• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.54-60
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• 2001

A study was conducted to assess the nutritive value of two diets based on a low-energy variety of wheat, RAC C1 and their effects on intestinal mucosal structure and function in broiler chickens. The diets were fed with or without microbial enzyme supplement to male and female broiler chickens. The digesta viscosity was reduced (p<0.001) through supplementation with a microbial enzyme in male and female chicks. Enzyme supplementation also improved the dietary apparent metabolizable energy content (p<0.001) and had slight but non-significant positive effects on chick growth and feed conversion ratio. Intestinal mucosal structure and enzyme function were not affected by microbial enzyme supplement. Male chicks consumed more feeds (p<0.001), attained higher final body weight (p<0.001) and were more efficient at feed utilization (p<0.01) than the female chicks. Except for duodenal villus surface area and ileal protein content, intestinal mucosal structure and enzyme activities were similar between the two sexes and dietary treatment groups. The study showed an improvement in the nutritive value of the diets in the presence of the microbial enzyme supplement.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권2호
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• pp.211-247
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• 2021

Livestock species experience several stresses, particularly weaning, transportation, overproduction, crowding, temperature, and diseases in their life. Heat stress (HS) is one of the most stressors, which is encountered in livestock production systems throughout the world, especially in the tropical regions and is likely to be intensified due to global rise in environmental temperature. The gut has emerged as one of the major target organs affected by HS. The alpha- and beta-diversity of gut microbiota composition are altered due to heat exposure to animals with greater colonization of pathogenic microbiota groups. HS also induces several changes in the gut including damages of microstructures of the mucosal epithelia, increased oxidative insults, reduced immunity, and increased permeability of the gut to toxins and pathogens. Vulnerability of the intestinal barrier integrity leads to invasion of pathogenic microbes and translocation of antigens to the blood circulations, which ultimately may cause systematic inflammations and immune responses. Moreover, digestion of nutrients in the guts may be impaired due to reduced enzymatic activity in the digesta, reduced surface areas for absorption and injury to the mucosal structure and altered expressions of the nutrient transport proteins and genes. The systematic hormonal changes due to HS along with alterations in immune and inflammatory responses often cause reduced feed intake and production performance in livestock and poultry. The altered microbiome likely orchestrates to the hosts for various relevant biological phenomena occurring in the body, but the exact mechanisms how functional communications occur between the microbiota and HS responses are yet to be elucidated. This review aims to discuss the effects of HS on microbiota composition, mucosal structure, oxidant-antioxidant balance mechanism, immunity, and barrier integrity in the gut, and production performance of farm animals along with the dietary ameliorations of HS. Also, this review attempts to explain the mechanisms how these biological responses are affected by HS.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.19-27
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• 2016

은대구의 소화관 상대길이 비는 1.52 (n=12)이며, 소화관은 위의 후방부에 5~6개의 유문수를 가진다. 점막주름의 형태는 식도와 위에서는 미분지형이지만 장에서는 분지형이다. 횡단면에서 소화관은 조직학적으로 점막층, 점막하층, 근육층 및 장막으로 구분할 수 있다. 식도의 점막상피층은 단층이며, 원주섬모상피세포들과 점액세포들로 구성된다. 위 점막층의 위선은 관상선으로 주세포, 벽세포 및 뮤신분비세포들로 구성된다. 뮤신분비세포는 원주형으로 AB-PAS (pH 2.5) 반응에서 분홍색과 푸른색을 나타내는 분비과립을 가진다. 장의 점막상피층은 단층이며, 원주섬모상피세포들과 배상세포들로 구성된다. 점막하층은 소성결합조직층으로 주로 교원섬유들로 구성되며, 식도에서 잘 발달되어 있다. 소화관의 근육층은 종주근층과 환상근층으로 구분되며, 위에서 잘 발달되어 있다. 간은 다수의 소엽구조와 담관들로 이루어져 있으며, H-E 염색에서 간세포의 세포질은 호산성이며, 핵과 인은 호염기성을 보였다. 췌장조직은 소화관 주변의 지방조직에 산재하며, 다수의 외분비세포들로 구성된 포상선이었다. H-E 염색에서 외분비선세포의 세포질은 호염기성을 나타내며, 다수의 호산성 전효소 과립들을 함유한다.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.190-193
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• 2001

