초등학교에서 속력 관련 단원의 교육과정 및 교과서 내용 구성에 관한 논의 (Composition of Curriculums and Textbooks for Speed-Related Units in Elementary School)
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- 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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- 제41권4호
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- pp.658-672
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- 2022
초등학교 과학에서 속력 관련 단원의 독특한 교수·학습 곤란은 주로 학생의 수학적 사고력 및 속력의 측정과 관련된 절차적 지식의 부족에 기인한 것으로, 교육과정 및 교과서는 이점을 고려하여 구성할 필요가 있다. 속력 단원의 교육과정 및 교과서 내용 구성과 관련된 시사점을 얻기 위하여 2007 개정 교육과정부터 2015 개정 교육과정까지 3개 교육과정 및 이에 따른 교과서의 속력 관련 단원의 구성 체계와 내용을 살펴보고, 선행 연구에 비추어 적절성을 분석하였다. 분석 결과를 통해 현재의 내용 구성은 이동 거리와 시간 및 속력 사이의 입체적인 관계를 파악하기 보다는 암기에 의한 기계적 알고리즘을 통해 물체의 속력만을 계산할 위험이 있어 이중 수직선과 같은 시각화 모형 및 간단한 수를 활용하여 속력의 의미를 단계적으로 학습할 수 있도록 재구성할 필요가 있다는 점을 밝혔다. 또한 조사를 통해 얻은 자료를 이용하여 물체의 운동을 해석하는 활동보다는 실제 운동하는 물체의 이동 거리와 걸린 시간을 직접 측정하여 그래프로 나타내고 분석하도록 함으로써 과정 기능 등 탐구 수행 능력을 향상시키는 것의 필요성에 대해 논의하였다. 마지막으로 적용 차시에서 현재의 교육과정과 교과서에서는 일상생활과의 연계를 강조하고 있지만 단원의 주된 학습 내용인 운동학과는 다소 다르게 동역학과 관련된 내용을 다루고 있어 학습한 내용을 익히고 활용할 수 있도록 속력과 관련된 사례를 중심으로 내용을 새롭게 구성할 필요가 있다는 점을 밝혔다. 새 교육과정 및 교과서에서는 학습하기 어렵고 지도하기 까다로운 내용을 제외하기 보다는 과학의 가치를 깨닫고 과학 학습을 향유할 수 있도록 핵심 주제를 체계적으로 깊이 학습할 기회를 제공할 것을 제안한다.
In light of addressing consumer health concern, coping with anti-tobacco movement, and promoting new product, tobacco industry is actively pursuing to make a new generation of cigarettes with low tar and nicotine deliveries, and less harmful substances. Low tar and low nicotine cigarettes increases their market shares dramatically world wide, especially in KT&G, multinational tobacco companies, EU countries, even in China regulated by CNTC to set up yearly target to lower tar and nicotine deliveries. On the other hand, to design a new cigarette with reduced harmful substances begins to gain speed. The "modified Hoffmann list" publishes thirty plus substances in tobacco leaf and main smoke stream, which is the prime suspect causing health problems. Various ways and means are developed to reduce such components including new tobacco breeds, new curing method, tobacco leaf treatment before processing, selected filtration system, innovated casing system to reduce free radicals, as well as some non conventional cigarette products. In TSRC held this year, the main topic is related to reduce tobacco specific nitrosamines in tobacco leaf. The new generation of cigarette is in the horizon. It still needs a lot help to produce commercial products with satisfied taste and aroma characters. The flavor industry is not regulated by many governments demanding which ingredients might or might not be for tobacco use. However, most of the cigarette companies self impose a list of ingredients to guide flavor suppliers to design flavors. Unfortunately, the number of ingredients in those lists is getting shorter every year. It is understandable that the health is not the only reason. Some cigarette companies are playing safe to protect the company from potential lawsuit, while others are just copying from their competitors. Moreover, it is obvious that it needs more assistance from casings and flavors to design new generation of cigarettes with missing certain flavor components in tobacco leaf and main smoke stream. These flavor components are either non-existed or at lower level at new form of cured tobacco leaf or filtered in the main smoke stream along with reduced harmful substances. The use of carbon filters and other selected filtration system poses another tough task for flavor system design. Specific flavor components are missing from the smoke analysis data, which brings a notion of "carbon taste" and "dryness" of mouth feel. It is ever more demanded by cigarette industry to flavor suppliers to produce flavors as body enhancer, tobacco notes, salivating agents, harshness reducer, and various of aromatic notes provided they are safe to use. Another trend is that water based flavor or flavor with reduced ethanol as solvent is gaining popularity. It is preferred by some cigarette companies that the flavor is compounded with all natural ingredients or all ingredients should he GMO free. The new generation of cigarettes demands many ways of new thinking process. It is also vital for tobacco industry. It reflects the real needs for the consumers that the cigarette product should be safe to use as well as bearing the taste and aroma characters smokers always enjoyed. An effective tobacco flavor system is definitely a part of the equation. The global trend of tobacco industry is like trends of any other industries lead by consumer needs, benefited with new technology availability, affected by the global economy, and subjected for various rules and regulations. Anti-tobacco organizations and media exceptionally scrutinize cigarette, as a legal commercial product. Cigarette is probably the most studied commercial product for its composition, structure, deliveries, effects, as well as its new developmental trend. Therefore, any new trend of cigarette development would be within these boundaries. This paper is trying to point out what it would be like for tobacco industry in the next few yews and what concerns the tobacco industry. It focuses mostly on the efforts to produce safer cigarettes. It is such a vital task for the tobacco industry and its affiliate industries such as cigarette papers, filters, flavors, and other materials. The facts and knowledge presented in this paper might be well known for the public. Some of the comments and predictions are very much personal opinion for a further discussion.
