• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.85-91
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• 1998

Habitative microorganisms were isolated from the floated air and surface of record materials of library with ancient archives. The major ecological fungi from them were isolated and identified as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Neurospora sitophile, Mucor mucedo, Mucor rouxii, Penicilliun notatum, Rhizopus delema, Rhizopus nigricans, Thamnidium elegans, and Tricoderma viridae. When the cellulase activity of fungi isolated from ancient archives and documents was analyzed, Mucor rouxii and Penicilliun notatum showed the highest avicelase and filter paper activity, to 18.089 and 2.819 units, respectively, showing destructive ability of old archives and documents. Whereas, Mucor mucedo revealed the highest CMCase activity of exoglucanase to 7.044 units.

• Mycobiology
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.132-141
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• 2022

Amylomyces rouxii is commonly found as amylolytic fungi in tapai fermentation. However, its diversity is rarely reported despite being often used for food production in Southeast Asia. This research aims to analyze the genetic diversity and the distribution pattern of A. rouxii from Ragi tapai in Java Island, Indonesia. We isolated the fungus from samples obtained from Ragi tapai producing centers in Bandung, Sumedang, Muntilan, Blora, Yogyakarta, and Bondowoso. The obtained isolates were molecularly identified based on the ribosomal regions ITS1/ITS2 and D1/D2, then analyzed for phylogenetic tree reconstruction, genetic distance, genetic variation, and haplotype networking. Six isolates showed specific morphological traits of A. rouxii. However, phylogenetic tree reconstruction on the ribosomal genes showed that the isolates were grouped into two different clades related to two species. Clade A included BDG, SMD, and MTL isolates related to A. rouxii, whereas clade B included YOG, BLR, and BDS isolates related to Mucor indicus. The genetic distances between clades for ITS1/ITS2 and D1/D2 were 0.6145 and 0.1556, respectively. In conclusion, we confirmed the genetic diversity of molds from Ragi tapai in Java Island and showed that the isolates are not only related to A. rouxii as reported before.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 1999

In order to degrade chitin by enzymatic hydrolysis, it is required from screening highly active deacetylase. To this end, we examined three fungal strains and it turned out that Mucor rouxii produced highly active deacetylase, this enzyme exhibited the highest enzymatic activity against colloidal chitin. The conditions for growing Mucor rouxii are as follows; the effective carbon source, nitrogen source, adequate initial pH, temperature and incubation time were $2\%$ glucose, $1.33\%$ yeast extract, $0.66\%$ pepton, 4.5, $25{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ and 48hr, respectively. The optimum pH and temperature for purified enzyme activity were 5.5 and $40^{\circ}C$, respectively. The purified enzyme was stable at pH ranging from 4.5 to 5.5. However, the enzyme activity was decreased to less than $50\%$ at pH blow 45 and above 7.5. At temperatures above $50^{\circ}C$, the enzyme activity was decreased remarkably. The enzyme was inhibited by LiC1, $HgCl_2$, and $BaCl_2$, but stimulated by $CaCl_2$ and $ZnC1_2$, The activity of purified enzyme was increased by L-cysteine and 2-mercaptoethanol, while decreased by O-phenanthroline, p-CMB, EDTA, and iodoacetate. The $K_m$ and the $V_{max}$ value of purified enzyme were $1.2\%$ and 59.5 U/mg, respectively. The deacetylation activity of purified enzyme was not detected at optimal reaction condition when chitin particle suspension was used.

• Journal of the Korean Graphic Arts Communication Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.30-36
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• 2001

The microbiodeterioration of paper material like books, archival material, manuscripts both illustrated and written, decorative wall papers, etc. is a serious problem throughout the world in museums, libraries, archives, etc. where these materials are placed. The major ecological fungi from record materials of library with ancient achieves were isolated and identified as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Neurospora sitophile. Mucor mucedo, Mucor rouxii, Penicillium notatum, Rhizopus delema, Rhizopus nigracans, Thanmnidium elegans, Tricodema viridae, Bacillus cereus. Bacillus megaterium, Enterrobacter aerogenes, and Staphylococcus auerus. This study was carried out to investigate the antigungal activities of essential oils. The Essential oils from herb were obtained by vapor distillation method, and the antimicrobial activities were examined with ten fungi & four bacteria. It was found to have activity against microorganisms isolated from a achieves stack rooms.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.262-266
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• 2009

