• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.68-87
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• 1996

This paper investigates spatio-temporal changes in the international system of linkages among multinational corporate domestic decision-making centers and their overseas subsidiary centers for the period 1974-1991. During this period advances in information technologies and an ever increasing interdependent world economy have permitted the globalization of resource transfers, production techniques, service provision and financial transactions. Based on a network theory of internationalization, the study idenifies the dispersion of multinational control centers and the diversification of their linkage patterns. These tendencies are led by small and medium sized quaternary places as well as the rapid growth of service industries. Corporate headquarters cease to be tied together to big corporate and governmental centers but will disperse over time at global, national and regional level. Using information statistics, this paper confirms the dispersion patterns of capital flows and diversification of multinational control linkages. With an increasing trend toward a multicentric world system and the associated diecline of the global hegemony of a small number of largest cities, multinational control linkages should continue to disperse.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.97-107
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• 2017

There is no doubt that the effect of ginseng on blood pressure could be different depending upon the type of ginseng employed for the experiment and methodology, thereby can exert bilateral modulatory activity on blood pressure. It has been reported that ginseng induced no significant change in blood pressure in those subjects with normal blood pressure, but had a normalizing effect on the subjects with abnormal blood pressure. Especially, experimental evidence indicates that ginsenoside Rg3, a major component of red ginseng, has been found to lower blood pressure, which is mediated by release of endothelium-derived NO, enhancing the accumulation of cGMP in the rat aorta. This clinical results further support the beneficial effect of Korean ginseng on blood pressure elucidated by animal experiment. As expected, a multicentric non-controlled clinical study shows that the effect of ginseng consumption has been found to normalize blood pressure in hypertensive or hypotensive individuals as compared to virtually no effect in normotensives. In addition, ginseng has been known to exhibit blood pressure decreased with no significant side effect and deteriorated QOL during the combination therapy of ginseng and anti-hypertensive drugs. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the effects of Korean ginseng on blood pressure.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.2909-2916
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• 2016

Background: Canine malignant lymphoma is classified into B- or T-cell origin, as in the human case. Due to differences in prognosis, a suitable method needs to be developed for lineage identification. Aims: To determine the accuracy of immunophenotypic and molecular information between three methods: immunocytochemistry (ICC), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and heteroduplex polymerase chain reaction for antigen receptor rearrangements (hPARR) in spontaneous canine lymphomas. Materials and Methods: Peripheral blood, fine needle aspiration and tissue biopsies from enlarged peripheral lymph nodes prior to treatment of 28 multicentric lymphoma patients were collected. Cytopathology and histopathology were examined and classified using the updated Kiel and WHO classifications, respectively. Anti-Pax5 and anti-CD3 antibodies as B- and T-cell markers were applied for immunophenotyping by ICC and IHC. Neoplastic lymphocytes from lymph node and white blood cell pellets from peripheral blood were evaluated by hPARR. Results: In this study, low grade B-cell lymphoma accounted for 25% (7/28), high grade B-cell lymphoma for 64.3% (18/28) and high grade T-cell lymphoma for 10.7% (3/28). According to the WHO classification, 50% of all cases were classified as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. In addition, ICC showed concordant results with IHC; all B-cell lymphomas showed Pax5+/CD3, and all T-cell lymphomas exhibited Pax5-/CD3+. In contrast to hPARR, 12 B-cell lymphomas featured the IgH gene; seven presented the $TCR{\gamma}$ gene; five cases showed both IgH and $TCR{\gamma}$ genes, and one case were indeterminate. Three T-cell lymphomas showed the $TCR{\gamma}$ gene. The percentage agreement between hPARR and ICC/IHC was 60%. Conclusions: Immunophenotyping should not rely on a single method. ICC or IHC with hPARR should be used concurrently for immunophenotypic diagnosis in canine lymphomas.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.79.1-79.14
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• 2021

Background: In contrast to human medicine, only a small number of serum tumor markers are established in veterinary medicine even though they are a non-invasive diagnostic tool. Objectives: This study examined whether survivin could be suitable as a potential canine serum tumor marker. Methods: This study measured the serum survivin concentrations of dogs with mammary tumors (n = 33), squamous cell carcinoma (n = 9), soft-tissue sarcoma (n = 18) and multicentric lymphoma (n = 22), using a commercially available, competitive immunoassay kit (BlueGene). The serum survivin concentrations were compared with those of a healthy control group (n = 20) and a control group of dogs with non-neoplastic diseases (n = 17). Results: Dogs with malignant tumors had serum survivin concentrations between 15 and 5,906 pg/mL (median, 72 pg/mL), those in the healthy group ranged from 7 to 99 pg/mL (median, 21 pg/mL) and those in the group of dogs suffering from non-neoplastic diseases from 15 to 93 pg/mL (median, 42 pg/mL). The differences in the survivin concentrations between the healthy dogs and dogs with malignant tumors and between the dogs with non-neoplastic diseases and those with malignant tumors were significant (p < 0.001 and p = 0.006, respectively). Conclusions: The serum survivin concentrations in dogs with malignant tumors, with some exceptions, are higher than in dogs with benign tumors and dogs that do not suffer from a malignancy. Therefore, survivin can provide information on the presence of malignant tumors and be used as a tumor marker in dogs.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.47.1-47.12
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• 2021