이번 연구는 영덕단층 일원을 대상으로 실시된 상세 지표지질조사에서 수집된 다양한 구조요소들의 기하와 운동학적 자료 그리고 단층암의 대자율이방성 분석 자료를 바탕으로 영덕단층의 내부구조 그리고 기하와 운동학적 특성을 규명하고자 하였다. 영덕단층은 영덕군 강구면 오포리에서 울진군 매화면 길곡리와 기성면 방율리까지 연장되며, 4.6-5.0 km (평균 4.77 km)의 우수향 수평변위로 고원생대부터 중생대에 이르는 다양한 암종을 절단하거나 암상경계를 이룬다. 영덕단층은 4개의 기하학적 분절로 구분되며, 대부분 노두에서 남-북 내지 북북서 주향에 54° 이상 고각으로 동쪽으로 경사지고 있으나 북쪽으로 갈수록 서쪽으로 54°-82° 경사지는 노두가 증가한다. 영덕단층은 모암의 암종에 따라 0.3-15 m 범위의 다양한 폭을 가진 단층핵과 단층대 내부구조의 차이를 보이는데, 이는 모암의 연성도, 구성광물, 입자크기, 이방성과 같은 물성 차이에 기인하는 것으로 해석된다. 이번 연구에서 새롭게 도출한 고응력장 및 대자율이방성 분석 결과와 기존 연구 결과를 종합하면, 영덕단층은 (1) 백악기말~신생대초에 북서-남동 최대수평응력(σHmax)과 북동-남서 최소수평응력(σHmin) 하에서 좌수향 주향이동운동을 겪은 이후, (2) 신생대 고진기에 북동-남서 최대수평응력과 북서-남동 최소수평응력 하에서 우수향 주향이동운동을 겪었음을 지시한다. 이중 고진기에 발생한 우수향 주향이동운동에 의한 변형이 가장 우세하였으며 이후 지각변형은 미미하였던 것으로 해석된다.
목적. 이 연구의 목적은 치의학 교육을 위한 프로토타입 로봇 시뮬레이터를 제작하고, 하악운동을 시뮬레이션 할 수 있는지 여부를 테스트하며, 치과실습 중 자극에 대한 시뮬레이터의 반응 가능성을 평가하는 것이었다. 재료 및 방법. 가상 시뮬레이터 모델은 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) 데이터를 사용하여 경조직을 구획화한 후 제작되었다. 시뮬레이터의 프레임은 polylactic acid (PLA) 소재를 사용하여 3D 프린팅 되었으며, 덴티폼과 실리콘 얼굴 스킨을 장착하여 모델을 형성하였다. 서보 액추에이터는 시뮬레이터의 움직임을 제어하는데 사용되었고, 다양한 센서들로 시뮬레이터의 반응을 생성하였다. 수위 센서가 반응하는 물의 양을 측정하기 위해 수위테스트가 수행되었다. 또한, 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션과 실제 모델을 통해 시뮬레이터의 하악운동과 하악운동 범위를 테스트하였다. 결과. 프로토타입 로봇 시뮬레이터는 작동 장치, 전기 장치가 있는 상반신, 턱관절을 포함하는 머리 및 덴티폼으로 구성되었다. 시뮬레이터의 턱관절은 회전 및 병진 운동을 구현하면서 2자유도를 구동할 수 있었다. 수위 테스트에서 수위 센서의 특정 임계값은 10.35 ml였다. 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션과 실제 모델 모두에서 인간의 움직임을 모방하였고, 시뮬레이터의 하악운동 시 개구범위는 50 mm였다. 결론. 효율성과 안정성을 개선하기 위해서는 더 많은 발전이 필요하지만, 본 상반신 프로토타입의 시뮬레이터는 향후 치과실습 교육에 잠재적으로 유용할 것으로 기대된다.
