• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.603-610
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• 2015

This paper presents a multimodal sensor system that can determine the location of house space by analyzing the postures and heights of the residents. It consists of two sensors: a tilt sensor and an altimeter sensor. The tilt sensor measures the static and dynamic postures of the residents, and the altimeter sensor measures their heights. The sensor system includes a Bluetooth transmitter, and the server receives the measured data and determines the location in the house. We describe the process determining the locations of the residents after analyzing their postures and behaviors from the measured data. We also demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed system by applying it to a real environment.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.173-181
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• 2001

This paper presents an artificial life algorithm which is remarkable in the area of engineering for functions optimization. As artificial life organisms have a sensing system, they can find the resource which they want to find and metabolize. And the characteristics of artificial life are emergence and dynamic interaction with environment. In other words, the micro-interaction with each other in the artificial lifes group results in emergent colonization in the whole system. In this paper, therefore, artificial life algorithm by using above characteristics is employed into functions optimization. The optimizing ability and convergent characteristics of this proposed algorithm is verified by using three test functions. The numerical results also show that the proposed algorithm is superior to genetic algorithms and immune algorithms for the multimodal functions.

• Journal of Multimedia Information System
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.249-256
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• 2020

Learning methods using various assistive and smart devices have been developed to enable independent learning of the disabled. Pointer control is the most important consideration for the disabled when controlling a device and the contents of an existing graphical user interface (GUI) environment; however, difficulties can be encountered when using a pointer, depending on the disability type; Although there are individual differences depending on the blind, low vision, and upper limb disability, problems arise in the accuracy of object selection and execution in common. A multimodal interface pilot solution is presented that enables people with various disability types to control web interactions more easily. First, we classify web interaction types using digital devices and derive essential web interactions among them. Second, to solve problems that occur when performing web interactions considering the disability type, the necessary technology according to the characteristics of each disability type is presented. Finally, a pilot solution for the multimodal interface for each disability type is proposed. We identified three disability types and developed solutions for each type. We developed a remote-control operation voice interface for blind people and a voice output interface applying the selective focusing technique for low-vision people. Finally, we developed a gaze-tracking and voice-command interface for GUI operations for people with upper-limb disability.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.419-426
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• 2022

This study aimed to identify new routes for transporting automobiles from Korea to Mongolia by comparing them with the existing route. At present, a route from the Incheon Port through the Tianjin Port to Zamiin-Uud is commonly used to transport containerized cargo from Korea to Mongolia. This study examined five possible logistics routes from Korea to Mongolia using a time/cost-distance methodology based on real data. Through consecutive discussions with importers and freight forwarders in Mongolia, the potential routes were selected and costs, distance, and lead time were evaluated to provide additional route options for automobile logistics from Korea to Mongolia. The results indicated that each route could be ranked in terms of the total cost while the lead time for all options in the present COVID-19 period is 2 - 4 months, with no difference among the routes. In addition, although the confidence index of all routes was not impressive, route 3 was the most preferred option, followed by route 1. However, the study results cannot provide the answer to the question of "which route is more attractive for transporting automobiles from Korea to Mongolia." This limitation notwithstanding, this study provides real information on the critical factors of distance, cost, and lead time in terms of the selected transportation routes so that importers and exporters can compare the routes in terms of the priority of each factor in uncertain logistics environment.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.41-60
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• 2021

