• Title/Summary/Keyword: Mudstone and shale

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Stress field interference of hydraulic fractures in layered formation

  • Zhu, Haiyan;Zhang, Xudong;Guo, Jianchun;Xu, Yaqin;Chen, Li;Yuan, Shuhang;Wang, Yonghui;Huang, Jingya
    • Geomechanics and Engineering
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    • v.9 no.5
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    • pp.645-667
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    • 2015
  • Single treatment and staged treatments in vertical wells are widely applied in sandstone and mudstone thin interbedded (SMTI) reservoir to stimulate the reservoir. The keys and difficulties of stimulating this category of formations are to avoid hydraulic fracture propagating through the interface between shale and sand as well as control the fracture height. In this paper, the cohesive zone method was utilized to build the 3-dimensional fracture dynamic propagation model in shale and sand interbedded formation based on the cohesive damage element. Staged treatments and single treatment were simulated by single fracture propagation model and double fractures propagation model respectively. Study on the changes of fracture vicinity stress field during propagation is to compare and analyze the parameters which influence the interfacial induced stresses between two different fracturing methods. As a result, we can prejudge how difficult it is that the fracture propagates along its height direction. The induced stress increases as the pumping rate increasing and it changes as a parabolic function of the fluid viscosity. The optimized pump rate is $4.8m^3/min$ and fluid viscosity is $0.1Pa{\cdot}s$ to avoid the over extending of hydraulic fracture in height direction. The simulation outcomes were applied in the field to optimize the treatment parameters and the staged treatments was suggested to get a better production than single treatment.

A Studyon the Movment of Ground Water of Banayweol Formation (반야월층(半夜月層)의 지하수운동(地下水運動)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Kim, Yong Ki
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.9 no.4
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    • pp.225-240
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    • 1976
  • This study deals with the flow of bed rock ground water of Banyaweol Formation, which is presently cleared up as a laminar flow. The result obtained may be summarized as the following. 1) The Banyaweol Formation consists mainly of thin-bedded, green to blackish green shale, mudstone, and marl. The marl and mudstone alternatively occur with shale. The marl and mudstone form a aquifer of Banyaweol Formation. In this study, a group of aquifer is in convenience named as a aquifer zone. The aquifer occurs in lenticular form. The aquifer seems to be a type of artesian aquifer because it is covered with aquicludes, but it actually forms a unconfined aquifer because its piezometric surface stays under the lower aquiclude. The lowering of piezometric level is formed because of leakage of the ground water to the lower aquifer undersaturated. 2) The coefficient of permeability of Banyaweol Formation's ground water body (K) is derived by using Dupuit's equation as the following ${\log}K=\frac{CK^2-dK+f}{aK-b}\;\(M=1.365(2H-s)s\\M={\log}1.956s{\sqrt{H}}r\)$ here, $$a=\sum_{1}M_iG_i$$ $$b={\frac{1}{2}log{\sum_{i}}Q_i{^2}$$ $$c=2{\sum_{i}}M_i{^2}$$ $$d=loge{\sum_{i}}M_{i}Q_{i}+2{{\sum_{i}}N_{i}Q_{i}$$ $$f=loge{\sum_{i}}Q_i{^2}N_i$$ If the measured values substituted for the above equation, the coefficient of permeability of the aquifer is 4.1m/day. The coefficient of storge of the aquifer is $2.8{\times}10^{-4}$ if the measured values substituted for Theis's equation. Using the above constants, the filtration velocity of the aquifer is $2.1{\times}1O^{-1}m/day$and the daily flow quantity of the ground water is $847.38m^{3}/day$. 3) In order to understand the time necessary for a circulation of ground water body, the contents of tritum contained in the ground water are measured as 2.3 T.U. at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. Before 1952, the average concentration of tritium per year in groundwater was reported as 10T. u., taking it as the standard, the groundwater of the present study 26.25 years old. Therofore, the groundwater of the Banyaweol Formation is judged as an relatively old groundwater. It is characteristic that the ground water of Banyawol Formation is laminar flow as well as unconfined aquifer and ground water flow of relatively long time. 4) The nature, means of flow, and circulation of Banyaweol Formation's ground water body make it possible set up this ground water body as a ground water system.

