• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.9-28
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• 1997

Adequate vascularization is pivotally essential for a successful nerve graft. Theoretically, the immediate vascularization will inhibit fibroblast infiltration and stimulate nerve cell regeneration. In this study, histomorphological and electrophysiological studies were performed to determine if vascularized grafts are functionally superior. In rat model, a 4cm segment of the sciatic nerve was obtained and placed as a non vascularized graft on one side, and as a vascularized graft connected to the inferior gluteal vessels on the opposite side. To determine the compound action potential of the gastrocnemius muscle, electromyography was done after 2, 3 and 4 months. Histomorphologically, the distribution of myelinated nerve fibers and Schwann cell were evaluated after toluidine blue staining, The following resutls were obtained: 1. The electrophysiological studies showed no difference between the nonvascularized and vascularized grafts. 2. Two and three months after grafting, myelinated nerve fibers were more abundant in the vascularized proximal, middle and distal areas in all nerve fibers of varying diameters. 3. In the post-nonvascularized graft 2-month group, a few myelinated nerve fibers were present in the proximal and middle areas, but none distally. In the post-vascularized graft 2 month group, myelinated nerve fibers ranging $2-8{\mu}m$ were present in all three areas. 4. In the post-nonvascularized graft 3 month group, a few myelinated nerve fibers ranging in $2-6{\mu}m$ were present in all three areas, but in the post-vascularized graft 3 month group, many myelinated nerve fibers ranging in $2-10{\mu}m$ were present in all three areas. 5. In the post-graft 4-month group, more myelinated nerve fibers were present in all three areas of the vascularized grafts. However, nerve fibers of less than $2{\mu}m$ in diameter were more abundant in the non vascularized grafts. 6. Schwann cells were more abundant in the proximal, middle and distal areas of the post-vascularized 2, 3 and 4-month grafts. Based on these findings, the immediate restoration of circulation in vascularized nerve grafts allows for the increased number of surviving Schwann cells, rapid healing of the axon and myelin sheath changes which occur during Wallerian degeneration, and thus is able to stimulate a morphologically optimal regeneration.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Pathology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.15-25
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• 1999

To elucidate the mechanism of age-related development in FGS/NgaKIST mice with spontaneous glomerulosclerotic lesion, we examined expression and localization of various cytokine mRNA in the kidney in the progression of diseases. This mouse model is the first to develop spontanously occuring glomerosclerotic lesion in the kidney. In this study, we detected the up-regulation of local cytokine genes such as IL-1$\beta$, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-$\alpha$, TGF-$\beta$, and IFN- $\gamma$ in the kidneys. In RT-PCR and Southern blot analysis, we detected gradual expressions of cytokine mRNA of IL-1$\beta$, IL-2, IL-6, IFN- $\gamma$, and TNF $\alpha$ mRNA during the course of disease. Other cytokines including IL -10 and TGF -$\beta$ were found to be appeared the slightly expressed level at 3 to 12 weeks before onset of inflammatory lesion but they are highly expressed at the end-stage of the disease accompaning high proteinurea and wasting. In situ RT-PCR, each cytokine mRNA were specifically localized in a variety of cells including mesangial, endothelial, parietal epithelial, tubular epithelial, arterial muscle cell, and infiltrated inflammatory cells. In addition, TNF - $\alpha$was detected moderately in the visceral and parietal epithelial cell, but weakly in endothelial and mesangial cells, whereas IL-1 $\beta$ and IL -6 were strong in mesangial regions. IL-6 and TNF- $\alpha$ was highly localized in the damaged proximal and collecting tubules. Especially, TGF -$\beta$ mRNA was highly found in mesangial cells within glomerulus and interstitium during the end-stage of this disease.. These results indicate that pro inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 $\beta$, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF- $\alpha$ were gradually expressed from the early stage of this disease to the end-stage, and that IL-10 and TGF-$\beta$ may be important in the accumulation of extracellular matrix(ECM) within glomerulus and periglomerular fibrosis in the progression of this disease as well as tissue destruction in end-stage of this disease.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.217-228
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• 1995

