• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.169-182
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• 1997

It is known that some amount of loss in impact energy takes place due to some limitations and problems during the performance of the field SPT. Actual energy level tractsferred to the rod should be measured to correct the SPT-N values tested in the field In this paper, the ratio of energy transferred to the rod through the anvil to impact energy is measured by using sharpy impact test equipment and also analysed by using GRL-WEAP This result is certified and compared with that of field SPT As the results of this study, the average rod energy ratio of the R-P hammer and the Trip hammer is calculated at 0.726 and 0.728 respectively, but it is suggested that 0.72 should be used. By using the hammer energy ratio 64.2% and 75.0% obtained from field measurement, the average energy ratio of the SPT for the R-P hammer is calculated at 46.7% and 54.5% for the Trip hammer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.9
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• pp.1537-1543
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dietary linseed oil and canola oil on the deposition n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in pork. Twelve pigs weighing 50 kg were offered one of four diets based on corn and soybean meal and containing tallow, linseed oil, canola oil or mixed oil (linseed oil plus canola oil). The pigs were slaughtered at approximately 110 kg of their market live weight. Linseed oil, canola oil or mixed oil did not affect any of the three indicators of growth performance-body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency. Saturated fatty acid content of plasma was the highest in tallow oil group, while the plasma proportion of saturated fatty acid was lowered in linseed oil, canola oil and mixed oil group from 11.84% to 16.54% than tallow group (p<0.05). The plasma n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid was not detected at all in the tallow-fed pigs, while the plasma proportion of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid were higher in linseed oil, canola oil and mixed oil from 4.68% to 12.83% than tallow group (p<0.05). All three lipid supplements containing n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acid increased the content of pork belly $\alpha$-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) by 9.43% relative to the tallow values (p<0.05). Feeding linseed oil or canola oil increased the n-3 : n-6 ratio in pork belly to 0.68, and increased the polyunsaturated fatty acid : saturated fatty acid ratio to 0.70 (p<0.05). This result showed that feeding linseed oil and canola oil can produce novel functional pork enriched in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.195-204
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• 2010

In the study, the effects of elevated $CO_2$ and temperature on the photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll content, nitrogen content, carbon content, and C/N ratio of Phytolacca insularis and Phytolacca americana were examined under control (ambient $CO_2+$ ambient temperature) and treatment (elevated $CO_2+$ elevated temperature) for 2 years (2008 and 2009). The photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and water use efficiency of two plant species were higher under the treatment than the under the control. The stomatal conductance of P. insularis was higher under the control, but that of P. americana was not significantly affected by $CO_2$ and temperature under the treatment. The chlorophyll contents of two species were decreased about 72.5% and 20%, respectively, by elevated $CO_2$ and temperature. The nitrogen contents of two species were not significantly altered by increase in $CO_2$ and temperature. The carbon contents of the two species were higher under the treatment than under the control. The C/N ratio of P. insularis was higher under the treatment but that of P. americana was not significantly affected by $CO_2$ and temperature. These results demonstrated that the physiological responses of P. insularis native plants might be more sensitively influenced by a $CO_2$-mediated global warming situation than those of the P. americana invasive plants.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2024

Quantitative evaluation of nutrient status and stoichiometry on the forest floor is a good indicator of litter quality in various vegetation types. This study was conducted to determine the effects of vegetation type on the nutrient concentration and stoichiometry of forest floors at a regional scale. Forest floor samples were collected from four vegetation types of evergreen coniferous forests including Cryptomeria japonica, Chamaecyparis obtusa, evergreen broadleaf, and bamboo spp. forests in southern Korea. The dry weight of the forest floor was higher in the C. japonica and C. obtusa forests than in the evergreen broadleaf and bamboo forests. The mean carbon (C) concentrations of the forest floor were highest in the broadleaf forest, followed by the bamboo forest, C. japonica and C. obtusa forests. Mean nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) concentrations in the the coniferous forests were lower than those in the broadleaf and bamboo forests. The mean C:N ratio was the highest in C. obtusa forest (118±25), followed by C. japonica (66±6), evergreen broadleaf (41±1), and bamboo (30±1) forests. However, C:P and N:P ratios were lower in the coniferous forests than in the broadleaf forest indicating that the stoichiometry of the forest floor varies across vegetation types. The C, N, and P stocks on the forest floor were higher in the C. obtusa forest than in the broadleaf or bamboo forests. These results highlight that vegetation type-dependent stoichiometric ratio is an useful indicator for understanding interspecific difference in quality and quantity of the forest floor.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.331-338
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• 2014

