• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.55-87
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• 2011

This paper is to illustrate a variety of court-annexed ADR programs and vindicate its implications of court-annexed ADR in United States. It has been almost three decades since Frank Sender articulated his vision of the multi-door courthouse. The court-annexed ADR originated from the concept of multi-door court house. Professor Sander argued that the court must transform from the court that provides litigation, only one type of dispute resolution, to the multi-door courthouse which provides a variety of dispute resolution methods including a number of ADR programs. The types of court-annexed ADR on which this paper focus are court-annexed mediation, court-annexed arbitration, mini trial, early neutral evaluation(ENE), summary jury trial, rent-a-judge, and med-arb in United States. The findings of this paper is as follows. First, the ADR movement is the irreversible and dominant phenomenon in the US court. The motivation of incorporating ADR into court is to reduce the cost of court to handle the civil disputes and to eliminate the delay of litigation process in the court. At the same time, a couple of studies of ADR revealed that the ADR program satisfied users of ADR. Second, the landscape of ADR has not been fixed. In 1970's, the court-annexed arbitration has been popular. In 1980's, the diverse kinds of ADR programs were introduced into the federal court as well as state courts, such as mini trial, early neutral evaluation(ENE), summary jury trial, and court-annexed mediation. But in 2000s, the court-annexed mediation has been the dominant type of ADR in United States. Third, the each type of ADR program has its own place for the dispute resolution. Since Korean society enters into the stage in which diverse kind of disputes occur in the areas of environment, construction, medicare, etc, it is desirable to take into consideration of the introduction of ADR to dispute resolution in Korea.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.100-105
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• 2010

A multi-band low noise amplifier (LNA) is designed in 90 nm RF CMOS process for 3GPP LTE (3rd Generation Partner Project Long Term Evolution) applications. The designed multi-band LNA covers the eight frequency bands between 1.85 and 2.8 GHz. A tunable input matching circuit is realized by adopting a switched capacitor array at the LNA input stage for providing optimum performances across the wide operating band. Current steering technique is adopted for the gain control in three steps. The performances of the LNA are verified through post-layout simulations (PLS). The LNA consumes 17 mA at 1.2 V supply voltage. It shows a power gain of 26 at the normal gain mode, and provides much lower gains of 0 and -6.7 in the bypass-I and -II modes, respectively. It achieves a noise figure of 1.78 dB and a IIP3 of -12.8 dBm over the entire band.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.6369-6373
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• 2013

Background: Gastric cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer deaths all over the world and the most important reason for its high rate of death is its belated diagnosis at advanced stages of the disease. Events occur in patients which are regarded not only as themselves factors affecting patients' survival but also which can be affected by other factors. This study was designed and implemented aiming to identify these events and to investigate factors affecting their occurrence. Materials and Methods: Data from 330 patients with gastric cancer undergoing surgery at the Iran Cancer Institute from 1995-1999 were analyzed. The survival time of these patients was determined after surgery and the effects of various factors including demographic, diagnostic and clinical as well as medical, and post-surgical varuiables on the occurrence of death hazard without relapse, hazard of relapse, and death hazard with a relapse were assessed. Results: The median survival time for these patients was 16.3 months and the 5-year survival rate was 21.6%. Based on the results of multi-state model, age and distant metastases affected relapse whereas disease stage, type and extent of surgery, lymph nodes metastases, and number of renewed treatments affected death hazard without relapse. Moreover, age, type and extent of surgery, number of renewed treatments, and liver metastases were identified as factors affecting death hazard in patients with relapse. Conclusions: Most cancer studies pay heed to factors which have effect on death occurrence, but some events occur which should be taken into consideration to better describe the natural process of the disease and provide researchers with more accurate data.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.772-779
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• 2019

The subsea pipeline has received considerable attention as a high-value-added industry linked to the energy and steel industries including natural resource development. The design and installation of the subsea pipeline require a variety of key technologies to carry out the project. In particular, a thorough pre-verification process through pre-commissioning is essential for the safe operation of the subsea pipeline. The hydrotesting stage in the pre-commissioning process of the subsea pipeline is known to be affected significantly by the ambient temperature change; however, there is a little study based on the theoretical and numerical approach. In this study, the method of predicting the internal temperature change using the transient heat transfer method for the stage of hydrotesting during the pre-commissioning process of the subsea pipeline and the prediction method of the pressure variation in the pipeline using it were proposed. The predicted results were compared with field test results and its effectiveness was verified. The proposed analysis procedure is expected to contribute to the productivity improvement of the subsea pipeline installation project by enabling the prediction of pressure variation through pipeline heat transfer simulation from the initial design stage of the subsea pipeline installation project.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.307-316
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• 2004

This study examined the cause of the wrinkle defect which is frequently encountered in wire rod rolling of low carbon steel$(C0.08\~0.13wt.\%)$. Even a small defect on the surface of rolled bars can easily develop into fatal cracks during cold heading process of low carbon steel, and it is therefore necessary to minimize inherent defects on the surface of hot rolled bars. Hot rolling process of low carbon steel was analyzed to identify the cause of the wrinkle defect in conjunction with FE analysis. The integrated analysis revealed that the wrinkle defect initiated in the first stage of rolling, and it was at the billet edge where severe deformation and drastic temperature drop were present. To elucidate the micro-mechanical mechanism of the wrinkle defect, hot compression tests were carried out at various temperatures and strain rates using Gleeble-3800. The surface profile of the each other compressed specimens was compared, and rough surface lines were observed at relatively low temperatures. Those surface defects can develop into wrinkles during multi-pass rolling. To control the wrinkle defect in rolling, it is necessary to design an adequate caliber which can minimize the loss of ductility, and thereby prevent flow localization. To use the result of this study fur other steels, the quantitative measure of the wrinkle defect and flow localization parameter should be proposed.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.70-78
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• 2020

