• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.768-774
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• 2007

To study the effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) enrichment on the expression of hepatic genes in pigs, weaned, crossbred pigs (30 d old) were fed diets supplemented with either 2% tallow or DHA oil for 18 d. Hepatic mRNA was extracted. Suppression subtractive hybridization was used to explore the hepatic genes that were specifically regulated by dietary DHA enrichment. After subtraction, we observed 288 cDNA fragments differentially expressed in livers from pigs fed either 2% DHA oil or 2% tallow for 18 d. After differential screening, 7 genes were found to be differentially expressed. Serum amyloid A protein 2 (SAA2) was further investigated because of its role in lipid metabolism. Northern analysis indicated that hepatic SAA2 was upregulated by dietary DHA enrichment (p<0.05). In a second experiment, feeding 10% DHA oil for 2d significantly increased the expression of SAA2 (compared to the 10% tallow group; p<0.05). The porcine SAA2 full length cDNA sequence was cloned and the sequence was compared to the human and mouse sequences. The homology of the SAA2 amino acid sequence between pig and human was 73% and between pig and mouse was 62%. There was a considerable difference in SAA2 sequences among these species. Of particular note was a deletion of 8 amino acids, in the pig compared to the human. This fragment is a specific characteristic for the SAA subtype that involved in acute inflammation reaction. Similar to human and mouse, porcine SAA2 was highly expressed in the liver of pigs. It was not detectable in the skeletal muscle, heart muscle, spleen, kidney, lung, and adipose tissue. These data suggest that SAA2 may be involved in mediation of the function of dietary DHA in the liver of the pig, however, the mechanism is not yet clear.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.8-27
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• 2018

Objective This study investigated the effects of Jeoreongchajeonja-tang in a high-fat diet-induced obesity mouse model. Methods The study examined 9-week-old male mice (C57bl/6J) divided into four groups: the normal(C57bl/6J-Nr), control (high-fat diet only; HFD-CTL), positive-control (high-fat diet with Garcinia cambogia), and experimental (high-fat diet with Jeoreongchajeonja-tang; HFD-JCT) groups. After 7 weeks, the body weight, food efficiency ratio, organ weight, and visceral fat weight of the mice were measured. Blood serum tests, mRNA, liver histopathology, and epididymis adipocytes were also examined. Results Compared with the Control(HFD-CTL) group, the Experimental(HFD-JCT) group given Jeoreongchajeonja-tang showed significant reductions in absolute body weight and food efficiency ratio. The serum alanine aminotransferase, total-cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, insulin-like growth factor-1, and leptin levels were significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group. The serum adiponectin levels were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group. Compared with the control group, the experimental group showed significant reductions in absolute abdominal subcutaneous fat, epididymal adipose tissue, kidney adipose tissue, intestine adipose tissue, and liver, kidney and spleen adipose tissue weights. The C/EBP-${\beta}$, leptin, and SREBP1c/ADD1 mRNA expression were significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group, while the UCP-2 and adiponectin mRNA expression were significantly higher. Compared with the control group, the experimental group showed a significant reduction in the absolute adipocyte area in the liver and epididymal adipose tissue. Conclusion Jeoreongchajeonja-tang has an anti-obesity effect. Additional clinical studies are expected.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.457-465
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• 2015

The 15-kDa selenoprotein (Sep15) is a selenoprotein residing in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and implicated in quality control of protein folding. Herein, we established an inducible RNAi cell line that targets Sep15 mRNA in Chang liver cells. RNAi-induced Sep15 deficiency led to inhibition of cell proliferation, whereas cell growth was resumed after removal of the knockdown inducer. Sep15-deficient cells were arrested at the G1 phase by upregulating p21 and p27, and these cells were also characterized by ER stress. In addition, Sep15 deficiency led to the relocation of focal adhesions to the periphery of the cell basement and to the decrease of the migratory and invasive ability. All these changes were reversible depending on Sep15 status. Rescuing the knockdown state by expressing a silent mutant Sep15 mRNA that is resistant to siRNA also reversed the phenotypic changes. Our results suggest that SEP15 plays important roles in the regulation of the G1 phase during the cell cycle as well as in cell motility in Chang liver cells, and that this selenoprotein offers a novel functional link between the cell cycle and cell motility.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.22-29
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• 2020

