• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.277-288
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• 1994

Objectives : Multiple lung cancers and/or precancerous lesions can be developed because many bronchi are exposed to carcinogens simultaneously according to the concept of "Field Cancerization". We had performed a careful bronchoscopic examination and analysed the patients of double bronchial lesions who received the separate pathologic evaluation. Methods : We studied 21 patients of double bronchial lesions among 1855 patients of bronchoscopic examination from April 1990 to December 1993 in Korea Cancer Center Hospital. We classified the patients into three groups(double malignancies of different histology, double malignancies of same histology, and combination of malignant and benign lesions) and analysed the histologic type, location, radiologic findings, and clinical parameters. Results : Among 21 patients, six patients had double malignancies of different histology, eight had double malignancies of same histology, and seven had combination of malignant and benign lesions. Out of 14 double malignant cases, 11 cases are considered as synchronous multiple primary lung cancers. Combination of squamous cell carcinomas was found in 5 cases, combination of small cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma was found in 4 cases. Combination of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma and combination of squamous cell carcinoma and poorly differentiated carcinoma were found in 1 case respectively. All patients of synchtonous multiple primary lung cancers were male and had long smoking history(average 40 pack years). Among 21 cases of double bronchial lesions, only one lesion could be detected by prebronchoscopic radiologic examination including chest CT in 15 cases. Conclusions : The presence of double bronchial lesions including multiple primary lung cancers and the limitation of radiologic examination to detect early bronchial lesions encourage us to examine the whole bronchi carefully and to perform pathologic evaluations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.82 no.1
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• pp.225-230
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• 2021

Isolated metastasis in the extraocular muscle (EOM) is uncommon, while metastases in bilateral multiple EOMs is even rarer. Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare soft-tissue malignancy that usually occurs in the pediatric population and is one of the primary malignancies of isolated EOM metastasis. Here, we present a case of sinonasal RMS metastasis to multiple bilateral EOMs along with a brief review of 10 previously reported cases of RMS metastasis in EOMs.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.125-134
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• 2002

Purpose: The objectives for this study were to identify the factors that correlate with appraisal of illness and to explore what variables are predictive of cancer patients primary caregivers' cognitive appraisal for stress. Method: The subjects were selected by convenient sampling and 130 caregivers who completed a questionnaire. Measures used in this study included the Family Inventory of Resources for Management, Social Support Index, Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scales and Family Coping Coherence Index. Pearson correlation was used to identify the relationship among factors and multiple regression was used to determine the individual and cumulative effect of potential predictors on the caregivers' appraisal. Results: Patient's level of activity, severity of the disease, quality of relation between patient and caregiver, caregiver's subjective health status, economic status, family resources and coping were significantly correlated. Among the variables, coping, family resources, economic status and quality of relation between caregiver and patient predicted 49.2 percent of the variance in appraisal of caregivers' stress condition. Conclusion: These findings suggest that coping mechanisms and family resources are important for positive appraisal. Nurses should provide adequate nursing care for the primary caregiver about professional care information and supportive counseling.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.1108-1114
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• 2001

Objective : Prognostic factors of metastatic brain tumors have been widely reported and their operative indications also have been extended gradually even to the poor grade patients. Authors intended to analyze the causative factors for the clinical outcome of metastatic brain tumors, especially with relevant to the poor prognosis by one year follow-up evaluation. Patients and Methods : The authors retrospectively studied the clinical characteristics of 46 cases(35 patients) with metastatic brain tumors among 466 cases(437 patients) which were operated on due to the brain tumor, during the period between January 1994 to June 1999. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS 8.0$^{(R)}$. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered clinically significant. Result : Among the variable clinical factors in patients with metastatic brain tumors, Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score of less than 70(16 patients), uncontrolled primary tumor(8 patients), and surgical resection without further adjuvant therapy(9 patients) showed statistically significant poor prognosis ; p value of 0.002, 0.032, and 0.001, respectively. Other tested variables, such as old age(greater than 65 years ; 10 patients), gender(male ; 20 patients), type of primary cancer(primary undefined ; 6 patients, lung cancer ; 15 patients), location(infratentorial ; 9 patients, sellar ; 5 patients), number of lesion(multiple ; 12 patients), and number of operation(multiple craniotomy ; 7 patients) were not related to the poor prognosis. Conclusions : The most common primary site of distant metastasis was lung. The poorer prognosis was highly correlated with various factors including low KPS score(<70), no postoperative adjuvant therapy, and uncontrolled primary tumors.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.80-84
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• 1999

Primary hryperparathyroidism is a relatively rare disease entity in Korea. It's characterized by severe skeletal and renal changes due to hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone, and rarely shows peptic ulceration, hypertension, pancreatitis and impaired mentality. Recently the determination of the serum calcium level has become a routine laboratory test and the awareness of primary hyperparathyroidism has been incerased, the disease is being diagnosed with increasing frequency. Primary hyperparathyroidism is most commonly caused by parathyroid adenoma and rarely hyperplasia, cancer of parathyroid glands. The authors operated sucessfully a case of primary parathyroid adenoma by diagnosed by nuclear medical diagnostic work-up. The patient had anterior neck mass(soft, non tender nodule) on physical examination, multiple goiter on thyroid ultrasonogram and scan. The parathyroid lesion was difficult to find preoperatively.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.3983-3988
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• 2016