Purpose: When a disaster occurs, information is collected and sent indiscriminately to the disaster safety situation room, making it difficult to make quick and correct decisions. Therefore, in this study, both the field response team and the situation room attempted to derive the essential information elements for disaster management so that they can identify and respond optimally. Method: In this study, the actual disaster response process was first identified based on the case of large-scale fire disasters in multi-dense facilities. Afterwards, essential information on disaster management was obtained by analyzing the standard manual for large-scale fire crisis management in multi-dense facilities and the fire situation report form prepared at the time of disaster. Result: The Essential information on disaster management was divided into four stages: situation reception·reporting·transmission, total response·regional emergency rescue control group·regional disaster safety task force, operation stage of central emergency rescue control group·central disaster safety task force, and recovery stage. Since then, the information to be collected at each stage and the information relevant to core tasks are presented. Conclusion: The Essential information on disaster management thus obtained can serve as a guide for the person who collects information on site to collect information efficiently. In addition, it is expected that the situation room in charge of disaster response decision-making will receive only the information necessary for decision making, so that it is possible to make a quick situation decision and more efficient disaster situation management.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.773-781
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• 2016

The present SOLAS Convention has maintained safety regulations in a largely prescriptive form and this has become overly prescriptive now. The prescriptive rules do not properly reflect technical advances and changing environments in the maritime sector in a timely manner. The purpose of this study is to provide preliminary research to lay a foundation for the development of a new regulatory framework based on safety performance which is not a prescriptive rule making bases. This study reviewed the concept and characteristics of a minimum requirement, the implications of safety regulations in terms of strategic, commercial and technical aspects, the compensative correlation between constructional requirements and operational measures, the concept of safety with regard to final stage confirmation of functions, expansion of implementers and objects of safety regulations, and the balance between safety and environmental protection requirements. Based on these research, 10 principles for the rule formulation process has been suggested such as consideration on the hardware requirements and software requirement, the multi-stage approval concept, new safety concerns for complex shipboard systems, considerations on the human element, regulatory impact assessments and measures to reduce administrative burdens.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.23-30
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• 2017

In the AEC(Architecture, Engineering and Construction) industry, BIM(Building Information Modeling) technology not only helps design intent efficiently, but also realizes an object-oriented design including building's life cycle information. Thus it can manage all data created in each building stage and the roles of BIM are greatly expanded. Contractors and designers have been trying to adopt BIM to design competitions and validate it for the best result in various aspects. Via the computational simulation which differs from the existing process, effective evaluation can be done. For this process, a modeling guideline for each kind of BIM tool and a validation system for the confidential assessment are required. This paper explains a new process about design evaluation methods and process using BIM technologies which follow the new paradigm in construction industry through complement points by an example of a competition activity of the Korea Power Exchange(KPX) headquarter office. In conclusion, this paper provides a basic data input guideline based on open BIM for automatic assessment and interoperability between different BIM systems and suggests a practical usage of the rule-based Model Checker.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.52 no.7
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• pp.1517-1523
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• 2020

The widely used medical isotope technetium-99 m (^99mTc) is a daughter of Molybdenum-99 (⁹⁹Mo), which is mainly produced using dedicated research reactors from the nuclear fission of uranium-235 (²³⁵U). ^99mTc has been used for several decades, which covers about 80% of the all the nuclear diagnostics procedures. Recently, the instability of the supply has become an important topic throughout the international radioisotope communities. The aging of major ⁹⁹Mo production reactors has also caused frequent shutdowns. It has triggered movements to establish new research reactors for ⁹⁹Mo production, as well as the development of various ⁹⁹Mo production technologies. In this context, a new research reactor project was launched in 2012 in Korea. At the same time, the development of fission-based ⁹⁹Mo production process was initiated by Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) in 2012 in order to be implemented by the new research reactor. The KAERI process is based on the caustic dissolution of plate-type LEU (low enriched uranium) dispersion targets, followed by the separation and purification using a series of columns. The development of proper waste treatment technologies for the gaseous, liquid, and solid radioactive wastes also took place. The first stage of this process development was completed in 2018. In this paper, the results of the hot test production of fission ⁹⁹Mo using HANARO, KAERI's 30 MW research reactor, was described.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.167-184
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• 2016

This paper investigates the migration process of Korean population in Northeastern China since the 19th century, focusing on the population distribution patterns in different time periods which reflect changes and diffusions of diaspora space. Korean migration into Northeastern China seemed to begin from the late 19th century, and can be classified into four different periods including cross-border refugee period (19th to 1910), political exile period(1911-1931), forced migration period(1932-1945), and economic-driven migration period(after 1946). The Korean migration into Northeastern China was closely related to paddy field rice farming by Korean migrants, which can be interpreted as a process of contagious diffusion starting from border area between Korea and China at the early stage. And then, process of hierarchical diffusion occurred along with urban centers on the railways from the 1930s. At the later stage, Korean migration has extended to coastal urban centers, other big cities in China and other countries including Korea since the 2000s. Recently, ethnic Korean communities in China have experienced changes from rural village based community to urban district based community as well as from single-nuclei ethnic structure around Northeastern China toward multi-nuclei ethnic structure extending to coastal urban areas in China.