Antifungal activity of seven natural antimicrobials, such as $\varepsilon$-polylysine, extract of Yucca shidigera, TLS (vitamin B1 derivative), BMB-FS, chitooligosaccharide, KDSP 001, and KDSP 002 were investigated for their applications in functional beverage. Five fungi including Aspergillus niger, Penicillium citrinum, Rhizopus oryzae, Fusarium moniliforme, and Mucor rouxii were applied as test fungi and mininum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antimicrobials were examined. TLS exhibited the strongst antifungal activity among tested antimicrobials and the growth of all fungi was inhibited at 100 ppm. The antifungal activity of BMB-FS appeared different. The growth of Fusarium moniliforme was inhibited by BMB-FS at 100 ppm, but it exhibit antifungal activity on P. citrinum, and M. rouxii at 1000ppm. MICs of TLS appeared to be 60 ppm for four test fungi except A. niger (100 ppm). These results indicate the possible usage of TLS and BMB-FS as natural antimicrobials in functional beverage.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.573-580
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• 2014

The enzymatic activity of Nuruk and the quality properties of Yakju were investigated according to different fungi. The fungi that were used in this study were Aspergillus kawachii KCCM 32819, Aspergillus niger KCCM 32005, Rhizopus japonicus KCCM 11604, Rhizopus oryzae KCCM 11272, Rhizopus oryzae KCCM 11273, Rhizopus oryzae KCCM 11276, and Mucor rouxii KCCM 60148. The study results are as follows. The saccharogenic power of Rhizopus oryzae KCCM 11272 Nuruk was the highest (3,647.72 SP/g) among all the samples. The ${\alpha}$-amylase production and protease activities were highest (3.76 DU and 4.7 tyrosine mg/min, respectively) in the Rhizopus japonicus KCCM 11604 Nuruk. The pH levels of the Yakju made with commercial Nuruk and Rhizopus japonicus KCCM 11604 Nuruk were 4.14 and 4.07, respectively. The total titratable acid content of the Yakju made with Rhizopus oryzae KCCM 11273 Nuruk was the highest (0.56%) among all the samples. Rhizopus japonicus KCCM 11604 and Rhizopus oryzae KCCM 11272 had the highest ethanol yields (15.18% and 15.10%, respectively). In the sensory evaluation carried out in this study, the panel preferred the Yakju made with Rhizopus japonicus KCCM 11604 Nuruk. Overall, however, the panel did not like the Yakju made with Aspergillus niger KCCM 32005 Nuruk.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.243-256
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• 1970

Nowadays, the damages caused by molds in cotton textile goods becomes influential. In our country, however, the relations between cotton goods and molds are not investigated and studied in detail. Two hundred and fifty seven kind of mold's samples were collected in ninety places through the whole country. The molds samples are mainly gathered according to each regions and seasons from molded cotton textiles. Out of this samples, we isolated six hundred and seventy two strains of molds and the results of isolation are following. 1. The distributed molds were Aspergillus sp., Rhizopus sp., Penicillium sp., etc. among them Aspergillus sp. were most widely distributed, and next were Rhizopus sp., Penicillium sp. etc. 2. The distribution of Aspergillus sp. abounded peculiarly in the dry season, while Rhizopus sp. in the rainy season. 3. The C.M.C, descomposing enzymes forming activity on molds were greatly concerned with intensity damage of cotton textile goods. 4. The formation of C.M.C. decomposing enzyme was only influenced by physiology of each strains. 5. Regarding to the growth. a. The molds which were saprophyting on the cotton textile goods were indicated vigorous growing. b. Among isolated six hundred and seventy two strains, there were above a hundred strains which produced pigment and nearly half of them fifty nine strains were Aspergillus sp. 6. Twenty one strains in isolated six hundred and seventy two strains were indentified which can heavily damage upon cotton textile. As a results of indentification of the selected strains, the following species was abtained, Aspergillus sydowi, wentii, niger, luchuensis, flavus, fumigatus, nidulans, Penicillium frequentants, roqueforti, chrysogenum, albicans, Rhizopus oligosporus, delemar, Mucor rouxii, mucedo, Neurospora sitophila, Monilia variabilis, fructigena, Cladsporium hurbarum and Aspergillus spp. Mucor spp.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1555-1562
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• 2010

