• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.37
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• pp.33.1-33.9
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• 2015

Background: The porion (Po) is used to construct the Frankfort horizontal (FH) plane for cephalometrics, and the external auditory meatus (EAM) is to transfer and mount the dental model with facebow. The classical assumption is that EAM represents Po by the parallel positioning. However, we are sometimes questioning about the possible positional disparity between Po and EAM, when the occlusal cant or facial midline is different from our clinical understandings. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the positional parallelism of Po and EAM in facial asymmetries, and also to investigate their relationship with the maxillary occlusal cant. Methods: The 67 subjects were classified into three groups. Group I had normal subjects with facial symmetry ($1.05{\pm}0.52mm$ of average chin deviation) with minimal occlusal cant (<1.5 mm). Asymmetry group II-A had no maxillary occlusal cant (average $0.60{\pm}0.36$), while asymmetry group II-B had occlusal cant (average $3.72{\pm}1.47$). The distances of bilateral Po, EAM, and mesiobuccal cusp tips of the maxillary first molars (Mx) from the horizontal orbital plane (Orb) and the coronal plane were measured on the three-dimensional computed tomographic images. Their right and left side distance discrepancies were calculated and statistically compared. Results: EAM was located 10.3 mm below and 2.3 mm anterior to Po in group I. The vertical distances from Po to EAM of both sides were significantly different in group II-B (p=0.001), while other groups were not. Interside discrepancy of the vertical distances from EAM to Mx in group II-B also showed the significant differences, as compared with those from Po to Mx and from Orb to Mx. Conclusions: The subjects with facial asymmetry and prominent maxillary occlusal cant tend to have the symmetric position of Po but asymmetric EAM. Some caution or other measures will be helpful for them to be used during the clinical procedures.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.238-246
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• 2007

This study is aimed to elucidate the abnormal growth pattern of human fetal maxilla with cleft lip and palate (CLP). Total 71 fetal maxillae with CLP were obtained from aborted human fetuses. They were examined radiologically for the dimensional changes of maxillary trapezoid (MT) formed by maxillary primary growth centers (MxPGC)(Lee et al., 1992). In palatal radiogram of the CLP maxilla, the MT was traced by the anterior and posterior MxPGCs, and the dimensions of anterior and posterior maxillary widths, maxillary length, and MT length (MTL), and MT area were measured for evaluation of the basic growth pattern of the developing maxilla. The growth of anterior and posterior MxPGCs was severely retarded in the prenatal maxillae with CLPs, showing abnormal shape of MT. Cleft lip subjects without cleft palate also showed arrested growth of MT. Unilateral cleft lipalveolar cleft or cleft palate (UCL-AC/CP) and bilateral cleft lip-alveolar cleft or cleft palate (BCL-AC/CP) showed enhanced abnormal MT pattern. The abnormality of MT was most marked in BCL-AC/CP. It was also observed that the craniofacial malformations other than CLPs produced abnormal MT. In conclusion, the MT growth of prenatal CLP maxilla was severely arrested and resulting in abnormal MT shape on the palatal radiogram. BCL-AC/CP showed more protruded nasal septum than other types of CLPs, while UCL-AC/CP showed severe deviation of the protruded nasal septum towards the non-cleft side. Cleft lip only subjects also showed the abnormal growth of MT. These data suggest that the MT is primarily involved in CLPs, and MT shape could be utilized as a sensitive indicator for the analysis of maxillary malformation in different types of CLPs.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.439-455
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• 2019

A buffer is the major component of a high level radioactive waste repository. Due to their thermal conductivity and low permeability, bentonites have been considered as a key component of a buffer system in most countries. The deep geological condition generates ground water inflow and results in swelling pressure in the buffer and backfill. Investigation of swelling pressure of bentonite buffer is an important task for the safe disposal system. The swelling pressure that can be critical is affected by mechanical and hydro properties of the system. Therefore, in this study, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to examine the effect of hydro-mechanical (HM) behaviors in the MX-80 bentonite. Based on the results of the swelling pressure generation with HM model parameters, a coupled HM analysis of an unsaturated buffer and backfill in a deep geological repository was also carried out to investigate the major factor of the swelling pressure generation.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.189-198
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• 2011