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effects of diabetes mellitus care mixture (DCM) on blood glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic mellitus mice. DCM consisted of lagerstroemia speciose, allium hookeri, momordica charantia, amaranthus tricolor, and boesenbergia rotunda, which have been proven to have antidiabetic properties. Methods: In this study, we researched the effects of DCM in type 2 diabetic mellitus mice. C57BLKS/J mouse groups had no treatment, db/db mouse randomly assigned to 2 groups, and treated with distilled water and DCM (200 mg/kg/day). Blood glucose levels and body weight were checked every week. After 4 weeks of treatment, liver function indicators (AST, ALT, and LDH) and lipid metabolites (triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol) were measured with a biochemistry analyzer. Diabetic factors (insulin, resistin, and leptin) were measured with ELISA. Results: DCM was decreased blood glucose, diabetic factors, liver function indicators, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol significantly. Also, HDL-cholesterol was significantly increased in DCM group. The bodyweight of DCM group decreased but, no significant difference with the control group. DCM may have the potential to improved diabetes mellitus by regulating blood glucose levels and diabetic factors. Also protecting from diabetic complications by adjusting liver function indicators and lipid metabolites. Conclusions: These results suggest that DCM to be used as an oriental medicine for diabetes, the results of clinical trials are needed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.402-407
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of effects of enprostil, a prostaglandin $E_2$, analogue, on liver triacylglycerol content and factors that regulate liver lipid metabolism in mice. Mice received vehicle or $10{\mu}g$ enprostil/kg body weight intraperitoneally every 6 h, and were killed at 0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h after the first injection. Enprostil significantly lowered liver triacylglycerol content after 12 h of the first injection. However, the peroxisomal ${\beta}$-oxidation activity was inconsistent with the result of liver triacylglycerol content, because its activity was lovered by enprosil. In another experiment, the effect of enprostil on lipid metabolism in mice was investigated in a short period. Mice received $10{\mu}g$ enprostil/kg body weight intraperitoneally, and were killed after 0, 5, 10, 30 and 60 min. After 30 min, malic enzyme activity was significantly increased by the administration of enprostil compared with the activity at 5 min after. No significant changes in liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase and peroxisomal ${\beta}$-oxidation activities were observed. Plasma free fatty acid concentrations were markedly reduced from 5 through 60 min after the administration of enprostil. Consequently, enprostil suppressive effect on liver triacylglycerol concentration might result from the decreased entry of free fatty acid into liver.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.265-279
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• 1997

This study aims to demonstrate the effect of chitosan, one of the natural chelator, on the ultrastructural changes in the mouse liver caused by cadmium. A total of 60 healthy ICR that weighted 30 gm $({\pm}2gm)$ was used for experiment. The experimental group was divided into three groups; group A, B, and C. The group A and B administrated cadmium (4.0 mg/kg) to the intraperitoneal after pretreated with chitosan (0.5% solution) for 30 and 7 days, respectively. Each group was observed at 12, 24, 48, 72 hours and one week after injected cadmium. The results were as follows: 1. Group A The nuclear membrane and the chromatin were normal shapes at overall the time. The inner and outer membranes of the mitochondria damaged a little but almost normal in shapes. And electron-density showed slightly compacted. some enlarged rER (rough endoplasmic reticulum) showed at 12 hours. At 48 hours, typical lamellae of the rER were reformed, and a lot of transvesicles observed around them. To 48 hours, sER (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) was slightly dilated. From 72 hours, sER rehalizated in normal shape. 2. Group B Nuclear membranes were rounded-shape and chromatin showed evenly. To 72 hours, a lot of mitochondria observed around rER and development of cristae showed weakly. But at one week, cristae were clear and electron-density of matrix showed high. At 72 hours lamellae of rER showed some broken, but were reformed at one week. Also at one week, glycogen granules evenly showed over cytoplasm. 3. Group C At 12 hours, Nucleus showed the condensation of nuclear membrane and clear condensation at 24 hours. However, nuclear membrane had a slightly rounded-shape from 72 hours. From 12 hours to the one week, mitochondria showed the dilation of inner cavity and weak development of cristae. Also electron-density of matrix was a little low. Occasionally, destruction of inner and outer membrane observed at one week. The dilation of cisternae and destruction of lamellae of rER showed from 12 to 48 hours. From 72 hours, rER showed slightly dilated only. And lamella observed at one week. In sER, dilation of inner cavity was observed during whole period. These results suggest that chitosan attenuates the toxic effect of the cadmium in the mouse liver.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.234-239
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• 1997