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Origin of limestone conglomerates in the Choson Supergroup(Cambro-Ordovician), mid-east Korea

  • Kwon Y.K.;Chough S.K.;Choi D.K.;Lee D.J.
    • 한국석유지질학회:학술대회논문집
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    • autumn
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    • pp.63-65
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    • 2001
  • The Chosen Supergroup (Cambro-Ordovician), mid-east Korea consists mainly of shallow marine carbonates and contains a variety of limestone conglomerates. These conglomerates largely comprise oligomictic, rounded lime-mudstone clasts of various size and shape (equant, oval, discoidal, tabular, and irregular) and dolomitic shale matrices. Most clasts are characterized by jigsaw-fit (mosaic), disorganized, or edgewise fabric and autoclastic lithology. Each conglomerate layer is commonly interbedded with limestone-dolomitic shale couplets and occasionally underlain by fractured limestone layer, capped by calcareous shale. According to composition, characteristic sedimentary structures, and fabric, limestone conglomerates in the Hwajol, Tumugol, Makkol, and Mungok formations of Chosen Supergroup can be classified into 4 types: (1) disorganized polymictic conglomerate (Cd), (2) horizontally stratified polymictic conglomerate (Cs), (3) mosaic conglomerate (Cm), and (4) disorganized/edgewise oligomictic conglomerate (Cd/e). These conglomerates are either depositional (Cd and Cs) or diagenetic (Cm and Cd/e) in origin. Depositional conglomerates are interpreted as storm deposits, tidal channel fills, or transgressive lag deposits. On the other hand, diagenetic conglomerates are not deposited by normal sedimentary processes, but formed by post-depositional diagenetic processes. Diagenetic conglomerates in the Chosen Supergroup are characterized by autoclastic and oligomictic lithology of lime-mudstone clasts, jigsaw-fit (mosaic) fabric, edgewise fabric, and a gradual transition from the underlying bed (Table 1). Autoclastic and oligomictic lithologies may be indicative of subsurface brecciation (fragmentation). Consolidation of lime-mudstone clasts pre-requisite for brecciation may result from dissolution and reprecipitation of CaCO3 by degradation of organic matter during burial. Jigsaw-fit fabric has been considered as evidence for in situ fragmentation. The edgewise fabric is most likely formed by expulsion of pore fluid during compaction. The lower boundary of intraformational conglomerates of depositional origin is commonly sharp and erosional. In contrast, diagenetic conglomerate layers mostly show a gradual transition from the underlying unit, which is indicative of progressive fragmentation upward (Fig. 1). The underlying fractured limestone layer also shows evidence for in situ fragmentation such as jigsaw-fit fabric and the same lithology as the overlying conglomerate layer (Fig, 1). Evidence from the conglomerate beds in the Chosen Supergroup suggests that diagenetic conglomerates are formed by in situ subsurface fragmentation of limestone layers and rounding of the fragments. In situ subsurface fragmentation may be primarily due to compaction, dewatering (upward-moving pore fluids), and dissolution, accompanying volume reduction. This process commonly occurs under the conditions of (1) alternating layers of carbonate-rich and carbonate-poor sediments and (B) early differential cementation of carbonate-rich layers. Differential cementation commonly takes place between alternating beds of carbonate-rich and clay-rich layers, because high carbonate content promotes cementation, whereas clay inhibits cementation. After deposition of alternating beds and differential cementation, with progressive burial, upward-moving pore fluid may raise pore-pressure in the upper part of limestone layers, due to commonly overlying impermeable shale layers (or beds). The high pore-pressure may reinforce propagation of fragmentation and cause upward-expulsion of pore fluid which probably produces edgewise fabric of tabular clasts. The fluidized flow then extends laterally, causing reorientation and further rounding of clasts. This process is analogous to that of autobrecciation, which can be analogously termed autoconglomeration. This is a fragmentation and rounding process whereby earlier semiconsolidated portions of limestone are incorporated into still fluid portions. The rounding may be due mainly to immiscibility and surface tension of lime-mud. The progressive rounding of the fragmented clasts probably results from grain attrition by fluidized flow. A synthetic study of limestone conglomerate beds in the Chosen Supergroup suggests that very small percent of the conglomerate layers are of depositional origin, whereas the rest, more than $80\%$, are of diagenetic origin. The common occurrence of diagenetic conglomerates warrants further study on limestone conglomerates elsewhere in the world.