In the present paper two new thiosemicarbazones i.e., 4[N-(4'-ethylbenzalidene)amino]antipyrine thiosemicarbazone (EBAAPTS) and 4[N-(2',4'-dimethylbenzalidene)amino]antipyrine thiosemicarbazone (DMBAAPTS) have been synthesized and characterized. The complexing abilities of these thiosemicarbazones i.e. EBAAPTS and DMBAAPTS towards cobalt(II) and nickel(II) salts have been explored. The reactions of the hot ethanolic solutions of cobalt(II) and nickel(II) salts with EBAAPTS and DMBAAPTS led to the formation of the novel complexes of general composition [$MX_2(L)H_2O$] (M=$Co^{2+}$ or $Ni^{2+}$; X=$Cl^-$, $Br^-$, $NO_3^-$, $NCS^-$ or $CH_3COO^-$; L=EBAAPTS or DMBAAPTS). The newly synthesized complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, molar mass, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility, infrared and electronic spectral studies. The molar conductance measurements of the complexes in nitrobenzene correspond to their non-electrolytic nature. All the complexes are of high-spin type. On the basis of spectral studies an octahedral geometry has been assigned for Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes of the type [$MX_2(L)H_2O$]. These complexes were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities on different species of pathogens, fungi and bacteria and their biopotency has been discussed.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.942-948
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• 2021

Canine influenza virus (CIV) induces acute respiratory disease in dogs. In this study, we aimed to determine the signaling pathways leading to the induction of IFN-β in a canine respiratory epithelial cell line (KU-CBE) infected with the H3N2 subtype of CIV. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) specific to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and transcription factors were used to block the IFN-β induction signals in H3N2 CIV-infected KU-CBE cells. Among the PRRs, only the TLR3 and RIG-I expression levels significantly (p < 0.001) increased in CIV-infected cells. Following transfection with siRNA specific to TLR3 (siTLR3) or RIG-I (siRIG-I), the mRNA expression levels of IFN-β significantly (p < 0.001) decreased, and the protein expression of IFN-β also decreased in infected cells. In addition, co-transfection with both siTLR3 and siRIG-I significantly reduced IRF3 (p < 0.001) and IFN-β (p < 0.001) mRNA levels. Moreover, the protein concentration of IFN-β was significantly (p < 0.01) lower in cells co-transfected with both siTLR3 and siRIG-I than in cells transfected with either siTLR3 or siRIG-I alone. Also, the antiviral protein MX1 was only expressed in KU-CBE cells infected with CIV or treated with IFN-β or IFN-α. Thus, we speculate that IFN-β further induces MX1 expression, which might suppress CIV replication. Taken together, these data indicate that TLR3 and RIG-I synergistically induce IFN-β expression via the activation of IRF3, and the produced IFN-β further induces the production of MX1, which would suppress CIV replication in CIV-infected cells.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.964-974
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• 2022

Objective: The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) is a threat to the poultry industry and economy and remains a potential source of pandemic infection in humans. Antiviral genes are considered a potential factor for studies on HPAIV resistance. Therefore, in this study, we investigated gene expression related to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway by comparing non-infected, HPAI-infected resistant, and susceptible Ri chicken lines. Methods: Resistant (Mx/A; BF2/B21) and susceptible Ri chickens (Mx/G; BF2/B13) were selected by genotyping the Mx and BF2 genes. Then, the tracheal tissues of non-infected and HPAIV H5N1 infected chickens were collected for RNA sequencing. Results: A gene set overlapping test between the analyzed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and functionally categorized genes was performed, including biological processes of the gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways. A total of 1,794 DEGs were observed between control and H5N1-infected resistant Ri chickens, 432 DEGs between control and infected susceptible Ri chickens, and 1,202 DEGs between infected susceptible and infected resistant Ri chickens. The expression levels of MAPK signaling pathway-related genes (including MyD88, NF-κB, AP-1, c-fos, Jun, JunD, MAX, c-Myc), cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8), type I interferons (IFN-α, IFN-β), and IFN-stimulated genes (Mx1, CCL19, OASL, and PRK) were higher in H5N1-infected than in non-infected resistant Ri chickens. MyD88, Jun, JunD, MAX, cytokines, chemokines, IFNs, and IFN-stimulated expressed genes were higher in resistant-infected than in susceptible-infected Ri chickens. Conclusion: Resistant Ri chickens showed higher antiviral activity compared to susceptible Ri chickens, and H5N1-infected resistant Ri chickens had immune responses and antiviral activity (cytokines, chemokines, interferons, and IFN-stimulated genes), which may have been induced through the MAPK signaling pathway in response to H5N1 infection.

