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Effects of Rennin and/or Starter Addition on the Manufacture and Ripening of Soybean Cheeses (Rennin 및 Starter의 첨가(添加)가 대두(大豆)치즈의 제조(製造) 및 숙성(熟成)에 미치는 영향(影響))

  • Jeong, Jae Hong;Choi, Woo Young
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.190-201
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    • 1980
  • This experiment was designed to optimize the process of manufacturing the soybean cheeses and to elucidate the chemical changes during ripening when the chemical changes during ripening when the milk components and enzyme preparations were added to the raw materials. Conditions for extracting soybean protein such as temperature, duration and amount of water added were determined; various coagulaters were compared by checking the curd texture and yield; starters from S. thermophilus, S. lactis MLB and S. cremoris EB-9 were tested as single- or multi-stain combinations; and the effects of skim milk and/or rennins-both microbial and calf origin-addition upon the process of manufacturing and ripening were studied. The results obtained were as follows. 1. optimal conditions for soybean extraction were found to be: temperature $100^{\circ}C$, duration 10 minutes, and amount of water added 9-fold, as considered the extraction rate of solids and proteins, and curd yield. 2. Sodium gluconate was the most effective among the coagulators tested, and 5% of single-strain starter from S. thermophilus was appered to be adequate inoculum for curd formation. 3. The effects of skim milk and/or rennins addition on the process of manufacturing and ripening of soybean cheeses were: 1) The addition of rennins resulted in fast formation of curd, especially with skim milk it was so. And Hansen rennet extracts brought better results in curd formation than Meito rennet extracts did. 2) No significant effect was observed on the changes in moisture content during ripening, however the levels of moisture contents in the products were higher in case of using Meito rennet extracts. 3) Effect on pH changes during ripening was also not significant in general, while levels of pH were decrease markedly during manufacturing and the initial stage of ripening. 4) The levels of bacterial counts were much higher in case of skim milk addition throughtout the ripening period. In general the numbers were reached to approximately $10^8cells/g$ during manufacturing, then decreased gradually to below $10^2cells/g$ in 8 weeks of ripening. 5) The addition of skim milk and/or rennin resulted in higher ripening index, and skim milk plus Meito rennet extracts was appeared to be best combination for the ripening index.

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Evaluation of Basin-Specific CH4 emission flux from Intertidal Flat Sediments of Sogeun-ri, Taean, Mid-west Korea (한국 서해안 태안 소근리 갯벌의 메탄가스 발생량 특성)

  • Lee, Jun-Ho;Jeong, Kap-Sik;Woo, Han Jun;Kang, Jeongwon;Lee, Dong-Hun;Jang, Seok;Kim, Seong-Ryul
    • Journal of Wetlands Research
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    • v.16 no.2
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    • pp.281-291
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    • 2014
  • In March to August 2013, the emission of gases ($CH_4$, VOC, $CO_2$, $O_2$, and LEL) was measured three times from the intertidal flat sediments at Sogeun-ri, Taean-gun, in the Mid-western seashore of Korea by using chamber method. After analyzing gas emission concentrations inside of flux enclosure chamber by using a GC equipped with Agilent 6890. The gas emission fluxes were calculated from a linear regression of the changes in the concentrations with time. The ranges of gas flux during the experimental period were $+0.06{\sim}+0.60mg/m^2/hr$ for $CH_4$, $+58.45{\sim}+95.58mg/m^2/hr$ for $CO_2$, $-0.02{\sim}-0.20mg/m^2/hr$ for $O_2$, and $-0.60{\sim}+0.65mg/m^2/hr$ for VOC, respectively. The flux measurement results revealed that $CH_4$ fluxes during March in the relatively low sediment temperature ($14.5^{\circ}C$) were significantly higher ($+0.60mg/m^2/hr$) than during June and August ($+0.06{\sim}+0.18mg/m^2/hr$) in high sediment temperature ($32.0{\sim}36.8^{\circ}C$). $CH_4$ flux to mean size of sediments and temperature of inner chamber exhibited strong positive correlation ($R^2=-0.97$ and $R^2=-0.89$, respectively).

