• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.410-420
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• 2012

The heavy reliance on fossil fuels, especially oil and gas has triggered the global energy crisis. Continued use of petroleum fuels is now widely recognized as unsustainable because of their depleting supplies and degradation to the environment. To become less dependent on fossil fuels, current world is shifting paradigm in energy by developing alternative energy sources mainly through the utilization of renewable energy sources. In particular, bioenergy recovery from wastes with the help of microorganism is viewed as one of the promising ways to mitigate the current global warming crisis as well as to supply global energy. It has been proved that microorganism can generate power by converting organic matter into electricity using microbial fuel cells (MFCs). MFC is a bioelectrochemical device that employs microbes to generate electricity from bio-convertible substrate such as wastewaters including municipal solid waste, industrial, agriculture wastes, and sewage. Sustainability, carbon neutral and generation of renewable energy are some of the major features of MFCs. However, the MFC technology is confronted with a number of issues and challenges such as low power production, high electrode material cost and so on. This paper reviews the recent developments in MFC technology with due consideration of electrode materials used in MFCs. In addition, application of biocathodes in MFCs has been discussed.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.56-62
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• 2013

에너지 부족과 지구온난화 문제들을 동시에 만족 시킬 수 있는 바이오매스 자원의 효율적 이용을 위해 국내에서 공급받을 수 있는 농산, 임산, 축산, 도시 생활 폐기물 등의 바이오매스 자원량을 기존에 발표된 자료들을 통합하여 분석하였다. 또한 자원량을 각 지역별 면적으로 나눈 지역별 바이오매스 자원 밀집도를 구하였다. 바이오매스 발생량의 분석은 가용할 수 있는 자원 잠재량을 파악할 수 있으나 지역별 밀집도 분석은 바이오매스 수집에 따른 비용을 고려한 바이오매스 자원 이용 가능성을 예측할 수 있도록 도와주고 바이오매스 자원에 따른 적절한 전환 공정 선택도 예측할 수 있도록 해준다.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국연소학회 2004년도 제28회 KOSCO SYMPOSIUM 논문집
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• pp.314-328
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• 2004

Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding Co., Ltd. (MES) has completed Recycling 21 (R21) pyrolysis and melting technology for municipal solid wastes. The basic technology is licensed from Siemens, but MES has made major improvements to the design and operation of the R21 system Consequently, up to now, MES has been completed six (6) R21 plants in Japan. The following text will provide a brief overview of the design & operating features of R21 technology, focused on the reliability of system and low emission of hazardous material, which have been proved by the successful construction & operation experience of the plants.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2003

Packaging has been regarded as a environmental problem because of its relatively high portion of municipal solid wastes. Especially, cosmetic packaging has been focused because of characteristics of cosmetic packaging. Cosmetic products are highly sensitive products that pursue the beauty differently from other products. Cosmetic packaging materials are difficult to be recycled. Purpose of this study is to suggest the method to improve the environmental friendly packaging of cosmetic products. This study contains the major governmental policies on the cosmetic packaging in terms of environment issues in Korea, and suggested methods to develop the environmental friendly packaging of cosmetic products.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.64-68
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• 2010

최근, 국내에서 MBT(Mechanical Biological Treatment) 처리시설이 건설되어 운영 중에 있으며, 생활폐기물 등이 분리선별되어 재활용되고 있다. 그러나, 생활폐기물의 입도가 불균질하고, 분리선별을 하기 위해서 일정입도 이하로 파쇄하여야 하므로 운영상의 문제점이 발생하게 된다. 또한, 생활폐기물내 유기성분의 분리선별이 어려워서, 재활용 물질의 이용이 어려운 실정이라 이에 대한 대책이 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 1ton/batch 규모의 반응기에 과열증기를 사용하여 각 반응인자에 따른 생활폐기물 분리선별 효율을 파악하였으며, 유기성분 분해에 따른 생활폐기물 입도특성의 변화를 고찰하였다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.453-460
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• 2009

In order to provide fundamental data for developing high-grade(high-quality and low-pollution) Refuse Derived Fuel(RDF), we analyzed caloric value and HCl content by Municipal Solid Waste(MSW) type. The caloric value was analyzed using calorimeter and HCl content was analyzed using mercury(II) thiocyanate method. In case of paper type the caloric value was 3,060~3,608kcal/kg and the HCl content was 239~6,135ppm. In case of vinyl-plastics the caloric value was 5,946~9,888kcal/kg and the HCl content was 429~455,771ppm. According to the result of quality assessment by MSW type, the calroric value of vinyl-plastics type was showed higher than that of paper type and in case of HCl content the paper type was showed lower than vinyl-plastics type. So, We mixed paper and plastic wastes. The caloric value of mixed MSW(paper and plastics) was 5,046~9,125kcal/kg and the HCl content was 239~6,135ppm. Also, The caloric value of packaging waste(film-plastics) was 5,982~8,045kcal/kg. Therefore It is possible to develop high-grade Refuse Derived Fuel through suitable mixing of paper and plastic in municipal solid waste.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2016

Magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC) is an effective agent for solidification/stabilization (S/S) technology. To further explore the mechanism of the S/S by MKPC, two kinds of Cd including $Cd(NO_3)_2$ solution (L-Cd) and municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI FA) adsorbed Cd (S-Cd), were used to compare the effects of the form of heavy metal on S/S. The results showed that all the MKPC pastes had a high unconfined compressive strength (UCS) above 11 MPa. For L-Cd pastes, Cd leaching concentration increased with the increase of Cd content, and decreased with the increase of curing time. With the percentage of MSWI FA below 20%, S-Cd pastes exhibited similar Cd leaching concentrations as those of L-Cd pastes, while when the content of MSWI FA come up to 30%, the Cd leaching concentration increased significantly. To meet the standard GB5085.3-2007, the highest addition of S-Cd was 30% MSWI FA (6% Cd contained), with the Cd leaching concentration of 0.817 mg/L. The S/S of L-Cd is mainly due to chemical fixation, and the hydration compound of Cd was $NaCdPO_4$, while the S/S of S-Cd is due to physical encapsulation, which is dependent on the pore/crack size and porosity of the MKPC pastes.

• 한국폐기물자원순환학회지
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• 제35권8호
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• pp.762-769
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• 2018

This study was carried out to examine the improvement plan by analyzing the characteristics of imported wastes, operation rate, and benefits of energy recovery for incineration facilities with a treatment capacity greater than 50 ton/day. The incineration facility capacity increased by 3,280 tons over 15 years, and the actual incineration rate increased to 2,783 ton/day. The operation rate dropped to 76% in 2010 and then rose again to 81% in 2016. The actual calorific value compared to the design calorific value increased by 33.8% from 94.6% in 2002 to 128.4% in 2016. The recovery efficiency decreased by 29% over 16 years from 110.7% to 81.7% in 2002. Recovery and sales of thermal energy from the incinerator (capacity 200 ton/day) dominated the operation cost, and operating income was generated by energy sales (such as power generation and steam). The treatment capacity increased by 11% to 18% after the recalculation of the incineration capacity and has remained consistently above 90% in most facilities to date. In order to solve the problem of high calorific value waste, wastewater, leachate, and clean water should be mixed and incinerated, and heat recovery should be performed through a water-cooled grate and water cooling wall installation. Twenty-five of the 38 incineration facilities (about 70%) are due for a major repair. After the main repair of the facility, the operation rate is expected to increase and the operating cost is expected to decline due to energy recovery. Inspection and repair should be carried out in a timely manner to increase incineration and heat energy recovery efficiencies.

• 태양에너지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.197-203
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• 1998

A 5 ton/day pilot scale two-phase anaerobic digester was constructed and tasted to treat Korean food wastes in Anyang city. The process was developed based on 3 years of lab-scale experimental results on am optimim treatment method for the recovery of biogas and humus. Problems related to food waste are ever Increasing quantity among municipal solid wastes(MSW) and high moisture and salt contents. Thus our food waste produces large amounts of leachate and bed odor in landfill sites which are being exhausted. The easily degradable presorted food waste was efficiently treated in the two-phase anaerobic digestion process. The waste contained in plastic bags was shredded and then screened for the removal of inert material such as fabrics and plastics, and subsequently put into the two-stage reactors. Heavy and light inerts such as bones, shells, spoons and plastic pieces were again removed by gravity differences. The residual organic component was effectively hydrolyzed and acidified in the first reactor with 5 days space time at pH of about 6.5. The second, methanization reactor part of which is filled with anaerobic fillters, converted the acids into methane with pH between 7.4 to 7.8. The space time for the second reactor was 15 days. The effluent from the second reactor was recycled to the first reactor to provide alkalinities. The process showed stable steady state operation with the maximum organic rate of 7.9 $kgVS/m^3day$ and the volatile solid reduction efficiency of about 70%. The total of 3.6 tons presorted MSW containing 2.9 tons of food organic was treated to produce about $230m^3$ of biogas with 70% of methane and 80kg humus. This process is extended to full scale treating 15 tons of food waste a day in Euiwang city and the produced biogas is utilized for the heating/cooling of adjacent buildings.

• 청정기술
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.100-125
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• 1996

After recycle of spent materials has been optimised, there remains a proportion of waste which must be dealt with in the most environmentally friendly manner available. For materials such as municipal waste, clinical waste, toxic waste and special wastes such as tyres, incineration is often the most appropriate technology. The study of incineration must take a process system approach covering the following aspects: ${\bullet}$ Collection and blending of waste, ${\bullet}$ The two stage combustion process, ${\bullet}$ Quenching, scrubbing and polishing of the flue gases, ${\bullet}$ Dispersion of the flue gases and disposal of any solid or liquid effluent. The design of furnaces for the burning of a bed of material is being hampered by lack of an accurate mathematical model of the process and some semi-empirical correlations have to be used at present. The prediction of the incinerator gas phase flow is in a more advanced stage of development using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis, although further validation data is still required. Unfortunately, it is not possible to scale down many aspects of waste incineration and tests on full scale incinerators are essencial. Thanks to a close relationship between SUWIC and Sheffield Heat&Power Ltd., an extended research programme has been carried out ar the Bernard Road Incinerator plant in Sheffield. This plant consists of two Municipal(35 MW) and two Clinical (5MW) Waste Incinerators which provide district heating for a large part of city. The heat is distributed as hot water to commercial, domestic ( >5000 dwelling) and industrial buildings through 30km of 14" pipes plus a smaller pipe distribution system. To improve the economics, a 6 MW generator is now being added to the system.