• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.59-66
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• 2001

This experimental study is to investigate the flow characteristics of the multi-hole nozzle used in the fuel injection system of a heavy-duty diesel engine. A multi-hole diesel nozzle with a 2-spring nozzle holder was used in this study and without changing the total orifice exit area, its hole number varied from 3($d_n$=0.42mm) to 8($d_n$=0.25mm). The injection pressure and needle lift were measured and Bosch type injection rates measurement system was used. The discharge flowrates of each orifice in the multi-hole nozzle changed by the flow conditions inside the nozzle sac hole. In case that pump speed and injection quantity were low, the orifice located in the vertex of nozzle tip had a great deal of injection quantity compared with that of others. As the increment of multi-hole number, the injection duration and the mean injection pressure decrease. The mean and peak injection rates, however, increase. Actually, the mean flow coefficient(${C_d}_{(mean)}$) increases, too. The flow coefficient of the multi 8 hole was evaluated as Cd(mean)=0.74 and that is the maximum value among the examined conditions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.1031-1035
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• 2017

To measure the flow rate of the liquid oxygen, two types of multi-hole orifice meter were prepared. The $C_d$ of the orifice meter was determined by the flow test using water. After performing the liquid oxygen flow test for orifice meter and Coriolis meter, the mass flow rate was calculated using the $C_d$. The error of the mass flow rate compare to Coriolis meter, A-type(1/2") was below than 0.4%, B-type(3/4") was below than 0.8%.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.317-323
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• 2013

A multi-perforated tube indicates the existence of multiple holes of various shapes on the surface of a long cylinder-type or rectangular tube, and a hole installed on the surface is called an orifice, as it is relatively small in size, compared with the surface area of the tube. In this study, the flow characteristics of a circular multi-perforated tube with many orifices on the surface were investigated experimentally and numerically. The volume flowrate issuing from each orifice, discharge angle, effective flow area ratio, and the flow fields around the orifices were measured and visualized, with the variation of the orifice area ratio, at the same blockage ratio. The volume flowrate distributions along the flow direction of the multi-perforated tube tends to be more uniform, as larger orifices were positioned at the inlet side of the multi-perforated tube, compared with no orifice area change along the flow direction.

• 유체기계공업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.12a
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• pp.573-576
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• 2003

In butterfly control valve, a multi-hole orifice is attached downstream of valve to stabilize flow fluctuation. The computational simulation is conducted to analyze valve flow characteristics. The results show that the velocity distribution of downstream of valve with the orifice is improved compared to non-orifice case. Test result in site is 60% reduction in vibration.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.03a
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• pp.208-213
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• 2004

The HANARO, multi-purpose research reactor, 30 MWth open-tank-in- pool type, is under normal operation since it reached the initial critical in February 1995. The HANARO is planning to produce a fission moly-99 of radio isotopes, a mother nuclide of Tc-99m, a medical isotope and is under developing a target handling tool for loading and unloading it in a circular flow tube (OR-5). A guide tube is extended from the reactor core to the top of the reactor chimney for easily un/loading a target under the reactor normal operation. But active coolant through the core can be quickly raised up to the top of the chimney through the guide tube by jet flow. This paper is described an analytical analysis to calculate the hole size of a orifice inserted in the circular irradiation hole and to study the flow characteristics through the guide tube under reactor normal operation and loading the target. As results, the results show that the hole size of orifice was 31 mm of the inner diameter to suppress the guide tube jet flow and the coolant safely cooled the target of fission moly after inserting the orifice to the flow tube.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.27-34
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• 2001

This experimental study is to investigate the intermittent spray characteristics of the multi-hole diesel nozzle with a 2-spring nozzle holder. Without changing the total orifice exit area, its hole number varied from 3($d_n=0.42mm$) to 8($d_n$=0.25mm). Through the use of the 2-D PDPA(phase Doppler particle analyzer), the droplet diameter and the velocity of the diesel spray injected intermittently from the multi-hole nozzle into the still ambient were measured. And the calculations of time-resolved diameters, SMD and AMD were made. The results can be summarized as follows. The spray of the multi-hole nozzle consisted of three parts. These are the leading edge, the central part and the trailing edge. And most of droplets produced at the trailing edge of spray. In the spray flow field, the measuring position which represented the intermittent spray characteristics well was near the nozzle tip. But at the downstream of the spray, its characteristics disappeared, and spray behavior showed a quasi steady state regardless of the time evolution of the spray. The overall mean SMD of the spray increased with the spray development, and showed their maximum value near 1.5ms regardless of hole number.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.1835-1844
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• 2022