The study was designed to investigate the effects of progesterone on the reproductive system. This investigation was performed by immunohistochemical methods using anti-bromodeoxyuridine-antibody following bromodeoxyuridine(Brdur) injection for labeling proliferating cells in the uterus and ovary of rats. Sixteen female rats(Wistar), weighing initially 300g, were randomly allotted into ovariectomized and unovariectomized large groups. These two large groups were subdivided into three subgroups of control, 3-day and 6-day groups, respectively. 3-days and 6-days group were injected with 1mg of progesterone/rat/day for 3 or 6 days, respectively. In gross findings, the uterus of ovariectomized groups markedly atrophied, and were not hypertrophied by progesterone injection for 3 days or 6 days and the uterus of unovariectomized groups also were not hypertrophied. Labeling index(LI, %) was measured by counting the number of Brdur-positive cells from 300 to 3,000 cells per layer in the uterus tissue. The average LI of the uterus in unovariectomized groups was higher than that of ovariectomized groups. The subgroups with higher LI in unovariectomized groups were ordered as 6-day group, 3-day group. So progesterone considerably effected to the proliferating of the cells in the uterus of unovariectomized groups. The layers with higher LI in the uterus wall were ordered as the functional zone of endometrium, epithelial layer of endometrium, basal zone of endometrium, myometrium and perimetrium. The cell types with higher LI in the uterus of unovariectomized groups were ordered as the surface epithelial cells, stromal cells, glandular epithelial cells and muscle cells. Growing follicles with proliferating cells from secondary and tertiary follicles in the ovary of unovariectomized groups appeared to be 37.66% in control group, 39.23% in 3-day groups, 39.47% in 6-day groups. Mature follicles in the ovary were more number in control group than those in 3-day groups but not appeared in 6-day groups. So progesterone not nearly effects to the number of the growing follicles but appeared to be related to suppression of the development and protrusion of the mid-tertiary and mature follicles on the ovary surface. The cell types with higher LI in the ovary of unovariectomized groups were respectively ordered as granulosa cells, theca interns cells in secondary follicles; theca interna cells, granulosa cells, theca externa cells in tertiary follicles; fibroblasts, theca in terns cells in atretic follicles; fibroblasts, luteal cells in corpus luteum.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.341-354
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• 1998

GMI (Fibrel${(R)}$) is one of the dermal filling substances which have been successfully used for the treatment of depressed cutaneous scar and wrinkles. It's major components are; Gelatin powder, which provides a framework for the clot to form and remains stable under the scar, and ${\varepsilon}$-aminocaproic acid, which inhibits the production of fibrinolysin, and Plasma, which provides the necessary ingredients for collagen synthesis. GMI has advantages of low immunogenicity and increased longevity. It has been known to induce fibroblast activity and promote new collagen synthesis. We used 34 Sprague-Dawley rats which were bred under the same condition and duration. 18 of experimental animals were undergone cardiac puncture, and their blood were collected, centrifugated, and stored in freezer. Out of 16 animals, control group were injected with 2ml plasma into the subcutaneous tissue of Lt. scapular, while experimental group were implanted of 2 ml GMI into the Rt. same area. Experimental animals were sacrificed at the 3rd day, 5th day, 1st week and 2nd week respectively after implantation of GMI. To observe the histopathologic change of GMI and surrounding tissue reaction of GMI, we had examined with H&E staining, immunohistochemical staining with vimentin, ${\alpha}$-SMA, S-100 under LM and SEM. The obtained results were as follows ; 1. In LM study, the inflammatory cell infiltrations and granulation tissue formation were observed, and muscle tissues were well attached with adipose tissues in the control group. In the experimental group, inflammatory cell infiltrations had been observed by the 2nd week and irregular adipiose tissues and well differentiated mesenchymal tissues were examined. 2. In immunohistochemical study, the experimental group of ${\alpha}$-SMA study, there were a prominent positive response on endothelial development of granulation tissues and mesenchymal tissues compare with the control group. In vimentin study, positive response on mescenchymal fibroblast continued to 2nd week, but negative in the control group. In S-100 study, both groups were positively responded on irregular adipose tissues. 3. In SEM study, collagen fibers were embedded by the plasma by the 5th day in the control group, and in the 3rd day experiment GMI were resorved but communited with collagen fiber till the 1st week. Collagen fibers were infilt-rated into GMI at the 2nd week and the infilltrated GMI were conglomerated with the mature adipose cells and the collagen fibers. From the above results, GMI implantation in the subcutaneous tissue of Sprague-Dawley rat, the mild infiltration of inflammatory cells were showed till 2nd week and the granulation tissues were observed. GMI were nearly resorbed till 2nd week, but well attached with adipose tissue and collagen fibers. The endothelium and fibroblasts were actively proliferated. Adipose tissues and mesenchymal tissue cells were observed. As already expressed, GMI showed resorptive change in course of time without any early immune reaction, and seemed to induce fibroblast activity and promote new collagen synthesis.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.99-119
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• 2006