The purpose of this research was to determine whether multimodal cues in an online shopping environment could enhance tactile consumer mental imagery, purchase intentions, and attitudes towards an apparel product. One limitation of online retail is that consumers are unable to physically touch the items. However, as tactile information plays an important role in consumer decisions especially for apparel products, this study investigated the effects of multimodal cues on overcoming the lack of tactile stimuli. In experiment 1, to explore the product, the participants were randomly assigned to four conditions; picture only, video without sound, video with corresponding sound, and video with discordant sound; after which tactile mental imagery vividness, ease of imagination, attitude, and purchase intentions were measured. It was found that the video with discordant sound had the lowest average scores of all dependent variables. A within-participants design was used in experiment 2, in which all participants explored the same product in the four conditions in a random order. They were told that they were visiting four different brands on a price comparison web site. After the same variables as in experiment 1, including the need for touch, were measured, the repeated measures ANCOVA results revealed that compared to the other conditions, the video with the corresponding sound significantly enhanced tactile mental imagery vividness, attitude, and purchase intentions. However, the discordant condition had significantly lower attitudes and purchase intentions. The dual mediation analysis also revealed that the multimodal cue conditions significantly predicted attitudes and purchase intentions by sequentially mediating the imagery vividness and ease of imagination. In sum, vivid tactile mental imagery triggered using audio-visual stimuli could have a positive effect on consumer decision making by making it easier to imagine a situation where consumers could touch and use the product.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.314-319
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• 2002

The present transportation system is avoiding the competitive relationship between each transportation system and it is urgently needed the cooperative relationship between transportation system. The passengers using the various mass transportation is requiring a multimodal environment. Particularly now is the period when railroad system is considering intermodal environment. In this paper, concerning the above matters, we are dealing with intermodal at chapter2, and study cases of japan and europe at chapter 3, and at chapter 4 we are dealing with intermodal environment preparing considerations of railway system. Concerning about the approach of intermodal transportation, we are adopting the software-oriented method of using information technique and communication technique.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.38-53
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• 2017

As sensor technologies and image processing technologies make collecting information on users' behavior easy, many researchers have examined automatic emotion recognition based on facial expressions, body expressions, and tone of voice, among others. Specifically, many studies have used normal cameras in the multimodal case using facial and body expressions. Thus, previous studies used a limited number of information because normal cameras generally produce only two-dimensional images. In the present research, we propose an artificial neural network-based model using a high-definition webcam and Kinect to recognize users' emotions from facial and bodily expressions when watching a movie trailer. We validate the proposed model in a naturally occurring field environment rather than in an artificially controlled laboratory environment. The result of this research will be helpful in the wide use of emotion recognition models in advertisements, exhibitions, and interactive shows.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.19-28
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• 2012

After the internet era, we are moving to the ubiquitous society. Nowadays the people are interested in the multimodal interaction technology, which enables audience to naturally interact with the computing environment at the exhibitions such as gallery, museum, and park. Also, there are other attempts to provide additional service based on the location information of the audience, or to improve and deploy interaction between subjects and audience by analyzing the using pattern of the people. In order to provide multimodal interaction service to the audience at the exhibition, it is important to distinguish the individuals and trace their location and route. For the location tracking on the outside, GPS is widely used nowadays. GPS is able to get the real time location of the subjects moving fast, so this is one of the important technologies in the field requiring location tracking service. However, as GPS uses the location tracking method using satellites, the service cannot be used on the inside, because it cannot catch the satellite signal. For this reason, the studies about inside location tracking are going on using very short range communication service such as ZigBee, UWB, RFID, as well as using mobile communication network and wireless lan service. However these technologies have shortcomings in that the audience needs to use additional sensor device and it becomes difficult and expensive as the density of the target area gets higher. In addition, the usual exhibition environment has many obstacles for the network, which makes the performance of the system to fall. Above all these things, the biggest problem is that the interaction method using the devices based on the old technologies cannot provide natural service to the users. Plus the system uses sensor recognition method, so multiple users should equip the devices. Therefore, there is the limitation in the number of the users that can use the system simultaneously. In order to make up for these shortcomings, in this study we suggest a technology that gets the exact location information of the users through the location mapping technology using Wi-Fi and 3d camera of the smartphones. We applied the signal amplitude of access point using wireless lan, to develop inside location tracking system with lower price. AP is cheaper than other devices used in other tracking techniques, and by installing the software to the user's mobile device it can be directly used as the tracking system device. We used the Microsoft Kinect sensor for the 3D Camera. Kinect is equippedwith the function discriminating the depth and human information inside the shooting area. Therefore it is appropriate to extract user's body, vector, and acceleration information with low price. We confirm the location of the audience using the cell ID obtained from the Wi-Fi signal. By using smartphones as the basic device for the location service, we solve the problems of additional tagging device and provide environment that multiple users can get the interaction service simultaneously. 3d cameras located at each cell areas get the exact location and status information of the users. The 3d cameras are connected to the Camera Client, calculate the mapping information aligned to each cells, get the exact information of the users, and get the status and pattern information of the audience. The location mapping technique of Camera Client decreases the error rate that occurs on the inside location service, increases accuracy of individual discrimination in the area through the individual discrimination based on body information, and establishes the foundation of the multimodal interaction technology at the exhibition. Calculated data and information enables the users to get the appropriate interaction service through the main server.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.27-37
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• 2014

