• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.747-761
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• 2008

In order to experiment the acoustic remote classification of seabed sediment, we achieved ground-truth data(i.e. video and grab samples, etc.) and developed post-processing for automatic classification procedure on the basis of 300 kHz MultiBeam Echo Sounder(MBES) backscattering data, which was acquired using KONGBERG Simrad EM3000 at Sock-Cho Port, East Sea of South Korea. Sonar signal and its classification performance were identified with geo-referenced video imagery with the aid of GIS (Geographic Information System). The depth range of research site was from 5 m to 22.7 m, and the backscattering amplitude showed from -36dB to -15dB. The mean grain sizes of sediment from equi-distanced sampling site(50 m interval) varied from 2.86$(\phi)$ to 0.88(\phi). To acquire the main feature for the seabed classification from backscattering amplitude of MBES, we evaluated the correlation factors between the backscattering amplitude and properties of sediment samples. The performance of seabed remote classification proposed was evaluated with comparing the correlation of human expert segmentation to automatic algorithm results. The cross-model perception error ratio on automatic classification algorithm shows 8.95% at rocky bottoms, and 2.06% at the area representing low mean grain size.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

Objectives: By the end of the 2000s, the economic situation in many European countries started to deteriorate, generating financial uncertainty, social insecurity and worse health status. The aim of the present study was to investigate how the recent financial crisis has affected the lifestyle health determinants and behaviours of older adults living in the Mediterranean islands. Methods: From 2005 to 2015, a population-based, multi-stage convenience sampling method was used to voluntarily enrol 2749 older adults (50% men) from 20 Mediterranean islands and the rural area of the Mani peninsula. Lifestyle status was evaluated as the cumulative score of four components (range, 0 to 6), that is, smoking habits, diet quality (MedDietScore), depression status (Geriatric Depression Scale) and physical activity. Results: Older Mediterranean people enrolled in the study from 2009 onwards showed social isolation and increased smoking, were more prone to depressive symptoms, and adopted less healthy dietary habits, as compared to their counterparts participating earlier in the study (p<0.05), irrespective of age, gender, several clinical characteristics, or socioeconomic status of the participants (an almost 50% adjusted increase in the lifestyle score from before 2009 to after 2009, p<0.001). Conclusions: A shift towards less healthy behaviours was noticeable after the economic crisis had commenced. Public health interventions should focus on older adults, particularly of lower socioeconomic levels, in order to effectively reduce the burden of cardiometabolic disease at the population level.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.23-32
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• 2017

Foam block, popularized as the self-interior goods, is susceptible to fire since the main material is the polyethylene flammable synthetic resin. However, it is widely used in homes, offices, and multi-use facilities. In order to understand the fire characteristics of the foam block, two kinds of foam blocks sold in the market (non-fire retardant and fire retardant) were evaluated according to standard of KS F 5660-1 (Reaction to fire test). In addition, the hazard analysis of the gas generated by the combustion of the specimen was performed using the FTIR gas analyzer. The cone calorimeter test showed that the ignition and flame combustion of both two specimens were burned as soon as the radiant heat blocking device was removed, and it was confirmed that the flame could become a rapid propagation factor during the fire. The analysis of the combustion gas through the FTIR gas analyzer showed that both the carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide classified as the common combustion gases and the acrolein, ammonia, and hydrogen cyanide causing serious damage to the human body were detected substantially. This study showed that a foam block product has high ignitionability and generates toxic gases. Hence, it is urgently required to establish the standards used for properly classifying the combustion characteristics of the material on the basis of the use conditions of a foam block product and to prepare the standards on the purpose of use.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.65-73
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• 2018

Although the road construction in forest is increasing and there is a need for development ecological restoration on deforest area, no consideration has been given to individual trees in there. This study analyzed aerial photographs of deforest area before and after road construction for determining the degree of forest destruction by extracting individual trees. Study area was selected in the sites where are damaged by road construction in GongJu-si, YuSung-gu, and YeongDong-gun. The aerial photograph taken 1979 before construction is panchromatic image of 80cm in GSD (Ground Sample Distance) and other photograph taken 2016 after construction is multi-spectral image of 10cm in GSD. In order to minimize the difference of GSD, we conducted image re-sampling process for setting to same GSD for the two photographs. After that we carried out visual interpretation method for determining to change of individual tree. The result found that for GongJu-si of the number of individual tree was 1,014 in 1979 and 886 in 2016, which decreased by 128 (12.6%) and the average width of those decreased from 5.77m to 5.75m by 0.47%. In case of YoungDong-gun, the number of it was 761 in 1979 and 746 in 2016, which decreased by 2.0% and the average width of it decreased from 8.99mm to 8.90m by 1.1%. Lastly in case of YuSung-gu, the number of it was 1,578 in 1979 and 988 in 2016, which decreased by 37.4% and the average width of it decreased from 7.09m to 6.65m by 6.21%. these result imply that road construction causes destruction of forests. Since there are limitations such as errors due to researcher, it is necessary to construct a quantitative analysis method for the change of the deforest area. It is need to study the method of extracting individual tree in deforest area more accurately using high-resolution image of GSD 10cm or more as well. This study can be used as a basic data for the ecological restoration of the deforest area considering characteristics of individual tree such as height, diameter at breast height, and biomass.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.439-458
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• 2005