Endothelin (ET) is a 21 amino acid peptide with multifunctional effects on the vasculature as well as a variety of other cell types such as respiratory, gastrointestinal, urogenital, endocrine, central nervous systems, and others. Endothelin has emerged as a modulator by autocrine and paracrine actions for many cellular activities, including vasoconstriction, cell proliferation, hormone production, neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulator. The endothelin family consists of three closely related peptides, ET-1, ET-2, and ET-3 derived from separate genes, such as chromosome 6, 1, and 20, respectively. ET-1 is the predominant isoform produced in the cardiovascular system and about which most is known. Endothelin receptors are seven-transmembrane GTP-binding protein-coupled receptors, which are classified into endothelin-A (ETA) and endothelin-B (ETB) receptors. Interestingly, recent evidence is accumulating to suggest that ET -1 may contribute to a variety of pain states such as allodynia and hyperalgesia in animals and humans. Therefore, in this review the biological characteristics and contraction-related mechanism of endothelin-1 in mammalian cells will be summarized. Especially, we focus on multifunctional roles for ET-1 in noxious stimulation-induced pain for the study of pain specialized physical therapy.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.313-318
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• 2016

Bacteria in the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state fail to produce colonies on routine bacteriological media, but are still alive in the state of very low metabolic activity. The aim of the present study was to induce the VBNC state of the Edwardsiella tarda using sea water microcosm under starvation conditions at $10^{\circ}C$ and to investigate resuscitation of the VBNC cells in temperatures changed from 10 to $25^{\circ}C$, with and without additives. E. tarda entered into the VBNC state within about 42-84 days of incubation in the microcosm. Throughout this period, the total cell counts as determined using acridine orange direct counting remained near the original inoculum level of ${\sim}10^8cells/ml$. The live cell counts measured with direct viable counting, on the other hands, declined to ${\sim}10^4cells/ml$. When the VBNC cells were incubated with addition of yeast extract, fish muscle extract or serum at $25^{\circ}C$, the ratios of resuscitated samples were 37%, 23%, and 37%, respectively. The characteristics of resuscitated E. tarda were consistent with those of the original E. tarda. When the resuscitated E. tarda were intraperitoneally injected into olive flounders, all fishes died within 5 days, indicating that the VBNC E. tarda might retain its pathogenic potential. Therefore, E. tarda under starvation conditions in the winter enter into the VBNC state and the VBNC E. tarda cells resuscitated at summer and autumn seawater temperature are considered to be pathogen continuously to olive flounder on the southern coast of Korea.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.213-222
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• 2002

Histology and ultrastructure of the mantle epidermis in the ark shell, Scapharca broughtonii are described using light and electron microscopy. The mantle of the ark shell is composed of outer epidermis, connective tissue and inner epidermis. Both epidermis are simple and consists of supporting cells, ciliated cells and secretory cells. Connective tissue is composed of mainly collagen and muscle fibers. The supporting cells in the inner epidermis are usually columnar and covered with microvilli. The ciliated cell have cilia and microvilli on the free surface, and numerous tubular mitochondria are observed in the apical cytoplasm. Secretory cells are mainly observed in the outer epidermis, and it can be divided into four types of A, B, C and D with morphological features of the secretory granules. Type A cells of mucous cell are found in the marginal and central mantle. And these cells contains numerous secretory granules of non-bounded and low electron density. Type B cells contains numerous rough endoplasmic reticula, well-developed Golgi complex and secretory granules of membrane-bounded and high electron density. Secretory granules of type C cells are divided into fibrous core layer and homogeneous peripheral layer. Type D cells are found in the outer epidermis of the central and umbonal mantle. And secretory granules of these cells are divided into homogeneous core layer and granular peripheral layer. This results suggest that the outer and inner epidermis of the mantle are related with shell formation and cleaning of the mantle cavity, respectively.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.39-50
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• 2001