Developing National Science Assessment System:Scientific Knowledge Domain (국가 수준의 과학 지식 평가 체제 개발)

  • Kwon, Jae-Sool;Choi, Byung-Soon;Kim, Chan-Jong
    • Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.601-615
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    • 1998
  • Establishing and evaluating science education policies and revising and monitoring the effectiveness of science curriculum should be based upon the results of systematic and scientific research studies. Advanced nations have already been administering and developing national level science assessments for these purposes. The science assessments administered in Korea have been reported having many limitations and problems, and not succeeded in providing data for science education policy making and curriculum reform. The major purpose of the study is developing national level science knowledge assessment system in order to identify longitudinal trends of elementary and secondary school students science knowledge achievements. The research team consisted of science education experts and teachers from various school levels, decided the directions and major elements of national level science knowledge assessment with the consultation of educational evaluation experts. Item developing ability of the researchers was improved by seminars? and workshops on national assessment in advanced nations and developing skills of writing science items. Nearly 500 items were developed and revised. Pilot test was administered with 958 students at various school levels. 380 items were selected and tested with 8766 students, and the characteristics were analyzed in terms of item response theory. The target populations for national level science knowledge assessment are 5th-grade of elementary school, 2nd-grade of middle school, 1st and 2nd-grade of high school students. The proper period for the assessment is February every year. Multi-stage clustered sampling method is desirable and rotated forms are recommendable for the test format. Bridge items should be introduced to compare the results of multiple tests, and various grades. Anchor items should also be used for longitudinal interpretations of the results. The items for elementary school require low to medium abilities, for middle school and first grade of high school require medium to high abilities and for 2nd-grade of high school high abilities. The discrimination ability of the items developed is high.

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Estimation of Wheat Growth using a Microwave Scatterometer (마이크로파 산란계를 이용한 밀 생육 추정)

  • Kim, Yihyun;Hong, Sukyoung;Lee, Kyungdo;Jang, Soyeong
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.46 no.1
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    • pp.23-31
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    • 2013
  • Microwave remote sensing can help monitor the land surface water cycle and crop growth. This type of remote sensing has great potential over conventional remote sensing using the visible and infrared regions due to its all-weather day-and-night imaging capabilities. In this paper, a ground-based multi-frequency (L-, C-, and X-band) polarimetric scatterometer system capable of making observations every 10 min was developed. This system was used to monitor the wheat over an entire growth cycle. The polarimetric scatterometer components were installed inside an air-conditioned shelter to maintain constant temperature and humidity during the data acquisition period. Backscattering coefficients for the crop growing season were compared with biophysical measurements. Backscattering coefficients for all frequencies and polarizations increased until dat of year 137 and then decreased along with fresh weight, dry weight, plant height, and vegetation water content (VWC). The range of backscatter for X-band was lower than for L- and C-band. We examined the relationship between the backscattering coefficients of each band (frequency/polarization) and the various wheat growth parameters. The correlation between the different vegetation parameters and backscatter decreased with increasing frequency. L-band HH-polarization (L-HH) is best suited for the monitoring of fresh weight (r=0.98), dry weight (r=0.96), VWC (r=0.98), and plant height (r=0.96). The correlation coefficients were highest for L-band observations and lowest for X-band. Also, HH-polarization had the highest correlations among the polarization channels (HH, VV and HV). Based on the correlation analysis between backscattering coefficients in each band and wheat growth parameters, we developed prediction equations using the L-HH based on the observed relationships between L-HH and fresh weight, dry weight, VWC and plant height. The results of these analyses will be useful in determining the optimum microwave frequency and polarizations necessary for estimating vegetation parameters in the wheat.