In this research, split-type complex yarn of 20:80, 40:60, 50:50 nylon6/polyester composition ratio was used in order to impose unique sense on split-type complex woven. After treating both split-type complex yarn of each ratio and its produced woven in alkali solution, we got the following results by checking physical properties based on alkali proportion and treatment time. Under the condition of NaOH 20% in this experiment, it took approximately double time 20% loss of weight. The loss of weight became high when polyester proportion of N/P(nylon6/polyester) composition ratio was low, in the same fineness yarn. Even though polyester proportion was low, the loss of weight was low when the fineness was high. N/P division was well processed at about 25% loss of weight under the condition of NaOH 20%, treatment temperature $50^{\circ}C$, and treatment time 60 minutes. The research provides that the loss of weight should be processed around treatment time 24 hours in the case of NaOH concentration 15%, and treatment time 15 hours in the case of NaOH concentration 18%, respectively, in order to achieve N/P woven division ratio of about 70%-80% in industrial fields.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1419-1426
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• 2015

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the ratio of non-fibrous carbohydrates to neutral detergent fibre (NFC/NDF) and undegraded dietary protein (UDP) on rumen fermentation and nitrogen metabolism in lambs. Four $Dorper{\times}thin-tailed$ Han crossbred lambs, averaging $62.3{\pm}1.9kg$ of body weight and 10 mo of age, were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments of combinations of two levels of NFC/NDF (1.0 and 1.7) and two levels of UDP (35% and 50% of crude protein [CP]). Duodenal nutrient flows were measured with dual markers of Yb and Co, and microbial N (MN) synthesis was estimated using $^{15}N$. High UDP decreased organic matter (OM) intake (p = 0.002) and CP intake (p = 0.005). Ruminal pH (p<0.001), ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3-N$; p = 0.008), and total volatile fatty acids (p<0.001) were affected by dietary NFC/NDF. The ruminal concentration of $NH_3-N$ was also affected by UDP (p<0.001). The duodenal flow of total MN (p = 0.007) was greater for lambs fed the high NFC/NDF diet. The amount of metabolisable N increased with increasing dietary NFC:NDF (p = 0.02) or UDP (p = 0.04). In conclusion, the diets with high NFC/NDF (1.7) and UDP (50% of CP) improved metabolisable N supply to lambs.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.753-757
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• 2013

Objective: To evaluate the relationships between lymph node ratio (LNR, the ratio of positive lymph nodes in excised axillary lymph nodes) and disease-free survival (DFS) by comparing with traditional absolute positive lymph node number (pN classification) for prediction of breast cancer (BC) progrnosis. Methods and Patients: We retrospectively reviewed patients who received comprehensive therapy in Department of Breast Surgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, China from Jan 2002 to Dec 2006 (Group A), and Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China from Jun 2008 to May 2012 (Group B). Patients were allocated to low-risk (${\leq}0.20$), intermediate-risk (> 0.20 but ${\leq}0.65$), high-risk (>0.65) groups by LNR. The primary endpoint was 5-DFS. Results: A total of 294 patients were included in our study. LNR was verified as a negative prognostic factor for DFS (P=0.002 in Group A, P<0.0001 in Group B). Then we found the effects of pN and LNR delamination on disease-free survival (DFS) had statistical significance (P=0.012 for pN and P=0.031 for LNR stratification in Group A, both of them P<0.001 in Group B). Compared to pN staging, LNR staging displayed superior performance in prognosis, the adjusted hazard ratio of recurrence being 2.07 (95%CI, 1.07 to 4.0) for intermediate risk group (P=0.030) and 2.44 (95%CI, 1.21 to 4.92) for high risk group (P=0.013) in Group A. Conclusions: LNR stratification proved an adverse prognostic factor of DFS in lymph nodes positive invasive BC using cut-off values 0.20 and 0.65, and was more predictive than traditional pN classification for 5-DFS.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 1997

