• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.4405-4418
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• 2016

Automatic image completion techniques have difficulty processing images in which the target region has multiple planes or is non-facade. Here, we propose a new image completion method that uses belief propagation based on planar priorities. We first calculate planar information, which includes planar projection parameters, plane segments, and repetitive regularity extractions within the plane. Next, we convert this planar information into planar guide knowledge using the prior probabilities of patch transforms and offsets. Using the energy of the discrete Markov Random Field (MRF), we then define an objective function for image completion that uses the planar guide knowledge. Finally, in order to effectively optimize the MRF, we propose a new optimization scheme, termed Planar Priority-belief propagation that includes message-scheduling-based planar priority and dynamic label cropping. The results of experiment show that our approach exhibits advanced performance compared with existing approaches.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.147-156
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• 2013

Multiple use forestry is capable of generating income for forest based communities through Non-Timber forest products (NTFPs) which provide food, medicine, materials for domestic use and cash income for communities adjoining forest areas in developing countries. This study evaluates the economics of producing ginger rhizomes under teak canopy in a multiple land use system during 2007 and 2008 in even aged teak plantations in Ibadan and Ife, Nigeria. Twelve $6m^2$ sample plots were randomly selected in Completely Randomized Block Design within and outside the plantation. Average ginger rhizome of (50-60 g) were planted on the slightly tilled soil. NPK 15:15:15 was applied at 180 kg/ha on a split unit dose. ANOVA, Profitability, Benefit-Cost (B/C) ratio were used to analyze data. Results showed no significant differences between sites in ginger rhizome yield, (0.089 and 0.718, ${\rho}{\leq}0.05$) in 2007 and 2008 respectively. Average yield were higher outside teak canopy in both sites and treatments, (Ibadan -40.05 g>32.9 g, Ife -67.6 g>25.2 g and Ibadan -41.3 g>31.5 g, Ife -66.8 g>25.0 g) with and without NPK respectively. NPK had no effect on yields within teak plantation, (Ibadan -31.5<32.9 g, Ife -25 g<25.2 g). Ginger rhizome production was viable financially without inorganic fertilizer during second cropping season within and outside plantation (B/C=1.02, 1.09) respectively. Ginger could be raised profitably under teak canopy, however, studies on insolation requirement of ginger under teak canopy and other tree plantations are recommended.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.21 no.1 s.50
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• pp.8-14
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• 1982

Distribution and population of plant parasitc nematodes were investigated using 70 soil and root samples in total collected from six locations in Gyeongbug and Gyeongnam provinces. Among nematodes identified, Meloidogyne spp. was the most prevalent with $91.4\%$ in frequency cf detection. Frequency of detection was $87.1\%$ for Tylenchus sp., $24.3\%$ for Hirschmanniella, $23.3\%$ for Aphelenchus sp., and $20\%$ for Aphelenchoides sp.. Meloidogyne spp. was most abundant from samples collected in Namji and the number of nematodes dectected was 2,104 per $300cm^3$ soil. The number of Meloidogyne spp. detected was 671 from Milyang, 401 from Samrangjin. The number of nematodes was 57 from Samrangjin for Tylenchus sp., 127 from Gupo for Pratylenchus, 26 for Aphelenchoides sp. and 34 for Criconemoides from Samrangjin. Population of Meloidogyne spp. was the highest in Namji and Milyang where pepper and cucumber or pepper and chinese cabbage was cultivated in multiple croppings, however, population of Pratylenchus spp., and Meloidogyne spp. was the highest in Samrangjin where strawberry was cultivated as a single crop. Population in Pratylenchus and Meloidogyne was the highest in Gupo where tomato and chinese cabbage were cultivated alternatively, however, population of nematodes was generally low in Seongju and Yucheon where watermelon-rice or pepper-rice were cultivated in sequence. Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus spp. appear to be economically important nematode species in cropping by controlled horticulture. In this study, 15 species of plant parasitic nematodes were identified.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.93-100
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• 1985