An automated analysis system for water soluble constituents in $PM_{2.5}$ has been developed. The system consists of a high capacity multi tube diffusion scrubber (MTDS), a low temperature particle impactor (LTPI), and two ion (anion and cation) chromatography (IC) systems. Atmospheric particles have been collected by passing sample air through a thermostated MTDS followed by a LTPI. This system allows simultaneous measurements of soluble ions in $PM_{2.5}$ at 30 minutes interval. At the air sampling flow rate of 1.0L/min, the detection limits of the overall system are in the order of tens of $ng/m^3$. This system has been successfully used for the measurement of particulate components of Seoul air from April 2003 to January 2004. $SO_4^{2-},\;NO_3^-,\;NH_4^+,\;NO_2^-,\;Cl^-,\;Na^+,\;K^+,\;Ca^{2+},\;and\;Mg^{2+}$ are the major ionic species for $PM_{2.5}$ at Seoul. Among them, $SO_4^{2-},\;NO_3^-\;and\;NH_4^+$ are the most abundant ions, contributed up to $86\%$ of the total and the concentrations were higher than those in any other urban sites in the world except for Chinese cities. There are high pollutant episodes which contribute about $15\~20\%$ of annual average values of the major ions. During the episode, the all parcels were transported from the asian continent and $PM_{2.5}$ were significantly neutralized. This suggests that aged and long range transported pollutants caused the high pollutant episodes. They showed a distinct daily and seasonal variations:they showed a peak in the early morning caused by the night-time accumulation of particulate matters. Atmospheric reactions including gas-to-particle reactions and inter-particle reactions and meteorological parameters including relative humidity and ambient temperature were described with related to the $PM_{2.5}$ 5 concentrations. All of the ionic species showed higher concentrations during the spring than those for summer and winter.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.300-310
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• 2008

In order to further determine the mass concentration and ion composition of size-segregated particulate matter (PM) during the non-Asian dust storm of spring, $PM_{2.5}$ (fine particle), $PM_{10-2.5}$ (coarse particle), and $PM_{over-10}$ (PM with an aerodynamic diameter larger than $10{\mu}m$) were collected using a MCI (multi-nozzle cascade impactor) sampler of a three-stage filter pack in the spring season of 2007 in the Iksan area. During the sampling period from 5 April to 21 April, a total of 34 samples for size-segregated PM were collected, and then measured for PM mass concentrations by gravimetric measurements and for water-soluble inorganic ion species by using ion chromatography. Average mass concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_{10-2.5}$, $PM_{over-10}$ were $35.4{\pm}11.5{\mu}g/m^3$, $13.3{\pm}5.5{\mu}g/m^3$ and $9.5{\pm}4.7{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. On average, $PM_{2.5}$ accounted for 74% of $PM_{10}$. Compared with the literature from other areas in Korea, the measured concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ were relatively high. Water-soluble inorganic ion fractions in $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_{10-2.5}$, and $PM_{over-10}$ were found to be 47.8%, 28.5%, and 14.7%, respectively. Among the water-soluble inorganic ion species, $SO_4^{2-}$, $NO_3^-$ and $NH_4^+$ were the main components in $PM_{2.5}$, while $NO_3^-$ dominantly existed in both $PM_{10-2.5}$ and $PM_{over-10}$. Non-seasalt $SO_4^{2-}$ (nss-$SO_4^{2-}$ and $NO_3^-$ were found to mainly exist as the neutralized chemical components of $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ and $NH_4NO_3$ in fine particles.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.143-164
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between public library use and the individual's personal value system. The personal value system was measured by Schwartz's (1992) Theory of Basic Human Values. The theory includes ten universal values, which can be categorized into four higher-order values: namely, self-transcendence vs. self-enhancement; and openness to change vs. conservation. The data were collected on the web from 1,000 Korean adults who were 18 years old or above using a quota sampling method with respect to the distributions of gender, age, and geographic locations of the general Korean adult population. The collected data were analyzed using multi-dimensional scaling method, t-tests, and multiple correlations. The results showed that the public library is more likely to be used by the individuals who value "openness to change" (representing self-direction and stimulation), and "self-enhancement"(representing achievement, power, hedonism/sensuous pleasure) than those who value "conservation" (representing safety, stability of society, conformity to rules, tradition) and "self-transcendence" (representing interest in other's well-being, and tolerance, welfare of humanity and community). The findings suggest that public library uses reflect the characteristics of major library services, such as reading and self-learning, which are very autonomous and individualistic in their nature. The findings are valuable in understanding the nature of the functions performed by the current Korean public libraries that are reflected in the personal values of Korean adult library users.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.275-292
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• 2022