• Digital Contents
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• no.5 s.132
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• pp.134-137
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• 2004

2003년은 웹디자이너를 포함한 웹관련 종사자들에게 그리 큰 뉴스가 없었던 한해였지만, 플래시MX2004가 발표된 해였다는 점은 여러 사람들의 기억에 남아 있을 것이다. 발표된 지 반년이 지난 시점에서 플래시 MX2004의 발전된 기능들을 다시금 살펴보는 시간을 마련했다. 또한 4월호에 소개했던 X인터넷의 새로운 다크호스로서의 플래시에 대한 이야기도 계속 짚어보도록 하겠다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.57.2-58
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• 2002

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2007.11b
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• pp.9-11
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• 2007

우리나라는 정부의 전력시장 구조개편 계획에 의거 2001년부터 전력시장을 도입하도록 하는 결정에 따라 초기단계 전력시장을 운영하기 위한 "발전경쟁 (CBP Cost Based Pool)시스템"을 국내기술로 개발하여 현재까지 운영중에 있다. 또한 단계적인 시장도입 정책에 따라 2004년 4일부터 운영할 예정이었던 전력시장운영시스템(MOS : Market Operating System)은 정부의 도매전력시장 개설중단이란 정책변경으로 우수한 성능과 기능을 보유하고 있음에도 불구하고 활용이 불투명하기 도 하였으나, 2007년 세계최초로 발전경쟁시장시스템에 접목하여 MOS 상업운전을 개시하여 경제급전 효과를 극대화 할 수 있게 되었다. 경제급전 및 계통안정운영을 위한 MOS 시스템의 기능중 하나인 급전지시시스템(MX : Massage Exchange)은 미국 ABB사에서 개발하였던 초기의 기능은 매우 초보적인 단계로 단순히 5분 에너지 급전지시값만 전달하는 것으로서 국내 급전운영체계의 반영이 미흡하였다. 이에 따라, 2005년 국내기술로 초기 시스템을 개발한 이후 2007년에는 에너지 급전지시값 외에 보조서비스 데이터 제공 등의 성능 개선을 통해 중앙급전소 급전원, 현장 발전운전원 등에게 정확하고 신속한 계통운영관련 DATA를 실시간으로 제공하여, 계통운전에 활용함으로서 전력계통의 안정운영과 효율적인 시장운영에 많은 도움을 주고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이와 같이 완벽한 계통운전의 실현과 효율적 시장운영에 중요한 요소로서 역할을 수행하고 있는 급전지시 시스템의 개요와 주요 내용에 대해 살펴보도록 하겠다.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2013

The effect of the Mo addition on the high temperature creep properties of the 9Cr-3W steel was also evaluated. Two experimental steels, (9Cr-3W and 9Cr-3W-0.5Mo), were prepared using a vacuum induction melting process, followed by hot rolling and heat treatment processes. Three types of precipitates, ($M_{23}C_6$, Nb-rich MX and V-rich MX) were observed in a typical tempered martensitic matrix. Significant effects of the Mo addition on the tensile properties were not observed. However, the creep properties at $650^{\circ}C$ under applied stresses of 140 and 150 MPa were considerably enhanced by the Mo addition. The microstructural observation after the creep test indicated that the addition of Mo could function to retain the recovery of the martensitic matrix, thus resulting in the enhanced creep properties of the 9Cr-3W-0.5Mo steel. Furthermore coarsening of the $M_{23}C_6$ carbides and formation of Laves phases were observed in both samples after the creep tests.