Five winter and five spring wheat cultivars of diverse genetic backgrounds were evaluated to examine different developmental responses in terms of stages of the life cycle and grain yield when grown under the different planting dates. Greatest difference in growth and developmental patterns of the winter and spring wheat cultivars occurred in stem elongation, booting, inflorescence emergence and anthesis. The growth stage of stem elongation was found to exhibit larger difference both among planting dates and cultivars. Winter wheat cultivars responded more than spring wheat cultivars to the different planting dates. Winter wheat 'Cho Kwang' and spring wheat 'Jugoku 81' were earlier and exhibited faster growth and development, while winter wheats 'Yamhill' and 'Hyslop' were later in growth and development, but exhibited faster grain filling and higher rate of grain filling, resulting in higher grain yields. Crosses between winter and spring wheat gene pools would result in earlier maturity and higher productivity for both winter and spring wheat cultivars. For developing early maturing wheat cultivars for multiple cropping sequences while maintaining productivity, selection for earliness trait should be started at the stem elongation stage. Furthermore, the breeding materials should be planted at several times for selection of shorter life cycle genotypes adaptable to the cropping sequences. This is due to the genotype x planting date interactions.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.430-437
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• 2008

Optical diffuse reflectance sensing in visible and near-infrared wavelength ranges is one approach to rapidly quantify soil properties for site-specific management. The objectives of this study were to investigate effects of preprocessing of reflectance data and determine the accuracy of the reflectance approach for estimating physical and chemical properties of selected Missouri and Illinois, USA surface soils encompassing a wide range of soil types and textures. Diffuse reflectance spectra of air-dried, sieved samples were obtained in the laboratory. Calibrations relating spectra to soil properties determined by standard methods were developed using partial least squares (PLS) regression. The best data preprocessing, consisting of absorbance transformation and mean centering, reduced estimation errors by up to 20% compared to raw reflectance data. Good estimates ($R^2=0.83$ to 0.92) were obtained using spectral data for soil texture fractions, organic matter, and CEC. Estimates of pH, P, and K were not good ($R^2$ < 0.7), and other approaches to estimating these soil chemical properties should be investigated. Overall, the ability of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to accurately estimate multiple soil properties across a wide range of soils makes it a good candidate technology for providing at least a portion of the data needed in site-specific management of agriculture.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.131-139
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• 1985

Breeders have concerned with the nature of gene action controlling the duration of grain filling period to combine early maturity and acceptable grain yield to fit wheat into multiple cropping systems. The 4 x 4 complete diallel set of F$_1$, F$_2$ and 1/2 (BC$_1$ + BC$_2$) in crosses of winter and spring wheat cultivars was made to determine the nature of gene action involved for duration of grain filling period. Using the Jinks-Hayman model, no maternal effects were noted nor were any non-allelic interactions observed for total duration of grain filling and lag period. The actual grain filling period was influenced to some degree by such interactions. The spring cultivars Red Bobs and Siete Cerros also appeared to have more dominant genes for longer total duration of grain filling and lag period. In contrast, the winter parents Yamhill and Hyslop had more dominant genes for the longer actual grain filling period. The genes appeared to be independently distributed among the parents.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.11-20
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• 2015

Digital watermarking provides electronic means for proving the copyrights of distributed digital media copies. Research on digital watermarking for images is recently directed toward that for color images extensively used in real life, based on the substantial results in digital watermarking for gray-scale images. Color images have multiple channels, each of which corresponds to a gray-scale image. While there are some watermarking techniques for color images that just apply those for gray-scale images to one channel of the color images, the correlation characteristics between the channels are not considered in them. This paper proposes a zero-watermarking technique that makes keys via combining an image dependent watermark, created through comparing two channels of the color image and copyright watermark scrambled. Due to zero-watermarking, it does not change anything of cover(host) images. Watermark images are robust against some common attacks such as sharpening, blurring, JPEG lossy compression, scaling, and cropping.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2011