In order to detect climate changes using satellite imagery, the GCOS (Global Climate Observing System) defines requirements such as spatio-temporal resolution, stability by the time change, and uncertainty. Due to limitation of GK-2A sensor performance, the level-2 products can not satisfy the requirement, especially for spatial resolution. In this paper, we found the optimal pan-sharpening algorithm for GK-2A products. The six pan-sharpening methods included in CS (Component Substitution), MRA (Multi-Resolution Analysis), VO (Variational Optimization), and DL (Deep Learning) were used. In the case of DL, the synthesis property based method was used to generate training dataset. The process of synthesis property is that pan-sharpening model is applied with Pan (Panchromatic) and MS (Multispectral) images with reduced spatial resolution, and fused image is compared with the original MS image. In the synthesis property based method, fused image with desire level for user can be produced only when the geometric characteristics between the PAN with reduced spatial resolution and MS image are similar. However, since the dissimilarity exists, RD (Random Down-sampling) was additionally used as a way to minimize it. Among the pan-sharpening methods, PSGAN was applied with RD (PSGAN_RD). The fused images are qualitatively and quantitatively validated with consistency property and the synthesis property. As validation result, the GSA algorithm performs well in the evaluation index representing spatial characteristics. In the case of spectral characteristics, the PSGAN_RD has the best accuracy with the original MS image. Therefore, in consideration of spatial and spectral characteristics of fused image, we found that PSGAN_RD is suitable for GK-2A products.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.76-81
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• 2024

Recently, agricultural methods are changing from experience-based agriculture to data-based agriculture. Changes in agricultural production due to the 4th Industrial Revolution are largely occurring in three areas: smart sensing and monitoring, smart analysis and planning, and smart control. In order to realize open-field smart agriculture, information on the physical and chemical properties of soil is essential. Conventional physicochemical measurements are conducted in a laboratory after collecting samples, which consumes a lot of cost, labor, and time, so they are quickly measured in the field. Measurement technology that can do this is urgently needed. In addition, a soil analysis system that can be carried and moved by the measurer and used in Korea's rice fields, fields, and facility houses is needed. To solve this problem, our goal is to develop and commercialize software that can collect soil samples and analyze the information. In this study, basic soil composition measurement was conducted using soil composition measurement sensors consisting of hardness measurement and electrode sensors. Through future research, we plan to develop a system that applies soil sampling using a CCD camera, ultrasonic sensor, and sampler. Therefore, we implemented a sensor and soil analysis UI that can measure and analyze the soil condition in real time, such as hardness measurement display using a load cell and moisture, PH, and EC measurement display using conductivity.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.285-294
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• 2003

To select an appropriate sampler for the environmental monitoring survey in coastal waters of Saemangeum, Jeollabuk-do, a macrobenthic sampling was conducted in April 2002. Employed samplers were dredge (type Charcot), a semi-quantitative sampler and Smith-McIntyre (SM) and van Veen grab (VV) as quantitative ones. One haul was tried for dredge and 3 replicates (0.1 ㎡${\times}$3) for SM and W at each of 11 stations. Comparisons of sediment volume in sampler bucket and of precision of biological parameters (i.e., density, biomass, species number and diversity index, H') were made between SM and VV. Sediment volume was significantly different (SM > VV) at p-value of 0.0050 (paired t-test) and, in average, 3 replicate samples of SM and VV satisfied a precision level of 0.2 by applying 4th root transformation. Patterns of observed and expected species numbers and H' were compared. Dredge-VV samples showed higher affinity than any other pair. Several dominant species in the area were underestimated in dredge samples (e.g., polychaete Heteromastus filiformis. Aricidea assimilis etc.). Quantifying the agreement pattern of multi-species responses was accomplished by estimating correlations between similarity matrices. Correlation between dredge and VV was slightly higher, but near-per-fect matches were found in general. Different ranks and composition among principal species lists were presumably linked to the effect of penetration depth that differs among samplers. Lower level of some species' abundance in VV samples (ca. 50％ compared with those of SM) was explained in this context. It seem appropriate to regard the effect as a probable cause of relatively higher correlations in dredge-VV, Overall bio-logica1 features indicated that a better choice could be SM in situations of requiring high data quality. The others work well, however, on observing and defining faunal characteristics and their capability cannot be questionted if we do not expect a first-order quality.