholesterol levels of rats consuming diets in which the carbohydrate was rice were not affected by n-3 PUFA. Rather, the degree of peroxidation seems to have a direct effect on cholesterol levels as shown by the hypocholesterolemic effect of raw perilla seed oil and beer tallow. However. the HDL-cholesterol level was greater in rats fed either roasted perilla seed oil or mackerel oil. Rats fed roasted perilla seed oil and raw perilla seed oil had lower levels of plasma triglycerides than rats fed beef tallow. In rats fed roasted perilla seed oil, the total lipid and cholesterol contents of liver were significantly lower than in those fed the other kinds of perilla seed oil. The plasma lipid peroxide levels were lower in rats fed either roasted perilla seed oil or beef tallow.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제47권2호
• /
• pp.61-68
• /
• 2020

본 연구는 사육밀도에 따른 토종오리고기의 육질 특성을 비교 분석하기 위해 수행되었다. 사육밀도를 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 및 9수/㎡로 나누어 총 6처리구, 4반복으로 구성하였으며, 8주령 토종 실용오리(2.8±0.2 kg)의 가슴육(pH, 육색, 이화학적 성상 분석)과 다리육(지방산 함량 분석)을 이용하였다. pH는 사육밀도가 높아짐에 따라 선형 및 2차 함수 형태로 감소하였다(P<0.05). 토종오리고기의 수분, 지방, 단백질 함량은 처리구 간에 유의차가 없었다. 회분의 함량은 사육밀도가 높아짐에 따라 선형으로 감소하였다(P<0.05). 육색(CIE L*, CIE a* 및 CIE b*)과 가열감량은 사육밀도가 높아짐에 따라 선형으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). 전단력과 보수력은 처리구간 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. Palmitic acid(C16:0)와 stearic acid(C18:0) 함량은 사육밀도가 높아짐에 따라 2차 함수 형태로 감소하였다(P<0.05). Linoleic acid(C18:1n9)와 eicosenoic acid(C20:1n9) 함량은 사육밀도가 높아지면서 선형으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). γ-Linoleic acid(C18:3n6) 함량은 사육밀도가 높아짐에 따라 선형 및 2차 함수 형태로 증가하였으나(P<0.05), arachidonic acid(C20:4n6) 함량은 감소하였다(P<0.05). SFA와 TUFA는 처리구 사이에서 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 사육밀도가 높아짐에 따라 MUFA는 선형으로 증가하였으며(P<0.05), PUFA는 선형으로 감소하였다(P<0.05). 본 연구의 결과들은 사육밀도가 토종오리에 미치는 영향에 대한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제16권9호
• /
• pp.1320-1325
• /
• 2003

The purpose of present study was to assess the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on the immune responses of laying hens. Three hundred and sixty hens at the age of 60 weeks were randomly assigned to ten diets, which contained no oil (CK), 1%, 3%, 5% fish oil (FO); 2%, 4%, 6% linseed oil (LO) and 2%, 4%, 6% corn oil (CO). After 5 weeks of feeding experimental diets, humoral and cellular immune responses were assayed. Laying hens were injected with Sheep Red Blood Cell (SRBC) and Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and antibody titers, which were measured on d6, d10, d14 after primary challenge and on d5, d9, d13 after secondary challenge. Concanavalin (ConA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -stimulated proliferation of peripheral blood and spleen lymphocytes were assessed by [$^3$H] thymidine incorporation at the week age of 5 and 10, respectively. The results showed that antibody titers in FO-fed and LO-fed laying hens were higher than that in laying hens fed CO. The proliferation response to ConA was lower in laying hens that fed oils rich in n-3 fatty acids than that in laying hens fed CO. Higher level n-3 fatty acids can improve immune functions of laying hens. In conclusion, dietary fat source and level had a significant impact on immune responses of laying hens.