Purpose - As economic activities between different countries have rapidly spread in a world of free trade, it is inevitable that a large volume of cargo will be carried between countries. It is natural, then, that CO2 emissions and other environmental pollutions have followed, which exposes people and society to serious environmental problems and social costs, and so on. Therefore, the need to understand logistics is not only a matter of transportation but also an environmentally oriented matter. The purpose of this study is to look at some lessons and implications from the European case in terms of green logistics matters. Research design, data, and methodology - In order to look into this matter, first, it has to be established that some cargo transport volumes using different transportation modes have clearly declined because of previous economic recessions. Some transport policies produced by the European Union (EU) are based in a long history of struggling to cope with transport matters in European countries. In its recent transport policies, the EU has provided greener transportation alternatives, realizing that pollution matters affect the European transport market. This study tries to determine what policies the EU has implemented to deal with green logistics matters. This study concentrates in particular on the Marco Polo program in the EU. Results - This study found that the EU seems to consider these kinds of matters, that is, transport and the environment in the context of green logistics. The EU launched some policy instruments to solve this matter relatively earlier than other countries and reviewed them as necessary. In order to make these policy tools work, the EU provided PACT for combined transport, and then the Marco Polo I and II European transport white paper packages. These European policies deal with green logistics matters in two ways. First, some restrictions have been imposed, especially taxation, and so on. Transport subsidies are also powerful means of handling green logistics matters in Europe. Along with these two means of dealing with transport and the environment, the EU eventually targeted integration of different transport modes. Instead of employing only a single transport instrument mode to deliver the cargo to be carried, such as trucking, rail, ocean-going carrier, flight, or inland waterway transport, the EU has proposed that combining transport modes is the best alternative for transport and the environment. That is, the EU is pursuing the adoption of multimodalism as an answer to the green logistics challenge as it provides a more cost efficient and more productive means of transport. Conclusions - In conclusion, multimodal transport should be considered when applying green logistics, as it can provide an alternative way to achieve transport and environmental solutions together at the present time. Two methods can be used to encourage multimodal transport: restrictions and subsidies. These are the lessons and implications from European green logistics policies.

• Journal of Korean language education
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.155-184
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• 2017

As the media changes, communication patterns in modern society have been changed as well. This change in the media environment has also transformed the required literacy and it is time to accept this new literacy in Korean language education. At this point, this paper inspected the perception of media literacy classes of 73 teachers currently in the field of Korean language education. The results show that most teachers are aware of the media literacy which has changed socially, and show strong agreement that this changed literacy should be applied in the field of Korean language education. However, today's media literacy education is passive. Although teachers generally understand the dynamic features of newly emerging digital media, it remains as a tool in class. The teachers pointed out that device problems such as device environment and the spread of media are one of the many reasons for such passive usage. However, the more fundamental problem is that the new communication environment has not been reflected in the curriculum actively. Teachers thought that media literacy has a close relationship with Korean proficiency. Also, they saw that this kind of media literacy will be required for Korean learners in the future with more importance. Based on the results of the study, this paper argues that Korean language education needs to accept and reflect the changes of media in the curriculum.