• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.665-670
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• 2012

This study investigated the effect of endurance exercises on blood pressure, angiogenesis, and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in the skeletal muscle of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Five week old SHRs and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) were randomly divided into 3 groups: Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY, n=9), SHR control (SHR-C, n=9), and SHR endurance exercise training (SHR-E, n=9). Endurance exercise training was performed on a treadmill (12-20 m/min, 0% grade, 60 min/day, 5 days/week, 16 weeks). Systolic blood pressure was monitored with the tail-cuff method. The expression of VEGF protein and capillary density were identified using western blotting and H&E staining in the soleus muscle, respectively. Systolic blood pressure was reduced by endurance exercise in SHR ($p$ <0.05). The capillary density of skeletal muscles in SHR-C was lower than in WKY ($p$ <0.05), but it was recovered by endurance exercise training (SHR-E) compared to SHR-C ($p$ <0.05), and VEGF protein was also increased by endurance exercise training compared to SHR-C ($p$ <0.05). These data suggest that the enhancement of capillary density via an increase of VEGF expression in skeletal muscles by endurance exercise training could be an important factor to inhibit blood pressure elevation in SHR.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.52-58
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• 2024

Background: Deficiency in scapular muscle endurance (SME) is a risk factor for rotator-cuff-related shoulder pain (RCRSP). However, the exact relationship among SME, pain, and functionality remains unclear. This study aims to compare SME, pain, and functionality in RCRSP patients to those in age-sex-matched healthy controls. Methods: Twenty-three patients with RCRSP and 23 age-sex matched healthy controls were included in the study. SME was measured using a 1-kg dynamometer. Self-reported pain level was assessed using a visual analog scale. The Functional Impairment Test-Hand, Neck, Shoulder, and Arm (FIT-HaNSA) was also used to assess functional impairment. Results: The control group had higher SME and total FIT-HaNSA scores than the patient group (P<0.05). There was a statistically significant and positive correlation between SME and FIT-HaNSA scores in both groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: SME was affected by RCRSP. Pain and functional impairment were correlated with low SME.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.94-102
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• 2022

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of acute transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the isokinetic muscular endurance of the lower extremity for young adults. Method: Thirteen young adults performed isokinetic fatigue tasks for two experimental conditions including real tDCS and sham stimulation protocols. Before and after the task, the tensiomyography was used for evaluating muscle contraction characteristics of vastus medialis and semitendinosus. Paired t-test was performed to compare the fatigue index, changes in maximum radial displacement (∆Dm), delay time (∆Tc), and velocity of contraction (∆Vc) between tDCS conditions. Results: We found no significant differences in the fatigue index between real and sham conditions. In addition, the analyses identified no significant different values of ∆Dm, ∆Tc, and ∆Vc in the vastus medialis and semitendinosus between real and sham conditions. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the tDCS protocols may have no acute effect on lower limb muscle endurance for young adults. Future studies should consider the long-term effects of repetitive tDCS sessions, various stimulation positions, exercise tasks, and participant characteristics to more clearly understand the effect of tDCS on muscle endurance of lower extremities.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.221-227
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of gluteus medius (GM) strengthening training using the pressure biofeedback unit for lower extremity muscle function and balance ability in stroke patients. Methods: Twenty-seven stroke patients (14 men, 13 women) volunteered to participate in this study. They were randomly assigned to 3 groups: pressure biofeedback unit GM training, general GM training, and control group. Experimental group 1 performed GM strengthening training using PBU in the sidelying position. Experimental group 2 performed GM strengthening training without PBU in the sidelying position. The training program lasted 4 weeks (20-minute sessions, three times a week). Muscle function was assessed by measuring muscle strength and endurance, and Berg balance scale (BBS), Lateral Reach Test (LRT), and limited of stability (LOS) velocity were measured for evaluation of balance ability. Results: Enhancement of muscle strength and endurance was significantly higher in experimental group 1 than in the other two groups (p<0.05). In comparison of the balance function, experimental group 1 showed a significantly enhanced ability to balance (p<0.05). After the intervention, experimental group 1 showed a significant reduction of LOS velocity in the anterior direction and affected direction (p<0.05). There was no significant difference than the other two groups but a large reduction was observed. Conclusion: These findings suggest that selective gluteus medius strengthening training using the pressure biofeedback unit is effective for lower extremity muscle function and balance ability in stroke patients.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.187-194
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• 2022

This study is to encourage physical activity and exercise in people with spinal cord disabilities so that they can have a positive effect on health outcomes. Current evidence shows that IT-based muscle strength and muscle endurance, cardiopulmonary exercise, electrical stimulation exercise, and robot exercise can all improve physical components, reduce the risk of secondary health complications, and have a positive impact on the overall health of people with chronic physical disabilities. To improve muscle strength and muscle endurance, exercise frequency should be conducted twice and three sets a week, <5 Reps to improve muscle strength, general strength should be repeated 6 to 15 times, and 15 to 30 times to improve muscle endurance. In order to improve cardiopulmonary ability, it should be conducted 3-5 times a week, 20-60 minutes, and 50-80% of the maximum heart rate. Therefore, higher resource investment is needed to realize various IT-based exercise benefits and access professional equipment, facilities and trainers.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.69-81
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• 2010