Background and Objectives: Reliable and versatile free flap has become a mainstay in reconstruction of the head and neck. But until now pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (PMMCF) as workhorse is useful and has some advantages such as good viability, one-stage reconstruction and carotid protection. The objective of this study was to review the role and indication of PMMCF in this era of potent free flaps for head and neck reconstruction. Patients and Methods: Sixty one PMMCF and one hundred forty six free flaps used for head and neck reconstruction between 1991 and 2001 were reviewed retrospectively. We compared the applied sites of flap, the flap failure rate and complications. Results: Contrary to the free flap, use of PMMCF has gradually decreased after the middle of 1990s. PMMCF were mainly used for mucosal defect(33cases, 54.1%) and cervical skin defect(22cases, 36.1%) and free flap were mainly used for mucosal defect(129cases, 88.4%). In point of use of PMMCF according to years, from 1991 to 1997, 30cases(70%) are used to reconstruct mucosal defect and 12cases(29%) are used to reconstruct skin defect. But from 1998 to 2001, only 2cases(10.5%) are used to reconstruct mucosal defect and 13cases(68.4%) are used to reconstruct neck skin defect. In case of free flap, from 1991 to 1997, 41cases (87%) are used to reconstruct mucosal defect and from 1998 to 2001 88cases(89%) are used as same purpose. Three major necrosis (more than 50%) deveolped in 61 PMMCF (4.9%) and three major necrosis developed in 146 free flaps(2.1%). Conclusion: PMMCF is no longer flap of choice for primary reconstruction but it is a still one of a good tool in some head and neck reconstruction such as covering single wide defect of face or neck skin, back-up procedure of free flap, postoperative status, treatment of pharyngocutaneous fistula and covering vital structure.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.164-171
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• 2019

기존에는 방사선 요법은 효과에 비해 소화기 점막 궤양 등 부작용이 많다. 본 연구는 방사선의 작용을 모사하는 방사선 모사 미생물 유래 리보솜 스트레스 반응을 이용하여 방사선 치료의 한계를 대체할 기전적 방법을 모색하고자 한다. 암 치료의 평가를 위해서 대장암의 비균질적인 세포구성, 종양줄기세포 및 주위 미세환경 및 배양 기질 등의 상호작용을 고려할 수 있는 소화기암 스페로이드를 이용하였다. 대조군 대장암 스페로이드에 비해서 리보솜 스트레스하에서는 스페로이드 구조가 상대적으로 큰 군집을 형성하였다. 하지만 이는 구조 자체가 매우 섬긴 세포간 구성을 가진 스페로이드였으며 스페로이드 형성과정의 크기 수축은 대조군에 비해 매우 느리게 나타났다. 대조군은 강하게 뭉친 소규모 클러스트의 집합체가 최종적으로 스페로이드를 형성하여 물리적 손상을 받아도 단단한 소규모 클러스트는 유지되나 리보솜 스트레스 하에서는 물리적 손상에 의해 형태가 파손 후에는 스페로이드 형성이 거의 일어나지 않았다. 기전적으로 리보솜 스트레스 하에서 암세포의 군집하는 이동속도는 매우 느렸으며, 뭉치더라도 세포-세포간 접합부위가 상대적으로 적었다. 이 대장암 스페로이드를 이종 및 동종 이식을 통해 동물에서 증식 시 종양 조직 형성이 매우 억제되었으며, 형성이 되어도 세포-세포간 접합에 핵심단백질인 E-cadherin의 발현이 매우 감소 됨을 알 수 있었다. 결론적으로 방사선 모사 미생물 유래 리보솜 스트레스는 종양 스페로이드 세포 이동 및 접합을 저해하여 3차원 구조 형성 결함을 유발하였으며, 향후 방사선을 대체하여 약물적으로 방사선 항암효과를 구현하는 기반을 제공한다.

• 통합자연과학논문집
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.119-124
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• 2017

Glucagon-like peptide 2 receptor, a GPCR, binds with the glucagon-like peptide, GLP-2 and regulates various metabolic functions in the gastrointestinal tract. It plays an important role in the nutrient homeostasis related to nutrient assimilation by regulating mucosal epithelium. GLP-2 receptor affects the cellular response to external injury, by controlling the intestinal crypt cell proliferation. As they are therapeutically attractive towards diseases related with the gastrointestinal tract, it becomes essential to analyse their structural features to study the pathophysiology of the diseases. As the three dimensional structure of the protein is not available, in this study, we have performed the homology modelling of the receptor based on single- and multiple template modeling. The models were subjected to model validation and a reliable model based on the validation statistics was identified. The predicted model could be useful in studying the structural features of GLP-2 receptor and their role in various diseases related to them.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.85-91
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• 2023

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) occurs when abdominal pressure increases, such as sneezing, exercising, and laughing. Surgical and non-surgical treatments are the common methods of SUI treatment; however, the conventional treatments still require continuous and invasive treatment. Laser have been used to treat SUI, but excessive temperature increase often causes thermal burn on urethra tissue. Therefore, the optimal conditions must be considered to minimize the thermal damage for the laser treatment. The current study investigated the feasibility of the laser irradiation condition for SUI treatment using non-ablative 980 nm laser from a safety perspective through numerical simulations. COMSOL Multiphysics was used to analyze the numerical simulation model. The Pennes bioheat equation with the Beer's law was used to confirm spatio-temporal temperature distributions, and Arrhenius equation defined the thermal damage caused by the laser-induced heat. Ex vivo porcine urethral tissue was tested to validate the extent of both temperature distribution and thermal damage. The temperature distribution was symmetrical and uniformly observed in the urethra tissue. A muscle layer had a higher temperature (28.3 ℃) than mucosal (23.4 ℃) and submucosal layers (25.5 ℃). MT staining revealed no heat-induced collagen and muscle damage. Both control and treated groups showed the equivalent thickness and area of the urethral mucosal layer. Therefore, the proposed numerical simulation can predict the appropriate irradiation condition (20 W for 15 s) for the SUI treatment with minimal temperature-induced tissue.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.869-883
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• 2022

