• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권11호
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• pp.1794-1801
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• 2021

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the productive performance, carcass yield, size of digestive organs and nutrient utilization in Mexican Creole chickens, using four diets with different concentrations of metabolizable energy (ME, kcal/kg) and crude protein (CP, %). Methods: Two hundred thirty-six chickens, coming from eight incubation batches, were randomly distributed to four experimental diets with the following ME/CP ratios: 3,000/20, 2,850/19, 2,700/18 and 2,550/17. Each diet was evaluated with 59 birds from hatching to 12 weeks of age. The variables feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion (FC), mortality, carcass yield, size of digestive organs, retention of nutrients, retention efficiency of gross energy (GE) and CP, and excretion of N were recorded. Data were analyzed as a randomized block design with repeated measures using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS, with covariance AR (1) and adjustment of degrees of freedom (Kendward-Roger), the adjusted means were compared with the least significant difference method at a significance level of 5%. Results: The productive performance variables BWG, mortality, carcass yield, fat and GE retention and excretion of N were not different (p>0.05) due to the diet effect. In the 3,000/20 diet, the chickens had lower values of FI, FC, crop weight, gizzard weight, retention, and retention efficiency of CP (p<0.05) than the chickens of the 2,550/17 diet. Conclusion: The Mexican Creole chickens from hatching to 12 weeks of age can be feed with a diet with 2,550 kcal ME and 17% CP, without compromising productive parameters (BWG, mortality, carcass yield) but improving retention and retention efficiency of CP.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.201-208
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• 2004

본 연구는 반추동물의 조사료 원으로서 볏짚을 퇴적발효 BL로 100% 대체하였을 때 면양(육우의 모델로 이용)의 영양소 섭취량, 체내 소화율, 가소화 영양소 섭취량, 반추위 성상, 혈액 성상 및 체내 질소 출납에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 실시하였다. 볏짚을 BL로 대체함에 따라 면양의 섬유소 및 유기물 소화율은 비슷하였고(P>0.05), 가소화 섬유소(NDF, ADF) 및 유기물 섭취량 또한 비슷하였으며(P>0.05), 가소화 단백질 섭취량은 증가하였다(P<0.05). 볏짚을 BL로 대체함에 따라 반추위 pH의 감소(P<0.05)와 반추위 $NH^3-N$ 농도의 증가(P<0.05) 현상이 나타났고, VFA 생성율과 혈중 urea-N 농도는 유의적 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). BL의 볏짚 대체로 인한 사료 단백질 섭취량의 증가(P<0.05)는 분뇨로의 단백질 배설량, 단백질 체내 흡수량과 체내 축적량의 증가 현상을 초래하였다(P<0.05). 결과적으로 반추동물의 조사료 원으로서 퇴적발효 BL 섬유소는 볏짚 섬유소에 필적하는 체내 이용성을 보여주었고, BL 단백질 또한 양호한 체내 이용성을 보여주었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.699-707
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• 1992

Three goats were fed with $^{15}N$-labelled rice straw to study the characteristics of digestion, assimilation, metabolism and excretion of C and N compounds from rice straw. It was shown that the amount of $^{15}N$ assimilated into the bodies of the two slaughtered goats accounted for 38.5 and 23.6% of the total amount of $^{15}N$ ingestion in the experimental diet by each goat. The $^{15}N$ excreted via the feces and urine for the three goats accounted for 34.8, 33.2 and 33.9% of the total amount of $^{15}N$ ingested in the feed of the 3 goats. The recoveries of $^{15}N$ from the two slaughtered goats were 73.3 and 57.5%, with the corresponding rates of $^{15}N$ loss 26.7 and 42.5% respectively. The amino acids digestibilities were 68.7 and 54.0%, while the digestibilities of carbohydrates were 74.8 and 67.7% respectively for goats 1 and 3.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권11호
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• pp.1623-1631
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of protein and energy on goats fed oil palm fronds (OPF) as roughages. Twenty-four male Saanen goats aged between 7 and 8 months and weighing $23.4{\pm}1.6kg$ were used in a $2{\times}3$ factorial design. Factors were three levels of urea (3%, 4% or 5%) and two levels of energy (low energy (LE) or high energy (HE)). On average, all parameters measured, including dry matter intake (DMI), nutrient digestibility, digestible nutrient intakes, ruminal ammonia-N ($NH_3$-N), ruminal total volatile fatty acid (total VFA) and individual VFA concentrations (mM/L), microbial N supply, P/E ratio and N retention were higher for HE compared to LE diets. Significant (p<0.05) interactions were found between levels of urea and energy for nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) and energy (DE) digestibilities, ruminal $NH_3$-N and total VFA concentrations. HE diets had higher N absorption and retention than LE diets. Interactions between urea and energy for plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), heat production (HP), and urine and faeces N excretion were significantly lower (p<0.05) for the HE diets than those recorded for the LE diets. The results indicated that supplementation of energy enhanced utilization of urea and resulted in higher animal performance as a consequence of improved ruminal fermentation, microbial yield and N balance. However, the optimal level of urea supplementation remained at 3% in the HE diet.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.13-18
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• 2003