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is one of the few human oncogenic viruses, which causes a variety of malignancies, including Kaposi's sarcoma, multicentric Castleman disease, and primary effusion lymphoma, particularly in human immunodeficiency virus patients. The currently available treatment options cannot always prevent the invasion and dissemination of this virus. In recent times, siRNA-based therapeutics are gaining prominence over conventional medications as siRNA can be designed to target almost any gene of interest. The ORF57 is a crucial regulatory protein for lytic gene expression of KSHV. Disruption of this gene translation will inevitably inhibit the replication of the virus in the host cell. Therefore, the ORF57 of KSHV could be a potential target for designing siRNA-based therapeutics. Considering both sequence preferences and target site accessibility, several online tools (i-SCORE Designer, Sfold web server) had been utilized to predict the siRNA guide strand against the ORF57. Subsequently, off-target filtration (BLAST), conservancy test (fuzznuc), and thermodynamics analysis (RNAcofold, RNAalifold, and RNA Structure web server) were also performed to select the most suitable siRNA sequences. Finally, two siRNAs were identified that passed all of the filtration phases and fulfilled the thermodynamic criteria. We hope that the siRNAs predicted in this study would be helpful for the development of new effective therapeutics against KSHV.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.280-289
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• 1997

Background : Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) has been reported to diveres spectrum of chinical presentations and radiologic patterns. The three representative radiologic patterns are followings ; 1) a solitary nodule or mass, 2) a localized consolidation, and 3) multicentric or diffuse disease. While, the localized consolidation and solitary nodular patterns has favorable prognosis, the multicentric of diffuse pattern has worse prognosis regardless of treatment. BAC presenting as a solitary pulmonary nodule is often misdiagnosed as other benign disease such as tuberculoma. Therefore it is very important to make proper diagnosis of BAC with solitary nodular pattern, since this pattern of BAC is usually curable with a surgical resection. Methods : We reviewed the clinical and radiologic features of patients with pathologically-proven BAC with solitary nodular pattern from January 1995 to September 1996 at Samsung Medical Center. Results : Total 11 patients were identified. 6 were men and 5 were women. Age ranged from 37 to 69. Median age was 60. Most patients with BAC with solitary nodular pattern were asymptomatic and were detected by incidental radiologic abnormality. The chest radiograph showed poorly defined opacity or nodule and computed tomography showed consolidation, ground glass appearance, internal bubble-like lucencies, air bronchogram, open bronchus sign, spiculated margin or pleural tag in most patients. The initial diagnosis on chest X-ray were pulmonary tuberculosis in 4 patients, benign nodule in 2 patients and malignant nodule in 5 patients. The FDG-positron emission tomogram was performed in eight patients. The FDG-PET revealed suggestive findings of malignancy in only 3 patients. The pathologic diagnosis was obtained by transbronchial lung biopsy in 1 patient, by CT guided percutaneous needle aspiration in 2 patients, and by lung biopsy via video-assited thoracocopy in 8 patients. Lobectomy was performed in all patients and postoperative pathologic staging were $T_1N_0N_0$ in 8 patients and $T_2N_0M_0$ in 3 patients. Conclusion : Patients of BAC presenting with solitary nodular pattern were most often asymptomatic and incidentally detected by radiologic abnormality. The chest X-ray showed poorly defined nodule or opacity and these findings were often regarded as benign lesion. If poorly nodule or opacity does not disappear on follow up chest X-ray, computed tomography should be performed. If consolidation, ground glass appearance, open bronchus sign, air bronchogram, internal bubble like lucency, pleural tag or spiculated margin are found on computed tomography, further diagnostic procedures, including open thoracotomy, should be performed to exclude the possiblity of BAC with solitary nodular pattern.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.120-131
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• 2009