Development of the strain and the fermentation process of Hansenula polymorpha was implemented for the production of ${\gamma}$-linolenic acid ($GLA,\;C18:3{\Delta}^{6,9,12}$), an n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that has been reported to possess a number of health benefits. The mutated ${\Delta}^6$-desaturase (S213A) gene of Mucor rouxii was expressed in H. polymorpha under the control of the methanol oxidase (MOX) promoter. Without the utilization of methanol, a high-cell-density culture of the yeast recombinant carrying the ${\Delta}^6$-desaturase gene was then achieved by fed-batch fermentation under glycerol-limited conditions. As a result, high levels of the ${\Delta}^6$-desaturated products, octadecadienoic acid ($C18:2{\Delta}^{6,9}$), GLA, and stearidonic acid ($C18:4{\Delta}^{6,9,12,15}$), were accumulated under the derepression conditions. The GLA production was also optimized by adjusting the specific growth rate. The results show that the specific growth rate affected both the lipid content and the fatty acid composition of the GLA-producing recombinant. Among the various specific growth rates tested, the highest GLA concentration of 697 mg/l was obtained in the culture with a specific growth rate of 0.08 /h. Interestingly, the fatty acid profile of the yeast recombinant bearing the Mucor ${\Delta}^6$-desaturase gene was similar to that of blackcurrant oil, with both containing similar proportions of n-3 and n-6 essential fatty acids.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.32-39
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• 2018

Samples of Laru (a fermentation starter) obtained from the upper part of Borneo Island were analyzed for their lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and fungal diversity using both a culture-independent method (PCR-DGGE) and culture-dependent methods (SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF MS). Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactobacillus brevis, Saccharomycopsis fibuligera, Hyphopichia burtonii, and Kodamaea ohmeri were detected by all three methods. In addition, Weissella cibaria, Weissella paramesenteroides, Leuconostoc citreum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactococcus lactis, Rhizopus oryzae/Amylomyces rouxii, Mucor indicus, and Candida intermedia were detected by PCR-DGGE. In contrast, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum, Pichia anomala, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida orthopsilosis were detected only by the culture-dependent methods. Our results indicate that the culture-independent method can be used to determine whether multiple laru samples originated from the same manufacturing region; however, using the culture-independent and the two culture-dependent approaches in combination provides a more comprehensive overview of the laru microbiota.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2017

In order to evaluate the diversity of microbial population of Korean traditional Deonjang and Gochujang produced in Jeju, Jeonnam, and Jeonbuk province area, microbial communities were analyzed using next generation sequencing. In this result, the dominant bacteria of Deonjang in three area were Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Tetragenococcus halophilus, and Bacillus was major dominant bacteria in Jeonnam (43.16%) and Jeonbuk (64.54%) area. But in Jeju area, Bacillus was 0.22%, which was significantly different from the other two. Equally, the dominant fungi of Deonjang in 3 area were Candida versatilis. Common fungus in Jeonnam and Jeonbuk area was Candida sp., respectively, 64.22% and 33.68% and Micor sp. was a common fungus in Jeonnam (15.66%) and Jeonbuk area (36.73%). But in Jeju area, Candida sp. and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii were dominant than mold. Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and B. amyloliquenfaciens were the preminant bacteria in the traditional Gochujang in three regions. But there were no common dominant fungi in the 3 regions. Aspergillus sp. and Rhizopus sp. prevailed in Jeju and Jeonnam region, and Zygosaccharomycess rouxii predominanted in Jeonbuk area. These results suggested that the difference in the samples collected for the study were classified into similar groups according to the characteristics of each sample rather than regional characteristics.