Single-orifice plate is wildly utilized in the piping system of the nuclear power plant to throttle and depressurize the fluid of the pipeline. The cavitation induced by the single-orifice plate may cause some serious vibration of the pipeline. This study aims to find the optimal designs of the single-orifice plates that may have weak cavitation possibilities. For this purpose, a new single-orifice plate with a convergent-flat-divergent hole was modeled, a multi-objective optimization method was proposed to optimize the shape of a single-orifice plate, while computational fluid dynamics method was adopted to obtain the fluid physical quantities. The reciprocal cavitation number and the developmental integral were treated as cavitation indexes (e.g., objectives for the optimization algorithm). Two non-dominant designs ultimately achieved illustrated obvious reduction in the cavitation indexes at a Reynolds number Re = 1 ×10⁵ defined based on fluid velocity. Besides, the sensitivity analysis and temperature effects were also performed. The results indicated that the convergent angle of the single-orifice plate dominants the cavitation behavior globally. The optimal designs of single-orifice plates result in lower downstream jet areas and lower upstream pressure. For a constant Reynolds number, the higher temperature of liquid water, the easier it is to undergo cavitation. Whereas there is a diametric phenomenon for a constant fluid velocity. Moreover, the regression models were carried out to establish the mathematical relation between temperature and cavitation indexes.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.766-775
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• 2003

The intermittent spray characteristics of a multi-hole diesel nozzle with a 2-spring nozzle holder were investigated experimentally. Without changing the total orifice exit area, the hole number of the multi-hole nozzle varied from 3 (d$\_$n/=0.42 mm) to 5 (d$\_$n/=0.32 mm). The time-resolved droplet diameters of the spray including the SMD (Saute. mean diameter) and the AMD (arithmetic mean diameter), injected intormittently from the multi-hole nozzles into still ambient ai., were measured by using a 2-D PDPA (phase Doppler particle analyze.). The 5-hole nozzle spray shows the smaller spray cone angle, the decreased SMD distributions and the small difference between the SMD and the AMD, compared with that of the 3-hole nozzle spray. From the SMD distributions with the radial distance, the spray structure can be classified into the three regions : (a) the inner region showing the high SMD distribution , (b) the mixing flow region where the shea. flow structure would be constructed : and (c) the outer region formed through the disintegration processes of the spray inner region and composed of fine droplets. Through the SMD distributions along the spray centerline, it reveals that the SMD decreases rapidly after showing the maximum value in the vicinity of the nozzle tip. The SMD remains the constant value near the Z/d$\_$n/=166 and 156.3 for the 3-hole and 5-hole nozzles, which illustrate that the disintegration processes of the 5-hole nozzle spray proceed more rapidly than that of the 3-hole nozzle spray.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 2009

This paper present the diesel fuel spray evolution and atomization performance in a multi-hole nozzle in terms of injection rate, spray evolutions, and mean diameter and velocity of droplets in a compression ignition engine. In order to study the effect of split injection on the diesel fuel spray and atomization characteristic in a multi-hole nozzle, the test nozzle that has two-row small orifice with 0.2 mm interval was used. The time based fuel injection rate characteristics was analyzed from the pressure variation generated in a measuring tube. The spray characteristics of a multi-hole nozzle were visualized and measured by spray visualization system and phase Doppler particle analyzer (PDPA) system. It was revealed that the total injected fuel quantities of split injection are smaller than those of single injection condition. In case of injection rate characteristics, the split injection is a little lower than single injection and the peak value of second injection rate is lower than single injection. The spray velocity of split injection is also lower because of short energizing duration and small injection mass. It can not observe the improvement of droplet atomization due to the split injection, however, it enhances the droplet distributions at the early stage of fuel injection.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.96-105
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• 1992

The objective of this paper is to study experimentally on the noise characteristics of supersonic jet from multihole orifice in the range of jet pressure from $at_g$ to $at_g$ in the reverberation room. At first, the single orifice jets are investigated for various hole diameter from 3.8mm to 10mm. Through the noise spectrum, the turbulent mixing noise and the shock associated noise is analyzed. The noise for confined jets into a tube of diameter 30mm or 90mm with length 2m is investigated in comparision with that for the free jets. The sound power level is measured and compared with thoretical models for free jet. At second, multihole orifice jets are investigated to study the effect of multijet on noise reduction. The spectrum and power level of multijets are measured and compared with single jets. The multi-jets in a confined pipe are also investigated. It is found that the noise spectrum is significantly altered by increasing the number of jet with decrease in jet diameter and also by confining the jet into tube.