Effectiveness of MDCT for the Followup of CABG Patients with LIMA to LAD and Saphenous Veins to Others (좌내흉동맥과 복재정맥편을 사용한 관상동맥우회로술 환자에서의 추적조사에서 MDCT의 유용성)

  • Kang Joon Kyu;Kim Hyung Tai;Park In Duk;Chung Young Mi;Lee Cheol Joo
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • v.38 no.6 s.251
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    • pp.410-414
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    • 2005
  • There are several options for choosing a graft in CABG, we routinely chose LIMA for LAD and great saphenous vein for other target vessels. To evaluate the posoperative graft patency, we have studied the results using a 16 slices multi-detector computed tomography. Material and Method: From 1995 to 2003, 80 CABG patients who did not complain any event of MACE have been examined by 16-MDCT, mostly in an out patient clinic. Result: There were 61 men and 19 women. MDCT was used as early as 7 days to 9 years post-operatively with a median follow-up period of 6.5 years, and mean follow-up peiod of $31.5\pm25.4$ months. Mean age was $58.4\pm12.6$ years old in men and $61.5\pm17.2$ years old in women. 72180 patients received LIMA to LAD, and all other patients received vein grafts for bypass. The target vessel of vein grafts were 8 in LAD, 47 in RCA, 60 in diagonals, and 61 in obtuse marginals. Among them 42 sequential anastomoses were performed. The mean graft number was $3.1\pm1.8$ grafts. 5 year graft patency rate of each grafts was as followings; $93.1\%$ in LIMA to LAD, $94.9\%$ in vein to diagonals, $92.1\%$ in vein to obtuse marginals, and $79.2\%$ in vein to RCA. Sequential grafting showed better graft patency than the isolated grafting $(95.2\%\;vs\;78.7\~95.0\%)$. Conclusion: In this study, CABG with LIMA and saphenous veins showed satisfactory longterm results. 16-MDCT provided good images for follow-up study after CABG. Additionally, as radiologic tools (64-MDCT, MRI) improve more in the future, they can be used for diagnosing preoperative anatomical coronary disease as well as cardiac functions.

A Basic Study on the Characteristics of the Modern Garden in Incheon During the Opening Period - Focused on Rikidake's Villa - (개항기 인천 근대정원의 조영특성에 관한 기초연구 - 리키다케 별장을 중심으로 -)

  • Jin, Hye-Young;Shin, Hyun-Sil
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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    • v.38 no.3
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    • pp.83-91
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    • 2020
  • The purpose of this study is to examine the process of formation of modern gardens. Based on the analysis of the process of formation and transformation of the Jemulpo in Incheon and the details of the modern garden construction. The results are as follows; First, the formation of the Incheon Residence Site began in 1876 with the signing of the Joseon-Japan Treaty. Jemulpo used to be a desolate fishing village in the past, but after its opening in 1881, the Japanese settlement, Chinese settlement, and the general foreign settlement were formed. After that, Japan reclaimed the southern mudflats and expanded the theire settlement area, and advanced to the Joseon area(currently Sinheung-dong). In Japanese colonial era, modern Japanese urban landscapes were transplanted into the settlement area, centering on the Japanese modern gardens were distributed in the area around the center of the settlement area. Second, after examining the process of creating the garden for the Rikidake villa, Japanese Rikidake purchased a site for an orchard in Uri-tang, who was a major landowner in Incheon, to create the garden. At the time of Rikidake's residence, the garden was very large, measuring about 3,000 pyeong, and after liberation, it was acquired by Incheon City and used as Yulmok Children's Library. It was known as a rich village at the time of the opening of the port, and a garden was located at the highest point in Yulmok-dong, making it easy to see the Incheon Port area. Also, a spot located about 300 meters away from Rikidake's rice mill may have affected the location selection. Third, today's Rikidake villa has a Japanese-style house on a trapezoidal site, with a garden of about 990 square meters on the south side. Currently, it is possible to enter from the south and from Yulmok Children's Park in the north, but in the past, the main direction of the house was to view the Incheon Port, settlement area, and the Rikidake Rice Mill, so the house was located in front of the garden. The garden is a multi-faceted style with stone lanterns, tombstones, garden stones, and trees placed on each side, and is surrounded by arboreal plants such as attention, strobe pine, and maple trees, as well as royal azaleas. The view from the inside of the house was secured through shrub-oriented vegetation around the house.