This study measured the centripetal force and effective scope of the population spread from urban center and subcenters in order to diagnose the urban spatial structure of the formation of a multicentric city structure in Busan. The study analyzed the variability of the determination coefficient value (R square) with a negative exponential function derived from the population density model by extending the circular region into 5-km units. The aim of this study was to measure changes in the effective scope of the population centripetal force of the urban center and subcenter in 5-year intervals from 1995 to 2005 using census data. The explanatory adequacy of the population density function was examined with the bias of the function to calculate the distance error between the real location of the urban center and the optimal location, according to the population density function. To summarize the results, the value for the area of Jungangdong showed a continuous reduction, whereas Seomyeon (Bujeondong) maintained explanatory adequacy without a large change. As a whole, Busan was in the process of continuous diversification, in spite of its reduced population. Therefore, it appears necessary to strengthen the function of the urban center and subcenter and to supply adequate dwelling zones close to downtown to form a more efficient urban spatial structure. The results of the present study will be utilized as basic data for the formulation of a political approach to the efficient reorganization of spatial structure by correlating concrete spatial information with the population variability of Busan's urban center and subcenter.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.221-230
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• 1988

Though the occurrence of multiple primary malignant tumor is a rare finding but the reported cases of it has increased in recent years. We collected multiple primary cancer of different organ, tissue and the multicentric origin of bilaterally paired organs. This paper reports 6 cases of multiple primary malignant tumors which were experienced at Yeungnam university hospital in Taegu during the past 2 years with review of journals. The results were as follows. 1. The incidence of multiple primary cancer was 0.31% for 2 years(1987-1988). 2. The ratio between male and female was 1:1 and mean age of incidence was 54.1 years. 3. The ratio between synchronous and metachronous(interval more than 6 months) was 1:1. 4. The time interval between first and second cancer was average 2.7 years in metachronous cases. 5. The most frequent involved organ was stomach, breast and colon in order of frequency. 6. The incidence of familial cancer associations was found in one out of 6 cases. 7. The test of DNCB, multi test CMI and ratio of T4 to T8 were performed in 4 cases but there was no definitive evidence of abnormality. We concluded that every effort should be made to discover the presence of synchronous malignancies in the patients who are being treated for a known tumor, and also special care should be given to detect new metachronous lesions is required.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.4951-4956
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• 2014

Purpose: To investigate IQGAP1 and IQGAP2 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and itsassociation with HCC clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes. Methods: IQGAP1 and IQGAP2 mRNA and protein were measured in HCC tissues, para-tumor tissues and normal tissues by RT-PCR and Western blotting. We further examined 150 HCC samples with adjacent para-tumor tissues and 11 normal specimens by immunohistochemistry to evaluate the correlation of IQGAP1 and IQGAP2 with clinicopathological features and prognosis. Results: IQGAP1 mRNA and protein were up-regulated while IQGAP2 mRNA and protein were down-regulated in human HCC tissues compared with para-tumor and normal liver tissues (p<0.05). IQGAP1 expression was higher in primary HCC (122/150, 81.3%) than matched adjacent tissues (30/150, 20%, p<0.001), whereas IQGAP2 was lower (31/150, 20.7% as compared to 112/150, 74.7%, P<0.001). Positive IQGAP1 expression correlated with larger tumor size (p=0.002), advanced TNM stage (p=0.002) and tumor differentiation (III and IV, p=0.034). Negative IQGAP2 expression was significantly associated with larger tumor size (p=0.009), multicentric tumor occurrence (p=0.01), advanced TNM stage (0.009) and tumor differentiation (III and IV, p=0.020). Survival analysis revealed that patients with either IQGAP1+ or IQGAP2-tumors had significantly reduced disease-free survival (p<0.001 and 0.006 respectively) and overall survival (p<0.001 for both). Multivariate analysis showed that IQGAP1/2 switch was an independent prognosis factor for disease-free survival (HR=2.824) and overall survival (HR=2.189). Conclusion: Positive IQGAP1 and negative IQGAP2 expression were closely correlated with tumor progression and could be used as adjunctive biomarkers to improve prognostication for HCC patients.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.121-125
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• 2010

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of 3.0-T breast MRI for detecting additional breast cancer soon after the initial diagnosis of breast cancer. Materials and Methods : From March to June 2009, 101 patients recently diagnosed breast cancer underwent breast MRI and surgery. Parameters analyzed on MRI were total extent of tumor, suspicious findings of multifocal, multicentric, or contralateral cancer. The diagnosis of MRI-detected cancer was confirmed by means of biopsy or surgical specimen evaluation after the localization. Results : MRI showed 37 additional suspicious findings in 34 patients. Twenty nine findings were true-positive (29/37, 78.4%), including 16 cases of multifocality, 11 cases of multicentricity and 2 cases of contralateral cancer. Among these cancers, 13 (44.8%) were ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and 16 (55.1%) were infiltrating cancer. Eight findings were false-positive (8/37, 21.6%) including 6 cases of benign disease and 2 cases of high-risk lesions. Conclusion : In women with recently diagnosed breast cancer, 3.0-T MR imaging showed additional suspicious findings in 33.7%. The sensitivity and specificity for detecting additional breast cancer was 100% and 89.3%, respectively.