Objective: The aim of study was to investigate the effects of in-feed supplementation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BA) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) on growth performance, gut integrity, and microbiota modulations in red-feathered native chickens (RFCs). Methods: A total of 18,000 RFCs in a commercial farm were evenly assigned into two dietary treatments (control diet; 0.05% BA and 0.05% SC) by randomization and raised for 11 weeks in two separate houses. Fifty RFCs in each group were randomly selected and raised in the original house with the partition for performance evaluations at the age of 9 and 11 weeks. Six non-partitioned RFCs per group were randomly selected for analyses of intestinal architecture and 16S rRNA metagenomics. Results: Feeding BA and SC increased the body weight and body weight gain, significantly at the age of 11 weeks (p<0.05). The villus height/crypt ratio in the small intestines and Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio were also notably increased (p<0.05). The supplementation did not disturb the microbial community structure but promote the featured microbial shifts characterized by the significant increments of Bernesiella, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, and Butyrucimonas, following remarkable decrements of Bacteroides, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, and Succinatimonas in RFCs with growth benefits. Besides, functional pathways of peptidoglycan biosynthesis, nucleotide excision repair, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and aminoacyl transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) biosynthesis were significantly promoted (p<0.05). Conclusion: In-feed supplementation of BA and SC enhanced the growth performance, improved mucosal architectures in small intestines, and modulated the cecal microbiota and metabolic pathways in RFCs.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제1권
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• pp.201-214
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• 1983

Aspirin이 위점막(胃粘膜)에 손상(損傷)을 일으키는 기전(機轉)을 해명(解明)하고 침해(侵害)받는 세포(細胞)의 종류(種類) 및 형태(形態)를 구명(究明)하고자 rat에 체중(體重) 1kg당(當) 60mg을 경구(經口) 및 피하(皮下)로 투여(投與)한 후(後) 경시적(經時的)으로 임상소견(臨床所見)을 관찰(觀察)함과 동시(同時)에 위점막세포(胃粘膜細胞)의 형태적변화(形態的變化)를 광학(光學) 및 전자현미경적(電子顯微鏡的)으로 관찰(觀察)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. aspirin의 경구(經口) 및 피하투여(皮下投與)에 의(衣)하여 특별(特別)한 임상소견(臨床所見)이나 위점막(胃粘膜)의 육안적(肉眼的) 및 광학현미경적(光學顯微鏡的) 소견(所見)은 인정(認定)되지 않았으나 미세형태학적(微細形態學的)으로는 투여경로(投與經路)에 관계(關係)없이 명백(明白)한 변화(變化)를 인정(認定)할 수 있었다. 즉(卽) 위점막세포중(胃粘膜細胞中) 가장 심하게 손상(損傷)받는 세포(細胞)는 벽세포(壁細胞)와 주세포(主細胞)로서 벽세포(壁細胞)에서는 SER과 intracellular canaliculi의 증식(增殖)이, 그리고 주세포(主細胞)에서는 RER의 단열(斷裂), 확장(擴張) 및 효소원과립(酵素原顆粒)의 수적감소(數的減少)와 구조적이상(構造的異常)과 같은 가역적(可逆的) 변성변화(變性變化)가 인정(認定)되었으며 점액세포(粘液細胞), 점액경세포(粘液頸細胞), 기저과립세포(基底顆粒細胞)는 비교적(比較的) 경(經)한 변화(變化)를 보였다. 경구투여군(經口投與群)보다는 경미(輕微)하지만 피하주입군(皮下注入群)에서도 경구투여군(經口投與群)에 상응(相應)하는 변화(變化)를 나타낸 점(点)은 aspirin에 의한 위점막(胃粘膜) 손상(損傷)이 aspirin의 직접적영향외(直接的影響外)에 혈중(血中) aspirin 농도(濃度)에 의(依)한 간접적손상(間接的損傷)도 가미(加味)된다는 것을 시사(示唆)하는 형태적소견(形態的所見)이라고 생각(生覺)되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.238-242
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• 2002

Seventy-four piglets were used to investigate the effects of dietary glutamine (Gln) and glutamate (Glu) on the mucosal structure and active absorption of small intestinal, DNA and RNA concentrations of skeletal muscle tissue in piglets during d 28 to 42 of age. Postweaning piglets were fed for 14 d corn- and soybean meal-based diets supplemented with 0.0 or 1.0% L-Gln or L-Glu. On d 7 and 14 postweaning, pigs' small intestinal sections and longissimus dorsi were collected, at the same time, the D-xylose absorption test was conducted. The results suggested that in comparison to control piglets, jejunal atrophy during the first week postweaning was prevented by the glutamine and glutamate supplementation (1%) and the capability of small intestine to absorb Dxylose was improved. Furthermore the RNA concentration in skeletal muscle tissue was increased. These results provide an experimental basis for use of glutamine and glutamate on alleviating the weaning stresses and improving piglets' growth performance.