Effects of Wholistic Hospice Nursing Intervention Program on Pain and Anxiety for In-patient of Hospice Palliative Care Unit (전인적 호스피스간호중재 프로그램이 입원한 호스피스환자의 통증과 불안에 미치는 효과)

  • Choi, Sung-Eun;Kang, Eun-Sil;Choe, Wha-Sook
    • Korean Journal of Hospice Care
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    • v.8 no.1
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    • pp.55-67
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    • 2008
  • Purpose: This study was to test the effects of wholistic hospice nursing intervention program on pain and anxiety for in-patient of hospice palliative care unit. This study's design was one-group pre-post test quasi- experimental research. Methods: The subjects of study were 27 patients who were over 18 years old and admitted in hospice palliative care unit of S hospital in P city with agreement in hospice palliative care in their terminal disease. The experimental group subjects participated in holistic hospice nursing program took 120 minutes per session, a total of 1,200 minutes altogether for 10 sessions. The period of data collection was from April 6, 2004 to April 20, 2005. The collected data were analyzed by Paired t-test with SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. A Wholistic Hospice Nursing Intervention Program (named ‘Rainbow Program’) was used as a experimental tool in this study. This was developed by the authors. It was provided by interdisciplinary hospice team (nurses, medical doctors, social worker, pastors, art therapists, and volunteers). In addition, Korean Version of Brief Pain Inventory (BPI-K) by Young-Ho Yun(1998) was used to test degree of pain in physical aspect. And State-Anxiety Inventory was developed by Spielberger(1975) and translated by Kim, Jung-Tack & Shin, Dong-Gyun(1978) was used to test the degree of state-anxiety in emotional aspect. Results: (1) Hypothesis No. 1 "The experimental group which received Wholistic Hospice Nursing Program will have a lower degree of pain than before" was supported (t=-10.585, P= .000). (2) Hypothesis No. 2 "The experimental group which received Wholistic Hospice Nursing Program will have a lower degree of state-anxiety than before" was supported (t=-8.234, P= .000). Conclusion: Our results testified that this Wholistic Hospice Nursing Intervention Program was effective to decrease pain and state-anxiety of the in-patients of hospice palliative care unit. Therefore it can be used and applied actively in practice as a useful model of interdisciplinary team approach by hospice professionals in hospice palliative care unit.

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Development of Greenhouse Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Program Based on Mobile (모바일 기반 온실 냉난방 부하 산정 프로그램 개발)

  • Moon, Jong Pil;Bang, Ji Woong;Hwang, Jeongsu;Jang, Jae Kyung;Yun, Sung Wook
    • Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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    • v.30 no.4
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    • pp.419-428
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    • 2021
  • In order to develope a mobile-based greenhouse energy calculation program, firstly, the overall thermal transmittance of 10 types of major covers and 16 types of insulation materials were measured. In addition, to estimate the overall thermal transmittance when the cover and insulation materials were installed in double or triple layers, 24 combinations of double installations and 59 combinations of triple installations were measured using the hotbox. Also, the overall thermal transmittance value for a single material and the thermal resistance value were used to calculate the overall thermal transmittance value at the time of multi-layer installation of covering and insulating materials, and the linear regression equation was derived to correct the error with the measured values. As a result of developing the model for estimating thermal transmittance when installing multiple layers of coverings and insulating materials based on the value of overall thermal transmittance of a single-material, the model evaluation index was 0.90 (good when it is 0.5 or more), indicating that the estimated value was very close to the actual value. In addition, as a result of the on-site test, it was evaluated that the estimated heat saving rate was smaller than the actual value with a relative error of 2%. Based on these results, a mobile-based greenhouse energy calculation program was developed that was implemented as an HTML5 standard web-based mobile web application and was designed to work with various mobile device and PC browsers with N-Screen support. It had functions to provides the overall thermal transmittance(heating load coefficient) for each combination of greenhouse coverings and thermal insulation materials and to evaluate the energy consumption during a specific period of the target greenhouse. It was estimated that an energy-saving greenhouse design would be possible with the optimal selection of coverings and insulation materials according to the region and shape of the greenhouse.