In experiment 1, rats (n＝6) fed diet containing 10 g/kg cholesterol for 4 wk (control) with either no amaranth (control), amaranth grain (300 g/kg, AG) or amaranth oil (90 g/kg, AO). Both the AG and AO groups had lower concentration of serum and hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride than the controls (p < 0.05). Fecal excretions of cholesterol and bile acid in AO group increased about 4 fold and 2 fold, respectively, while AG affected only bile acid excretion (p < 0.05). In experiment 2, rats (n＝6) were fed the cholesterol diet for 4 wk and injected intraperitoneally with saline (control) or amaranth squalene (AS) for 7d. The hypolipidemic effect of AS was evident in both serum and liver. Fecal excretions of cholesterol and bile acid were greater (p < 0.05) in AS than control. HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A) reductase activity was reduced in AS group (11.6%, p=0.13). This study suggests that the cholesterol-lowering effect of AS is mediated by greater fecal elimination of steroids through interference with cholesterol absorption.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.573-579
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• 2010

This study was conducted to determine the effects of different copper (inorganic and organic) and energy (tallow and glycerol) sources on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gas emission, diarrhea incidence, and fecal copper concentration in growing pigs by using a 2${\times}$2 factorial design. In this trial, 96 pigs (63 d of age) were employed, with an average initial weight of 28.36${\pm}$1.14 kg. The dietary treatments were i) basal diet with 134 ppm copper (Korea recommendation) as $CuSO_4$+tallow; ii) basal diet with 134 ppm Cu as $CuSO_4$+glycerol; iii) basal diet with 134 ppm copper as CuMet+tallow; and iv) basal diet with 134 ppm copper as CuMet+ glycerol. Throughout the entire experimental period, no differences were noted among treatment groups with regard to the magnitude of improvement in ADG (average daily gain), ADFI (average daily feed intake) and G/F (gain:feed) ratios. The nitrogen (N) digestibility of pigs fed on diets containing organic copper was improved as compared with that observed in pigs fed on diets containing inorganic copper (p<0.05). An interaction of copper${\times}$energy was observed in the context of both nitrogen (p<0.05) and energy (p<0.01) digestibility. Ammonia emissions were significantly lower in the organic copper-added treatment groups than in the inorganic copperadded treatment groups (p<0.05). Mercaptan and hydrogen sulfide emissions were reduced via the addition of glycerol (p<0.05). No significant effects of copper or energy source, or their interaction, were observed in reference to diarrhea appearance and incidence throughout the entirety of the experimental period. The copper concentration in the feces was significantly lower in the organic copper source treatment group than was observed in the inorganic copper source treatment group (p<0.05). The results of this experiment show that organic copper substituted for inorganic copper in the diet results in a decreased fecal copper excretion, but exerts no effect on performance. The different energy (tallow and glycerol) sources interact with different copper sources and thus influence nutrient digestibility. Glycerol supplementation may reduce the concentrations of odorous sulfuric compounds with different Cu sources.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.1186-1190
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• 2002