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Problems in Construction of Tunnel and Rock . Slope at Mudstone and Shale Resion (이암/셰일 지역에서의 터널 및 사면 시공시의 문제점)

  • 이내용;김용일;정한중;김영근
    • Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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    • 2002.11b
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    • pp.115-140
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    • 2002
  • 이암층, 함탄층, 석회암층과 같은 특수지질불량구간에서 터널과 암반사면의 합리적인 시공을 달성하기 위해서는 먼저 대상지질에 대한 지질특성, 암반특성을 정확히 이해하는 것이 필요하며, 지반특성에 적합한 지보대책을 수립하도록 하여야 한다. 본고에서는 전형적인 퇴적암지층으로 알려진 포항지역중 중생대 퇴적암류로부터 신생대 제 3기의 미고결 퇴적암류에 이르는 다양하고 복잡한 지질구조를 이루고 있는 지역에서의 터널 및 암반사면의 시공사례를 통하여 시공중의 제반문제점을 검토하여 이암층에서의 안전하고 합리적인 터널/암반사면의 시공방안에 대하여 고찰하였다.

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Trace Fossil Protovirgularia McCoy, 1850 from the Nonmarine Cretaceous Jinju formation of the Sacheon area, Korea (경상남도 사천 지역의 백악기 진주층에서 산출된 비해성 Protovirgularia McCoy, 1850)

  • Kim, Jeong-Yul;Kim, Kyung-Soo;Pickerill, Ron K.
    • Journal of the Korean earth science society
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    • v.21 no.6
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    • pp.695-702
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    • 2000
  • The ichnogenus Protovirgularia McCoy, 1850 is reported from nonmarine strata of the Cretaceous Jinju Formation of the Sacheon area Korea. There, the Jinju Formation is composed mainly of fine-grained sandstone, grey to brownish grey mudstone, and shale which were deposited in a freshwater lacustrine environment. This occurrence represents the fist formal recording of the ichnotaxon from Korea and the first, on a global basis, from a nonmarine depositional environment.

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Engineering Geological Properties of Mudstone and Shale (이암과 셰일의 지질공학적 특성)

  • 박형동
    • Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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    • 2002.11b
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    • pp.18-30
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    • 2002
  • 이암 및 셰일은 점토를 함유하고 있어 풍화작용을 받을 경우 공학적 성질이 급격히 변화하여 강도 저하, 내구성저하현상 및 토사와 유사한 거동을 보이는 등 토목공사에 위험한 요소가 되고 있다. 풍화된 시료엔 대한 실험용 시료 가공이 어렵고 적용 가능한 실험법이 적어 공학적 특성이나 거동을 정량적으로 파악하는 기법이 다른 암종에 비해 극히 제한된다. 현재까지 강도측정과 같은 일반적인 물성의 단순측정보다는 내구성을 분석하는 슬레이킹 내구성 시험 (Slake durability test), Modified Jar test, 팽창율 측정시험 (Swelling test) 등의 정량화 시험법이 주로 사용되고 있으며 국내 현장에서도 적용을 권장할 수 있다. 이러한 실험치의 해석에서 단일 실험치 (예: 팽창율)만으로 지질공학적 특성을 파악하는 경우 잘못된 판단을 할 수도 있으므로, X선 회절분석시험 (XRD: X-Ray Diffraction Test), TG-DTA분석, 주사전자현미경 (SEM: Scanning Electron Microscope) 이미지 분석, 투수계수 측정실험 등도 함께 수행하여 실험결과를 종합적으로 해석하는 것이 바람직하다.

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Engineering Characteristics of the Sedimentary Rocks on Compressive Strength and Weathering Grade (압축강도와 풍화도에 관련된 퇴적암의 공학적 특성)

  • 이영휘;김영준;박준규
    • Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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    • v.16 no.1
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    • pp.5-17
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    • 2000
  • The physical and mechanical properties of the sedimentary rocks deposited in Taegu and Kyongbuk region have been measured in the laboratory and at the field. Four kinds of rocks such as the shale, the mudstone, the siltstone and the sandstone were the object of this study. In sedimentary rock joint, bedding made it impossible to extract cores for uniaxial compressive test. Some correlations between the uniaxial compressive strength and the other characteristic values such as Point load index, Schmidt hammer rebound, Brazilian strength, P-wave velocity and Absorption ratio are made. The chemical and mineral compositions are also investigated by the XRF and XRD analysis. In addition, the weathering grade of rocks are classified by the quantitative indices of Point load index, Schmidt hammer rebound and Absorption ratio.