괭생이모자반은 황해 및 동중국해에서 대규모 번식하는 부유조류 중 하나로 우리나라 연안에 유입되어 환경 파괴 및 양식업 피해 등 다양한 문제점을 야기한다. 효율적인 피해 예방 및 연안 환경 보존을 위하여 최근 인공위성 기반 원격탐사 기술을 활용한 괭생이모자반 탐지 알고리즘 개발이 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 하지만, 잘못된 탐지 정보는 해상 수거 선박의 이동 거리 증가, 지자체나 유관기관의 대응 혼선 등을 유발하므로 괭생이모자반 공간정보 생산 시 오탐지 최소화는 매우 중요하다. 본 연구는 국립해양조사원 국가해양위성센터의 GOCI-II 기반 괭생이모자반 탐지 알고리즘을 활용하여 자동으로 오탐지 화소를 제거하는 기술을 적용하였다. 주요 오탐지 발생 원인 분석 결과를 바탕으로 선형·산발적 오탐지 및 봄, 여름철에 중국 연안에서 대량으로 발생하는 녹조류를 오탐지로 간주하여 제거하는 과정을 포함하였다. 2022년 2월 24일부터 6월 25일까지 괭생이모자반 발생일을 대상으로 오탐지 자동 제거 기법을 적용하고, 중해상도 위성 영상을 이용하여 육안 판독 결과를 생성하고 정성적, 정량적 평가를 수행하였다. 선형 오탐지는 완전히 제거하였으며, 산발적 및 녹조 오탐지는 분포 파악에 영향을 주는 대부분의 오탐지 결과를 제거하였다. 자동 오탐지 제거 과정 이후에도 육안 판독 결과 대비 괭생이모자반의 분포 면적 확인이 가능하였으며, 이진분류모델을 이용하여 정확도와 정밀도는 각각 평균 97.73%, 95.4%로 산출하였다. 재현율은 매우 낮은 29.03%였는데, 이는 GOCI-II와 중해상도 위성영상의 관측 시간 불일치에 의한 괭생이모자반 이동 영향, 공간해상도 차이, 정사보정에 따른 위치 편차, 그리고 구름 마스킹 영향에 의한 것으로 추정하였다. 본 연구의 괭생이모자반 오탐지 제거 결과는 공간적인 분포 현황을 준실시간으로 파악할 수 있으나 생체량을 정확하게 추정하는 것은 한계가 존재하였다. 따라서, 지속적인 괭생이모자반 모니터링 시스템 고도화 연구를 통해 향후 괭생이모자반 대응계획수립을 위한 자료로 활용하고자 한다.
According as the automation of clerical work(OA ; Office Automation) develops, the use of VDT(Visual or Video Display Terminal) is increasing suddenly. But, in proportion to the spread of office automation(OA tendency), the self-conciousness syptom attendant upon the work is appearing also (Kim, Jung Tae, Lee, Young Ook, 1990). The apparatuses of office enable the clerical workers to be convenient and perform mass businesses. But, they are increasing the opportunity to be exposed to VDT syndrom, techno stress, computer terminal disease, pain by muscle strain(RSI), bradycausia of noise nature, and electromagnetic waves, etc. which are referred to as the new type of occupational diseases to the workers. It is the real situation that the workers to use VDT is complaining of the physical inconvenience sense in the recent newspaper and literature, it is the point of time that the sydrome to come from VDT use and computer terminal disease, etc. must be classified into the occupational disease(Lee, Kwang Young 1990, Lee, Kyoo Hak 1990, Lee, Won Ho 1991, Lee, Si Young 1991, Lee, Joon 1991, Choi, Young Tae 1991, Heo, Seung Ho 1989). In addition, it is the real situation that the scientifitic study result about the scope that electromagnetic waves has influence on the human body has not been suggested yet, and criticism on the stable exposure permission standard about electromagnetic waves to be emitted from VDT and on the problem in the health about electromagnetic waves is continuing. (IEEE Spectrum, 1990). In addition according to the experience of nursery business of industry field, it is the real situation that the patients who consult complaining of physical and mental inconvenience sence, among the users of apparatus of office automation, are reaching 10% of the patients coming to doctor's room. Therefore, it is necessary to confirm the self-consciousness symptom that the clerical workers complain of multilaterally with the actual state examination about the use of the apparatuses of offices automaton. Thus, this study was tried as th basic data for the cosultation and education for the maintenance and furtherance of the health of workers as the nurse of industry field, by confirming the contents of self-consciousness symptom attendant upon the use of the apparatus for office outomation making the financial institution in which the spparatus for office automation in most frequently used as the subject, and by examining whether there is the difference according to the subject of study, the data were collected, by using the questionnaire method, making 200 workers who consented to the study participation as the subject, among the persons who have spent over 3 months since they used the apparatuses for office automation and didn't receive the treatment in hospital due to the clerical disease for recent 3 years. The period of data collection was from Oct. 9, 1991 to Oct. 12. As for the measurement instrument about the complaint if self-consciousness symptom attendant upon the use of apparatuses fo office automation, the question item on the complaint symptom of health problem attendant upon the treatment of VDT that Kim(1991) developed and on CMI health problem and the question items on the fatigue degree due to industry were used by previous examination