Precipitation samples were collected by the wet- only event sampling method from Seoul during September 1991 to April 1995. These samples were analyzed for the concentrations of the major ionic components (N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ , N $O_2$$^{[-10]}$ , S $O_4$$^{2-}$, C $l^{[-10]}$ , $F^{[-10]}$ , N $a^{＋}$, $K^{+}$, $Ca^{2＋}$, $Mg^{2＋}$, and N $H_4$$^{＋}$), pH, and electric conductivity. During the study period, a total of 182 samples were collected, but only 163 samples were used for the data analysis via quality assurance of precipitation chemistry data. The volume-weighted pH was found to be 4.7. The major acidifying species from our precipitation studies were identified to be non-seasalt sulfate (84$\pm$9 $\mu$eq/L) and nitrate (24$\pm$2 $\mu$eq/L) except for chloride. Because the Cl/Na ratio in the precipitation was close to the ratio in seawater. If all of the non-seasalt sulfate and nitrate were in the form of sulfuric and nitric acids, the mean pH in the precipitation could have been as low as 3.7 lower than the computed value. Consequently, the difference between two pH values indicate that the acidity of precipitation was neutralized by alkaline species. The equivalent concentration ratio of sulfate to nitrate was 3.5, indicating that sulfuric and nitric acids can comprise 78％ and 22％ of the precipitation acidity, respectively. Analysis of temporal trend in the measured acidity and ionic components were also performed using the linear regression method. The precipitation acidity generally showed a significantly decreasing trend, which was compatible with the pattern of the ratio (N $H_4$$^{＋}$＋C $a^{2＋}$)/ (nss-S $O_4$$^{2-}$＋N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ ).).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.184-188
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• 2002

The fatty acid contents of egg yolk from various chicken eggs such as general egg, ginseng egg, gamgoal egg and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) egg were analysed during storage at 4$^{\circ}C$ for 3 weeks. The major fatty acids of all egg yolk oils were oleic acid (18 : 1) and palmitic acid (16 : 0). The contents of both fatty acids reached maximum at the first or second week and decreased at the third week. DHA was detected from 4 kinds of eggs stored for 2 or 3 weeks. The n-6/n-3 ratio was obtained under recommended intake range in fresh gamgoal egg and in general and DHA eggs stored far 0~3 weeks. For 3 weeks, polyunsaturated fatty acid / monounsaturated fatty acid/ saturated fatty acid (P/M/S) ratio of DHA e99 did not chance, but that of ginseng e99 gradually increased. The P/M/S ratio was generally maintained under recommended intake range in general egg stored for 3 weeks, in ginseng egg stored for 2 weeks and in DHA egg during all the storage period.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.1261-1265
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• 2002

This study was focused on the investigation of the characteristics of organics and nitrogen removal with the recycle ratio in anoxic/oxic(A/O) packed bed process that consisted of the anoxic reactor and the aerobic reactor. As increasing the recycle ratio by 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, the COD removal efficiency increased by 94.0%, 98.5%, 98.8% respectively. The aerobic reactor showed the perfect nitrification efficiency by 98.5%, 99.2%, 98.0% respectively. The T-N removal efficiency with the recycle ratio, increased by 56%, 67%, 70% respectively. As increasing the recycle ratio by 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, T-P removal efficiency decreased by 62.1%, 57.4%, 51.3% respectively. The process by releasing the stored phosphorus in the anoxic reactor and uptaking the excess phosphorus in the aerobic reactor, occurred well comparatively when recycle ratio is 0.5. But this process did not occur when the recycle ratio is 1.0 and 2.0. And optimum pH of nitrification was about 6~7 and alkalinity decreased as nitrification rate increased. As increasing the recycle ratio in the anoxic reactor, DO concentration and ORP increased.