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An Analysis of Poisson's Ratio Behaviors by Uniaxial Compressive Loading-reloading Test - On the Sedimentary Rocks of Kyungsang Basin - (일축압축 하에서 반복재하에 따른 포아송비의 거동분석 - 경상분지 퇴적암을 대상으로 -)

  • Lee, Jong-Suok;Moon, Jong-Kyu;Choi, Woong-Eui
    • Tunnel and Underground Space
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.66-77
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    • 2013
  • This paper deals with Poisson's ratio and volumetric strain behavior on loading-reloading terms under uniaxial condition targeting 404 individual rocks, which include sedimentary rocks as sandstone, shale, mudstone, conglomerate and tuff on Kyungsang basin. Poisson' ratio demonstrates increase, convergence and decrease behavior according to the increase in load, which results in preponderance of increase behavior. Volumetric strain demonstrates normal, positive and negative behavior according to the increase in load, which results in preponderance of normal behavior. On practice, Poisson's ratio can be indicative of high or low values with low values of design load. Consequently, a careful selection of results in in-situ sample experiment should be made and varying design conditions should be considered.

Lithofacies and Stable Carbon Isotope Stratigraphy of the Cambrian Sesong Formation in the Taebaeksan Basin, Korea (태백산 분지 캄브리아기 세송층의 암상과 안정 탄소 동위원소 층서)

  • Lim, Jong Nam;Chung, Gong Soo;Park, Tae-Yoon S.;Lee, Kwang Sik
    • Journal of the Korean earth science society
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    • v.36 no.7
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    • pp.617-631
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    • 2015
  • The Sesong Formation, mixed carbonate-siliciclastic deposits of late Middle Cambrian (Series 3) to Furongian in age, in the Taebaeksan Basin shows the Steptoean Positive Carbon Isotope Excursion (SPICE) with the ${\delta}^{13}C$ values ranging from 1.14 to 2.81‰ in the approximately 15-m-thick stratigraphic interval. The SPICE in the Sesong Formation occurs in the lower part of the Paibian Stage which contains trilobite biozones of the Fenghuangella laevis Zone, Prochuangia mansuyi Zone and the lower part of the Chuangia Zone. The Sesong Formation is composed of six lithofacies including laminated mudstone, nodular shale, laminated sandstone, massive sandstone, limestone conglomerate, and limestone-shale couplet facies. The Sesong Formation is known to have been deposited in the outer shelf below storm wave base. The SPICE occurs in the stratigraphic interval associated with highstand systems tract, correlative conformity and transgressive systems tract of the Sesong Formation. The peak carbon isotope value in the SPICE may coincide with the correlative conformity formed by relative sea-level fall. The occurrence of the SPICE in the Sesong Formation suggests that the SPICE can be used as a tool of global correlation for the successions of mixed carbonate-siliciclastics which lack fossils.

A Review of Strength Estimation Method on Ulsan Sedimentary Rocks (울산지역 퇴적암의 강도 추정법 연구 - 점 하중 강도지수로 일축 압축강도 추정 -)

  • Min, Tuk-Ki;Moon, Jong-Kyu
    • Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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    • v.22 no.8
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    • pp.63-72
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    • 2006
  • In the ASTM and ISRM, an uniaxial compressive strength(${\sigma}_{c}$) has been estimated to be 23(ASTM) or $20{\sim}25$(ISRM) times of point load strength index using a diametral test regardless of the rock rating or geological conditions. This paper presents a relationship between $I_{s}$ and ${\sigma}_{c}$ of a weak sedimentary rocks on Ulsan of the Kyung-Sang Basin in Korea. In the results of 291 for ${\sigma}_{c}$ test and 2310 for $I_{s}$ test from 77 spots, the predicted errors of ${\sigma}_{c}$ determined by strength ratio of ${\sigma}_{c}/I_{s}$ have been relatively less than those determined by linear regression analysis. And in case of weak sedimentary rocks such as mudstones, shales and sandstones, ${\sigma}_{c}$ should be lower than those suggested by ISRM and ASTM.