A Study on the Possibility of Short-term Monitoring of Coastal Topography Changes Using GOCI-II (GOCI-II를 활용한 단기 연안지형변화 모니터링 가능성 평가 연구)

  • Lee, Jingyo;Kim, Keunyong;Ryu, Joo-Hyung
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.37 no.5_2
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    • pp.1329-1340
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    • 2021
  • The intertidal zone, which is a transitional zone between the ocean and the land, requires continuous monitoring as various changes occur rapidly due to artificial activity and natural disturbance. Monitoring of coastal topography changes using remote sensing method is evaluated to be effective in overcoming the limitations of intertidal zone accessibility and observing long-term topographic changes in intertidal zone. Most of the existing coastal topographic monitoring studies using remote sensing were conducted through high spatial resolution images such as Landsat and Sentinel. This study extracted the waterline using the NDWI from the GOCI-II (Geostationary Ocean Color Satellite-II) data, identified the changes in the intertidal area in Gyeonggi Bay according to various tidal heights, and examined the utility of DEM generation and topography altitude change observation over a short period of time. GOCI-II (249 scenes), Sentinel-2A/B (39 scenes), Landsat 8 OLI (7 scenes) images were obtained around Gyeonggi Bay from October 8, 2020 to August 16, 2021. If generating intertidal area DEM, Sentinel and Landsat images required at least 3 months to 1 year of data collection, but the GOCI-II satellite was able to generate intertidal area DEM in Gyeonggi Bay using only one day of data according to tidal heights, and the topography altitude was also observed through exposure frequency. When observing coastal topography changes using the GOCI-II satellite, it would be a good idea to detect topography changes early through a short cycle and to accurately interpolate and utilize insufficient spatial resolutions using multi-remote sensing data of high resolution. Based on the above results, it is expected that it will be possible to quickly provide information necessary for the latest topographic map and coastal management of the Korean Peninsula by expanding the research area and developing technologies that can be automatically analyzed and detected.

NEAR-INFRARED VARIABILITY OF OPTICALLY BRIGHT TYPE 1 AGN (가시광에서 밝은 1형 활동은하핵의 근적외선 변광)

  • JEON, WOOYEOL;SHIM, HYUNJIN;KIM, MINJIN
    • Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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    • v.36 no.3
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    • pp.47-63
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    • 2021
  • Variability is one of the major characteristics of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), and it is used for understanding the energy generation mechanism in the center of AGN and/or related physical phenomena. It it known that there exists a time lag between AGN light curves simultaneously observed at different wavelengths, which can be used as a tool to estimate the size of the area that produce the radiation. In this paper, We present long term near-infrared variability of optically bright type 1 AGN using the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer data. From the Milliquas catalogue v6.4, 73 type 1 QSOs/AGN and 140 quasar candidates are selected that are brighter than 18 mag in optical and located within 5 degree around the ecliptic poles. Light curves in the W1 band (3.4 ㎛) and W2 band (4.6 ㎛) during the period of 2010-2019 were constructed for these objects by extracting multi-epoch photometry data from WISE and NEOWISE all sky survey database. Variability was analyzed based on the excess variance and the probability Pvar. Applying both criteria, the numbers of variable objects are 19 (i.e., 26%) for confirmed AGN and 12 (i.e., 9%) for AGN candidates. The characteristic time scale of the variability (τ) and the variability amplitude (σ) were derived by fitting the DRW model to W1 and W2 light curves. No significant correlation is found between the W1/W2 magnitude and the derived variability parameters. Based on the subsample that are identified in the X-ray source catalog, there exists little correlation between the X-ray luminosity and the variability parameters. We also found four AGN with changing W1-W2 color.