to 25 persons. Collected data were analyzed with the statistical method such as percentage, arithmetic mean, Person correlation coeffient, Kai square verfication, t-test, ANOVA, etc. by using SPSS/PC+ program, and the result is as follows : 1. The self-consciousness symptom that the clerical workers complained of most frequetly appeared high in 'My eyes are tired'(99.4%), 'I feel fatigue and weariness'(99.4%), 'I feel that my head is heavy5(90.0%), 'eyesight fell'(88.8%), 'I have a stiff neck'(88.8%), 'I fell pain in the shoulder'(85.0%), 'I feel cold and painful in the eyes'(76.9%), 'I feel the dry sense of eyeball'(76.2%), 'My nerves are edgy, and I an fretful, (75.6%), 'I feel pain in the waist'(73.2%) and 'I fell pain in the back'(72.8%). It emerged that the subject use the apparatuses for office automation complained of self-consciousness symptoms related to visual symptoms and musculoskeletal symptoms. 2. As for the general feature of examination subjects, the result to see the distribution by classifying into sex, age, school career, use career of apparatuses for office automation, skillfulness degree of the use of apparatus for office automation, use hours of the apparatuses for office automation per 1 day, type of business of the apparatus for office automation, rest hours during the use of apparatus for office automation, satifaction degree of business of office automation, and work circumstance, etc. emerged as follows : As for the sex of subjects, the distribution showed that men were 58.8% and women were 41.3%, Age was average 26.9. As the distribution of school career, the distribution showed that4below the graduation of high school' was 58.8%, 'graduation from junior college-university' was 35.0%, and 'over graduate school' was 6.3%. In the question to ask the existence or non-existence of experience of health consultation in connection with the work of office automation, the response that I had the consultation exprience and I feel the necessity emergerd as 90.1% And, the case that the subject who didn't wear the glasses or lens before using the OA apparatus wear glasses or lens after using OA apparatus emerged as 28.3% of whole. As for the existence or non-existence of use career of OA apparatus, the case under 3 years was highest as 52. 7%. As for the skillfulnness degree about the use of apparatus for office automation, most of them are skillful with the fact that 'common' was 44.4%, 'skill' was 42.5%, and 'unskillful' was 13.1% As for the use average hours of the apparatus for office automation per 1 day, the distribution showed that the case under 3-6 hours was 33.1%, the case under 6-9 hours was 28.1%, the case under 3 hours was 30.6%, and the case over 9 hours was 8.1% Main OA business and the use hours for 1 day showed in the order of keeping and retrieval, business of information transmission(162min), business of information transmission(79.3 min), business of document framing(55.5 min), and business of duplication and printing(25.4min). as for the rest during the use of apparatus for affice automation, that I take rest occasion demands the major portion, but that I take after completing the work emerged as 33.8%. Though the subiness gets to be convenient by the use of the apparatus for of office automation, respondents who showed the dissatisfaction about the present OA business emergd high as 78.1%. The work circumstances of each office was good with the fact that the temperature of office was 21.8, noise was average 42.7db, and the illumination was average 364.4 lx, in the light of ANSi/HFS 100 Standard. 3. Sight syptom, musculoskeletal symptom, skin and other symptoms showed the significant difference according to the extent of skillfulness of the apparatus for office automation. All the symptoms exept skin symptom showed the difference according to the use hours of the apparatus for office automation. All the question items exept the sytoms of digestive organs and the rest hours during the apparatus for office automation showed the signicant difference. The question item which showed the signicant difference from the satisfaction degree of present OA business showed the significant difference from all the question item classified into 6 groups. But, age and school career didn't significant difference from the complaint of any self-consciousness symptoms.