Background: Cervical cancer though preventable is still the leading cause of cancer death among women secondary to breast cancer. Persistent infection with HPV has been causally linked to the disease. A school based HPV vaccination program was introduced in late 2010 in Malaysia and nurse support is essential for its success. Objectives: To determine nurses knowledge and attitudes about HPV infection and its vaccines, and factors associated with their knowledge. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among nurses working at primary health clinics in Kelantan from mid-June till the end of July 2014. Its involved 330 nurses selected through multistage random sampling. A validated self-administered questionnaire consisting of 11 items for the knowledge domain and eight items for the attitude domain was used. Results: The response rate of the study was 93.7%. The mean knowledge and mean attitude (SD) scores were 5.37 (1.76) and 29.8 (3.51) respectively. Only 24% knew that HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection and 67% correctly answered that Gardasil vaccine can protect against four types of HPV. Nearly 60% of participants wrongly answered that HPV vaccines cannot be offered to sexually active women. Likewise, 70.9% participants were not aware that HPV vaccine may be appropriate for females aged 9 through 26 years. Though 90% of participants believed that the vaccine is safe, nearly half of them were unsure about efficacy. From multiple linear regression analysis, among the factors tested only participant's level of education showed a statistically significant association with the HPV knowledge score (p <0.001). Conclusions: This study indicates nurses have favorable attitudes towards HPV vaccination; however they have significant knowledge deficit and major misunderstanding in critical knowledge items. Among the factors tested, nursing qualification is the only factor that is significantly associated with the nurses knowledge score.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.250-254
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• 1991

This article reviews the clinical characteristics of seven synchronous multiple primary lung cancer cases seen at the Seoul National University Hospital between the July of 1986 and the December of 1989. All seven patients were male with the mean age of 64. All were smokers, most of them were heavy smokers with the mean of 66.7 pack-years of smoking history. The tumors were of the same histologic type in five cases (all were squamous cell carcinoma). different in one case (squamous cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma), and undetermined in one case (squamous cell carcinoma and non-small cell carcinoma). Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was a very useful tool in diagnosing multiple primary lung cancer. Surgical resection could be done in only one case.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.82 no.3
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• pp.729-736
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• 2021

Multiple primary malignant neoplasms refer to two or more malignancies in an individual that are not related. We report a case of a 78-year-old male with concurrent breast mucinous carcinoma and extramammary lymphoma. The patient initially presented with palpable masses in the left breast and the right groin, which were pathologically confirmed after a surgical biopsy as breast mucinous carcinoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, respectively. He underwent whole-body 18-fluorine deoxyglucose PET/CT before surgery, and an enhancing nodular lesion in the left lingual tonsil was found incidentally. It was later confirmed as a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, a pathology of the same type as the right inguinal mass. Unspecified lymphadenopathies in breast cancer patients may easily be considered as metastatic lesions. However, this case suggests that lymphomas should be included in the differential diagnoses to avoid misdiagnosis and treatment delay, especially in older adult patients.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.6955-6959
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• 2013

The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is relatively high in Southeast Asia. Globally, HCC has a high fatality rate and short survival. The objectives of this retrospective cohort study were to review the epidemiology and survival of HCC patients at a tertiary centre in north-east of Peninsular Malaysia. Subjects were adult HCC patients diagnosed by histopathology or radio-imaging. Secondary liver carcinoma was excluded. Kaplan Meier and multiple Cox proportional hazard survival analyses were used. Only 210 HCC cases from years 1987-2008, were included in the final analysis. The number of cases was increasing annually. The mean age was 55.0 (SD 13.9) years with male:female ratio of 3.7:1. Approximately 57.6% had positive hepatitis B virus, 2.4% hepatitis C virus, 20% liver cirrhosis and 8.1% chronic liver disease. Only 2.9% had family history and 9.0% had frequently consumed alcohol. Most patients presented with abdominal pain or discomfort and had hepatomegaly, 47.9% had an elevated ${\alpha}$-fetoprotein level of 800 IU/ml or more, 51.9% had multiple tumors and 44.8% involved multiple liver lobes. Approximately 63.3% were in stage 3 and 23.4% in stage 4, and 82.9% did not receive any treatment. The overall median survival time was 1.9 months (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.5, 2.3). The 1-month, 6-month, 1-year and 2-year survival rates were 71.8%, 23.3%, 13.0% and 7.3% respectively. Significant prognostic factors were Malay ethnicity [Adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) 1.6; 95%CI: 1.0, 2.5; p=0.030], no chemotherapy [AHR 1.7; 95%CI: 1.1, 2.5; p=0.017] and Child-Pugh class C [AHR 2.6; 95%CI: 1.4, 4.9; p=0.002]. HCC in our study affected a wide age range, mostly male, in advanced stage of disease, with no treatment and very low survival rates. Primary prevention should be advocated in view of late presentation and difficulty of treatment. Vaccination of hepatitis virus and avoidance of liver toxins are to be encouraged.

• Journal of Digestive Cancer Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.44-47
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• 2024

Malignant melanomas, which are rarely found in the Asian population, are malignant tumors or melanocytes that manifest in the skin mucosa. Malignant melanomas of the anorectum are very rare and account for approximately 1% of all malignant melanomas in the Asian population. Here, we present a rare case presenting a malignant melanoma of the anorectum. An 85-year-old woman visited the hospital with bloody stools and an anal mass. Sigmoidoscopy revealed a black mass protruding from the anus, and the scope was able to penetrate the anorectal mass. Close-up endoscopy revealed black moles of different sizes scattered across the rectal mucosa. PET-CT indicated multiple FDG uptakes in the liver, indicating multiple metastases. Pathologic examination led to the detection of malignant melanocytes with dark brown deposits. The patient's immunohistochemical markers were positive for melanin-A antibodies and HMB-45, indicating a malignant melanoma. As there was no evidence of malignant melanomas on the skin, the patient was diagnosed with primary malignant anorectal melanoma with liver metastases.