Guh Sung Y.L.S.-95 is one of the polyacidic solution of which main component is acetic acid. We investigated the subchronic toxicity of the Guh Sung Y.L.S.-95 using SPF ICR mouse for 4 weeks. The Guh Sung Y.L.S.-95 was administered by gastric intubation, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 g/kg body weight. The results are as follows: 1. There are no adverse effects on the clinical obserbation and body weight changes. Also, there are some significant changes in organ weight, but it was meaningless because of the absence of dose-response relationships. 2. In the hematological patterns of administered mouse, there are no significant changes between the treated groups. Also, there are no serological enzymatic changes in the treated mouse. In the 1.0 g/kg treated group, ASP activity was increased significnatly compared with control group. But, this level of activity was fall under the normal physiological range of control mouse. 3. Histopathological findings of the brain, liver, heart, spleen, kidneys, stomach, lung, testis, ovary, uterus and thymus were not observed in the treated mouse. From the above results, the Guh Sung Y.L.S.-95 has no toxicity upto the 5.0 g/kg/day of oral dose for 4 weeks.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.79-92
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• 2019

Humanized mice, containing engrafted human cells and tissues, are emerging as an important in vivo platform for studying human diseases. Since the development of Nod scid gamma (NSG) mice bearing mutations in the IL-2 receptor gamma chain, many investigators have used NSG mice engrafted with human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to generate functional human immune systems in vivo, results in high efficacy of human cell engraftment. The development of NSG mice has allowed significant advances to be made in studies on several human diseases, including cancer and graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD), and in regenerative medicine. Based on the human HSC transplantation, organ transplantation including thymus and liver in the renal capsule has been performed. Also, immune reconstruction of cells, of the lymphoid as well as myeloid lineages, has been partly accomplished. However, crosstalk between pluripotent stem cell derived therapeutic cells with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mis/matched types and immune CD3 T cells have not been fully addressed. To overcome this hurdle, human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, not mouse MHC molecules, are required to generate functional T cells in a humanized mouse model. Here, we briefly summarize characteristics of the humanized mouse model, focusing on development of CD3 T cells with MHC molecules. We also highlight the necessity of the humanized mouse model for the treatment of various human diseases.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.71-76
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• 1986

The determination of fungal flora in some kinds of cereals have been carried out in other to obtain an appropriate information of the population of fungi and toxin productivity The results were summarized as follow; 1. The predominant genera were Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Rhizopus, Alternaria, Fusarium. 2. Six of Aspergillus flavus were aflatoxin-producing strains. 3. Sample barleys were found to contain the highest content of aflatoxin. 4. In electron microscopic studies of liver cells from mouse which had been injected with crude toxin, the liver cells showed the cytoplasmic change.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.111-117
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• 1990

To investigate the transplacental cytogenic effect of air pollutants the authors collected samples from Shinchon, Guro, Banpo and Jungnung-dongs in winter season. The air filters were extracted by mixture of benzene and ethanol, then a certain amount of extracted sustance was injected to pregnant mice at 16th day of gestation. From the fetal liver emulsion polychromatic erythrocytes were collected and stained with Giemsa solution. The cytogenic effect was evaluated by micronucleus test by which numbers of polychromatic erythrocytes containing microunclei (MNPCE) per 1, 000 polychromatic erythrocytes could be counted.