An optical sensing approach based on diffuse reflectance has shown potential for rapid and reliable on-site estimation of soil properties. Important sensing ranges and the resulting regression models useful for soil property estimation have been reported. In this study, a similar approach was applied to investigate the potential of reflectance sensing in estimating soil properties for Korean paddy fields. Soil cores up to a 65-cm depth were collected from 42 paddy fields representing 14 distinct soil series that account for 74% of the total Korean paddy field area. These were analyzed in the laboratory for several important physical and chemical properties. Using air-dried, sieved soil samples, reflectance data were obtained from 350 to 2500 nm on a 3 nm sampling interval with a laboratory spectrometer. Calibrations were developed using partial least squares (PLS) regression, and wavelength bands important for estimating the measured soil properties were identified. PLS regression provided good estimations of Mg ($R^2$ = 0.80), Ca ($R^2$ = 0.77), and total C ($R^2$ = 0.92); fair estimations of pH, EC, $P_2O_5$, K, Na, sand, silt, and clay ($R^2$ = 0.59 to 0.72); and poor estimation of total N. Many wavelengths selected for estimation of the soil properties were identical or similar for multiple soil properties. More important wavelengths were selected in the visible-short NIR range (350-1000 nm) and the long NIR range (1800-2500 nm) than in the intermediate NIR range (1000-1800 nm). These results will be useful for design and application of in-situ close range sensors for paddy field soil properties.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.214-219
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• 2009

This paper proposes a watermarking algorithm considering the frequency characteristics of Haegeum sounds for copyright protection of digital Haegeum sound contents. The harmonics of Haegeum sounds commonly have large magnitude values in 1500Hz~2000Hz and 2800Hz~3500Hz so that those bands are selected to embed a watermark. The proposed method computes the FFT (fast Fourier transform) of the original sound signal and embeds the watermark bits generated by PN (pseudo noise) sequence into the harmonics in the selected bands. Furthermore, the proposed method is robust to lowpass filter, bandpass filter, cropping, noise addition, MP3 compression attacks and the maximum BER (bit error rate) is 1.41% after lowpass filter attack. To measure the quality of the watermarked sound, subjective listening test, MUSHRA (multiple stimuli with hidden reference and anchor), was conducted. The mean value of MUSHRA listening test is bigger than 98 and 96.67 for every Haegeum sounds and Korean classical music with Haeguem, respectively.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.34-43
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• 2023

The eighteen (18) F₁ hybrid combinations were tested to identify potential combinations adaptable to type 1 climatic conditions in the Philippines. The six (6) bivoltine purelines (DMMMSU 108, DMMMSU 109, DMMMSU 110, DMMMSU 111, DMMMSU 113, and DMMMSU 119); and three (3) multivoltine purelines (DMMMSU 1000, DMMMSU 1007, and DMMMSU 1014), were crossed (multivoltine x bivoltine) in a mating plan. These were arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), replicated three times, and analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). A test of significance was done using ANOVA across years and Tukey's Honest Significant Difference Test (HSD). The multiple trait evaluation index (EI) method was also used in the identification of potential F₁ hybrids. Three major phases were done: (1) parental rearing of multivoltine and bivoltine pure lines for breed multiplication; (2) hybridization process; and (3) evaluation of F₁ hybrids. Rearing evaluations were conducted for three consecutive years. Based from the three evaluations, 10 potential crosses were identified: DMMMSU MV-12, DMMMSU MV-11, DMMMSU MV-13, DMMMSU MV-16, DMMMSU MV-07, DMMMSU MV-14, DMMMSU MV-05, DMMMSU MV-09, DMMMSU MV-03, and DMMSU MV-10. The topmost combinations with the best economic and commercial characters and are consistently adaptable during two (2) cropping seasons were DMMMSU MV-07, DMMMSU MV-12, DMMMSU MV-05, DMMMSU MV-09 and DMMMSU MV-11. These newly-identified F₁ hybrids are considered potential breeds that could improve cocoon production.