Physical manifestations of aging due to the lack of exercise include the slowing down of motor learning, cardiopulmonary degradation, and the increasing difficulty to adapt to the environment. Aging is manifested with the lack of aerobic exercise work, decrease in muscular endurance, decline in skeletal and muscular strength, flexibility and agility, and the decrease in reaction speed and balance. Added to those are aging-related physiological changes, including the reduction of muscle bulk, increased body fat, decrease in total body water and basic metabolic rate as activities are reduced, and a decrease in cell and Lean Body Mass (LBM). These changes are known to cause problems. Interest and participation in appropriate physical activities among the elderly is needed to help them increase stamina, avoid diseases, maintain a clear intellect, and basically enable the elderly to live their daily lives as easy as possible. Therefore, physical activities are necessary for the elderly to enhance health-related factors. Special exercises should be performed for the enhancement of muscle function, muscle endurance, flexibility, agility, and balance. An accurate measurement of cardio-respiratory endurance and stamina through basic physical and cognitive characteristics of older adults is also required to ensure safety. Also, the development of a more scientific resistance exercise prescription system for the elderly is desperately needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.89-96
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• 2016

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of aerobic exercise and combination exercise on physical fitness, body composition, and depression and to observe the relationship between obesity and depression. METHODS: A total of 40 obese people were divided into an aerobic exercise group ($n_1$=20) and a combination exercise group ($n_2$=20) that was performed swiss ball exercise and aerobic exercise. Each group exercised three times per week for eight weeks. Outcome measures were basic physical fitness, body composition, and depression. RESULTS: After completion of the exercise, there was a significant difference in overall physical fitness factors of percentage body fat (%body fat), strength, muscle endurance, flexibility, cardiovascular endurance in the combination exercise group (p<.05). Strength, muscle endurance, flexibility, and cardiovascular endurance were more improved in the combination exercise group than aerobic exercise group (p<.05). However, changes of %body fat and psychological factor between the two groups were not significant. CONCLUSION: Combination exercise program has an effect on the solution of obesity in physical development and strength. Therefore, it seems to that use with better perform both aerobic exercise and Swiss ball exercise. In addition, the Swiss ball exercise, which is an easy, convenient and economical self-exercise that can be done at home, is recommended due to its positive effects on physical establishment and fitness.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.536-546
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether walking exercise improved physical function in elderly people using meta-analysis. Methods: Medical and nursing literature databases were searched to identify the studies on the effectiveness of walking exercise on physical function. In the databases, there were 16 articles reporting 21 interventions. Overall effect sizes for three outcome variables, elders' physical function in lower limb muscle endurance, whole body endurance and upper body flexibility, were calculated. Effects of study characteristics on outcome variables were analyzed. Results: The meta-analysis showed that walking exercise generally had positive effects on CST (chair stand test), 6MW (6 min walking), and SRT (standing or sitting reach test) with overall weighted effect sizes of 1.06, 0.41 and 0.29 respectively. This study also showed that the chronic disease status of the elders, intervention methods, and type of residence had different effects on CST, 6MW and SRT. Conclusion: The results indicate that walking exercise improves physical function in elders. Walking exercise which can be done at any time and any location is indeed a very effective exercise for elderly people.

• BMB Reports
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.353-358
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• 2023

In the present study, to determine the efficacy of oral supplementation of ginseng berry extracts in augmenting exercise performance and exercise-associated metabolism, male mice were given orally 200 and 400 mg/kg of body weight (BW) of GBC for nine weeks. Although there are no differences in pre-exercise blood lactate levels among (1) the control group that received neither exercise nor GBC, (2) the group that performed only twice-weekly endurance exercise, and (3) and (4) the groups that combined twice-weekly endurance exercise with either 200 or 400 mg/kg GBC, statistically significant reductions in post-exercise blood lactate levels were observed in the groups that combined twice-weekly endurance exercise with oral administration of either 200 or 400 mg/kg GBC. Histological analysis showed no muscle hypertrophy, but transcriptome analysis revealed changes in gene sets related to lactate metabolism and mitochondrial function. GBC intake increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels in the gastrocnemius, possibly enhancing the mitochondrial electron transport system and lactate metabolism. Further molecular mechanisms are needed to confirm this hypothesis.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.326-334
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• 2011

The aim of the study was to investigate the thickness of deep neck muscles during neck endurance tests using ultrasonography images to assess muscle sizes in persons with or without neck pain experience. Sixty-five university students volunteered for the study. The thicknesses of longus colli, longus capitis, semispinalis and cervical multifidus were assessed bilaterally using diagnostic ultrasound equipment during each endurance test. Participants were divided into two groups based on their Neck Pain(NP) experience; 45 subjects of those had no experience of NP (Group1) whereas 20 subjects of those reported NP experience sometime in their lives (Group2). Endurance time of both neck flexion and extension tests in Group1 showed significantly longer than Group's (p<0.01). The thicknesses of deep neck flexors and extensors were observed smallest at the terminal of endurance tests in general. Only left longus colli was found to be significantly smaller at rest in subjects of Group2 than Group 1's (P=0.02). The size difference between at contraction and the terminal of right longus capitis was observed bigger in subjects of group1 than subjects in group2. Future studies are needed to conduct with clinical subjects to assess contraction patterns of neck muscles.