One hundred and twenty nine primiparous sows were used to determine the effects of alternative processing procedures and feeding systems on the nutritional value of sorghum grain-based diets for lactating sows. Treatments were a ground sorghum control, steam-flaked sorghum and extruded sorghum fed in meal form and the ground sorghum control given as pellets or gruel (1:1 ratio of water and feed on a volume:volume basis). Average daily feed intake was greater for sows fed pelleted and gruel diet forms than sow fed the diets with steam-flaked and extruded sorghum (p<0.04). However, no differences occurred in sow weight or backfat losses among the treatments (p>0.14). Number of pigs weaned and livability rates were similar among treatments except that steam-flaked sorghum supported greater litter weight gains than extruded sorghum (p<0.02). Apparent digestibilities of DM, N and GE in sows fed steam-flaked and extruded sorghum were greater (p<0.001) than in sows fed pelleted or gruel diets. Of the various treatments, sows fed extruded sorghum tended to have the highest digestibilities of DM, N and GE, and lowest excretions of DM and N in the faeces. Severity of ulceration was not significantly affected by treatments (p>0.35), but keratinization was greatest for sows fed extruded sorghum (p<0.01). In conclusion, the alternative processing methods (steam-flaking and extrusion) and feeding system (pellets and gruel) had little effect on sow and litter performance. However, nutrient digestibilities were improved for all treatments that involved heating (steam flaking, extrusion and pelleting) and, thus, these treatments resulted in less fecal excretion of DM and N.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.769-776
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the digestibility of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) in oilseed meals and distillers dried grains (DDG) fed to growing-finishing pigs. As experimental animals, eleven barrows (initial body weight, $71.7{\pm}17.0kg$) were housed in individual metabolism cages. The experimental design consisted of an $11{\times}8$ incomplete Latin square with 11 dietary treatments and 8 replication periods. The diets were individually formulated with dehulled soybean meal produced in Korea (SBM-KD), soybean meal produced in India (SBM-I), soybean meal produced in Korea (SBM-K), corn high-protein distiller dried grains (HPDDG), tapioca distillers dried grains (TDDG), canola meal (CAM), corn germ meal (CGM), copra meal (COM), palm kernel meal (PKM), sesame meal (SM), and perilla meal (PM). Pigs with SBM-KD and SBM-K showed greater (p < 0.05) intake of N than SBM-I, HPDDG, and PKM. Total feces output was decreased (p < 0.05) in SBMs (SBM-KD, -I, and -K), HPDDG, and CGM compared with TDDG, SM, and PM. The DM in excreted feces was decreased (p < 0.05) in SBMs and CGM compared to TDDG, SM, and PM. Similarly, the SM and PM fed to pigs resulted in greater (p < 0.05) fecal excretion of N than the others. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM in SBMs and CGM was greater (p < 0.05) than TDDG, SM, and PM. The SBMs fed to pigs showed higher (p < 0.05) ATTD of N than TDDG, COM, SM, and PM. In conclusion, our results provided nutritional information about various ingredients and would be useful to contain more precise amounts of nutrients included in feed ingredients of pig diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.1561-1567
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• 2000

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary protein levels and supplementation of phytase and pentosanase in wheat-soybean meal diet on the performance and output of N and P in broilers. Addition of phytase alone or in combination with pentosanase to reduced or control protein diets did not affect average final body weight of mixed sexes. However, addition of phytase and pentosanase in combination to reduced protein diets in male broilers significantly depressed body weights. Intestinal viscosity of 21d broilers was significantly decreased by addition of phytase and pentosanase alone or in combination. Tibia ash content was significantly increased by phytase supplementation. Supplementation of phytase alone and in combination with pentosanase to reduced protein diets significantly decreased P in manure and daily output of P. Daily N output was lowest in the reduced protein diet supplemented with phytase and pentosanase combination. The retention of DM, N and P was highest in the reduced protein diet supplemented with phytase and pentosanase combination. In conclusion, supplementation of phytase alone or in combination with pentosanase to reduced protein diets can decrease output of N and P. But the combination of the enzymes has no beneficial effects on the performance of broilers, especially those on wheat-soybean meal diet with reduced protein level.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.1305-1313
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• 2006

Five male dairy goats (Saanen), 4.6 month old with a body weight of 21.4 ($SD{\pm}1.6$) kg, were used to examine 5 dietary urea treatments in a $5{\times}5$ Latin Square experimental design. The five levels of urea were 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 g urea/kg DM of steam-treated oil palm fronds (OPF) and dry matter intake tended (p>0.05) to increase with increasing urea supplementation up to 30 g/kg OPF (77.7 g/kg $BW^{0.75}$), but decreased (p<0.05) with 40 and 50 g urea/kg OPF (67.4 and 63.7 g/kg BW0.75, respectively) supplementation. Similarly, dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and hemicellulose digestibilities increased (p<0.05) with the addition of urea to 30 g/kg OPF but thereafter decreased (p<0.05) with 40 and 50 g/kg OPF. Ruminal pH, ruminal $NH_3$-N concentration and plasma urea concentration increased linearly (p<0.01) and quadratically (p<0.01) as a consequence of addition of urea to the diet. Excretion of total purine derivatives (PD) by goats fed 30 g of urea/kg OPF was highest (p<0.05) followed by goats fed 20, 40, 10 and 50 g of urea/kg OPF. Microbial N (g N/day) and efficiency of microbial N supply expressed as g N/kg organic matter apparently digested in the rumen were higher (p<0.05) in goats fed 30 g of urea/kg OPF (5.5 g N/day and 22.0 g N/kg DOMR, respectively) than in goats on 10 and 50 g of urea/kg OPF treatments. However, the former did not differ from goats fed 20 g of urea/kg OPF (3.9 g N/day and 16.6 g N/kg DMOR, respectively). Ruminal VFA concentration, protein/energy ratio, N absorption and N retention increased (p<0.05) with the addition of urea to the diet up to 30 g/kg OPF but decreased (p<0.05) with 40 and 50 g/kg OPF. This implies that the optimal level of urea supplementation in an OPF based diet was about 30 g urea/kg OPF.