In order to investigate the effect of Transforming growth factor ${\beta}1$(below TGF-${\beta}1$) and osteogenic protein-1(below Op-1) onto the myogenic differentiation, C2C12 satellite myoblastic cell line was cultured and treated with both growth factors. At first morphological changes with microscopical examination were examined, and isolated total RNA to analyse mRNA expression of bone marker proteins, muscle regulatory proteins, TGF-${\beta}$ receptor and their ligands by Northern blot analysis. And cellular proliferative inducibility of both growth factors was also tested to C2C12 cells. Incubating the cell with $5ng/m{\ell}$ of TGF-${\beta}1$ until 4 days almost inhibited multinucleated myotube formation expressing muscular regulatory proteins, and induced decreasing Id proteins. However, no osteoblastic phenotypes was induced by TGF-${\beta}1$ in C2C12 cells. The mRNA expression of TGF-${\beta}$ receptors with TGF-${\beta}1$ was conversed after 48 hours cultured. Type I TGF-${\beta}$ receptor was seemed to play a role in negative signalling for inhibition of myogenic differentiation. OP-1 dose dependently induced ALP activity, osteopontine production and bone sialoprotein production at concentrations above $100ng/m{\ell}$ and osteocalcin production at concentrations above $300ng/m{\ell}$. The concentration of OP-1 required to induce these osteoblastic phenotypes was the same as that required to almost completely inhibit myotube formation. Incubation with above $100ng/m{\ell}$ OP-1 suppressed the expression of mRNA for muscular egulatory proteins from 2 days after incubation. Expression of Id-1, 2, 3 mRNA were stimulated by OP-1 at concentration above $300ng/m{\ell}$. When C2C12 cells were treated with both growth factors, TGF-${\beta}1$ potentiated the inhibitory effect of OP-1 on myotube formation and expression of mRNA for myogenin at 12 days. And TGF-${\beta}1$ reduced osteocalcin and bone sialoprotein production induced by OP-1 at 12 days in C2C12 cells. Both growth factor had no mitogenic effect. These results indicate that OP-1 converts the differentiation pathway of C2C12 myoblasts into that of osteoblastic lineage cells and it's not heritable, but TGF-${\beta}1$ does not and has reversible inhibitory activity on the myogenic differentiation. TGF-${\beta}1$ and OP-1 play a role in myogenic differentiation via different mechanism between them.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 2013

The vascular endothelial cells are the inner layers of blood vessels. It regulates the function of blood vessels and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Poly(lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is a biodegradable synthetic polymer with a well-controlled degradation rate and an acceptable mechanical strength. It can be easily fabricated into many shapes. Silk consists of 18 amino acids. It found important for attaching cells cultured in vitro, and maintaining cell functions. In this study, we fabricated silk/PLGA biomaterial hybrid films of 0, 10, 20, 40 and 80 wt% silk. We performed MTT, SEM, ELISA, and immunocytochemistry analyses. We confirmed the adhesion and the proliferation of HAECs on silk/PLGA according to the content of silk, and 40 wt% silk/PLGA hybrid films have superior adhesion and proliferation properties. These results demonstrate that silk/PLGA hybrid films provide suitable surfaces for HAECs, and there is the effect of silk on cell growth and proliferation.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.191-202
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• 2000

This study was conducted for 39 patients who are recipients of allogeneic hemopoietic stem cell transplantation at BMT ward of St. Mary's hospital affiliated to Catholic University of Korea from April to September 1999. The subjects were devided into two groups; those who received both TEl and chemo therapy as conditioning regimen (TEl group). and those who used chemo agents as singular conditioning regimen (chemo group). The oral intake status of the two groups were compared through physical assessment and blood chemistry exam of the subjects, and factors influencing their nutritional change and oral intake were explored in each stage of the transplantation (six stages: admission, conditional stage, date of transplantation, one week after transplantation, two weeks after transplantation, and three weeks after transplantation). The prior aim of the study was to provide baseline data to minimize delayed treatment from nutritional deficiency of the subjects. The results were as follows: 1. TBI group was significantly decreased of oral calorie intake in two weeks after transplantation compared to admission and conditioning stage while that of chemo group was significantly decreased on the date of transplantation. 2. TBI group was significantly decreased of protein intake in two weeks after transplantation compared to admission and conditioning stage. In chemo group, protein intake was significantly decreased on the date of transplantation compared to admission. It was remarkable that TBI group showed lesser protein intake than chemo group. 3. Both group were significantly decreased of BMI in one week and three weeks after transplantation compared to admission. TBI group showed significantly higher BMI than chemo group. 4. Both group were significantly decreased of Triceps Skinfold Thickness (TST)on the date of transplantation compared to admission stage. 5. TBI group was significantly decreased of mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC) in two weeks after transplantation compared to admission, conditioning, date of transplantation. 6. TBI group was significantly decreased of albumin level in two weeks after transplantation compared admission stage. In chemo group, it was significantly decreased on the date of transplantation compared to admission, three weeks after the transplantation. 7. TBI group was significantly decreased of transferrin level in two weeks after transplantation compared admission, conditioning, date of transplantation and one week after transplantation. In chemo group, it was decreased of transferrin level in 3 weeks after transplantation. 8. Oral intake of TEl group was impacted by vomiting before transplantation and gingivitis after transplantation. In chemo group, it was impacted by vomiting before transplantation and by two factors, gingivitis and nausea, after transplantation. The results showed oral calorie intake was not different between the two groups while protein intake was significantly lower in TBI group than chemo group. Oral intake was significantly impacted by vomiting before transplantation in both groups, but affected by oral gingivitis in TBI group and gingivitis and nausea in chemo group after transplantation. This findings present that standardized strategies to manage nutrition and gingivitis more effectively are desperately needed to enhance oral intake and protein intake of patients who receive TBI as conditioning regimen.