• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.213-222
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• 2024

Objective: Stroke is a leading cause of disability worldwide, often leaving survivors with significant cognitive and motor impairments. Dual-task (DT), which involves performing cognitive and motor tasks simultaneously, can influence brain activation patterns and functional recovery in stroke patients. Design: A systematic review Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, databases including MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, and Web of Science were searched for studies assessing cortical activation via functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during DT performance in stroke patients. Studies were selected based on predefined eligibility criteria, focusing on changes in hemodynamic responses and their correlation with task performance. Results: Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Findings indicate that DT leads to increased activation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), premotor cortex (PMC), and posterior parietal cortex (PPC), suggesting an integrated cortical response to managing concurrent cognitive and motor demands. However, increased activation did not consistently translate to improved functional outcomes, highlighting the complex relationship between brain activation and rehabilitation success. Conclusions: DT interventions may enhance cortical activation and neuroplasticity in post-stroke patients, but the relationship between increased brain activity and functional recovery remains complex and requires further investigation. Tailored DT programs that consider individual neurophysiological and functional capacities are recommended to optimize rehabilitation outcomes.

• Proceedings of the KIPE Conference
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• 2012.07a
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• pp.584-585
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• 2012

본 논문에서는 DSP 및 FPU(Floating Point Unit) 기능을 갖는 ARM계열의 Cortex-M4 마이크로컨트롤러를 이용하여 저가형 벡터제어 시스템을 구현하였다. 이것은 최대 168MHz의 높은 클록으로 동작하면서도 소비전력이 낮고 가격이 저렴하다.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 2022

Objective: Post stroke motor recovery is facilitated by the brain reorganization or the neuroplastic changes. The therapeutic approach mentioned in the current case is one of the approaches for enhancing motor recovery by stimulating the damaged neural networks directing the motor behaviour of a person. The aim of the present study was to establish the changes in the balance and gait pattern of an individual through multi target stimulation of areas of cerebral cortex by utilising multichannel trans cranial direct current stimulation (M-tDCS) in a sub-acute stroke survivor. Design: A Case Report Methods: The present patient was the participant of the trial (CTRI/2021/02/031044).The patient was intervened with M-tDCS (anodes over left primary motor cortex that is C3 point and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex i.e., F3 point and cathodes over supraorbital areas, Intensity - 1.2mA) for the duration of 20 minutes along with turbo med extern - an AFO to facilitate ankle dorsi flexion and conventional physiotherapy rehabilitation. The Fugl-Meyer assessment lower extremity (FMA-LE), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Wisconsin Gait Scale (WGS) and the Stroke Specific Quality of Life (SSQOL) measures were used for outcome assessment. Baseline assessment was done on day 0 followed by assessment on 10 and 20 post intervention. Results: Improvement was seen in all the tools i.e. (FMA -LE), BBS, SSQOL and WGS over the time period of 20 days. Conclusions: M-tDCS resulted in improvement in gait parameters, balance and motor functions of lower extremity of the patient.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.211-215
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to preserve the corticospinal tract during surgery and assess more accurately the motor performance in brain tumor patients around the motor cortex. TceMEP is not entirely reliable, even though there has been no change in waveforms due to a mixture of false positive and false negative signals. For a more detailed examination, DCS was employed to selectively stimulate the motor cortex. In both cases, the indications could find the region to which the cortex was responsible, and constantly check and examine the changes in amplitude, thereby preserving the motor pathway and performing surgery. On the other hand, patients who did not implement the DCS but did implement the TceMEP experienced a decrease in their postoperative motor performance. DCS is a very useful examination and it is a method that can reduce the post-surgery disorder that may occur in patients with the TceMEP in brain tumor surgery.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.162-174
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• 2021

Objectives : We aimed to identify the antidepressant effect of liver tonification acupuncture treatment (ACU (LT); KI10, LR8, LU8, LR4) and four gate acupuncture treatment (ACU (FG); LI4, LR3) and its brain neural activity in the normal and chronic restraint stress (CRS)-induced mouse model. Methods : Firstly, normal mice were given ACU (LT) or ACU (FG) and the c-Fos expressions in each brain region were analyzed to examine brain neural activity. Secondly, CRS was administered to mice for 4 weeks, then ACU (LT) or ACU (FG) was performed for 2 weeks. The depression-like behavior was evaluated using open field test (OFT) before and after acupuncture treatment. Then, the c-Fos expressions in each brain region were analyzed to examine brain neural activity. Results : In normal mice, ACU (FG) regulated brain neural activities in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and periaqueductal gray. ACU (LT) changed more brain regions in the prefrontal cortex, insular cortex, striatum, and hippocampus, including those altered by ACU (FG). In CRS-induced model, ACU (LT) alleviated depression-like behavior more than ACU (FG). Also, brain neural activities in the motor cortex area 2 (M2), agranular ventral part and piriform of insular cortex (AIV and Pir), and cornu ammonis (CA) 1 and CA3 of hippocampus were changed by ACU (LT), and those of AIV and CA3 were also changed by ACU (FG). As in normal mice, ACU (LT) resulted in changes in more brain regions, including those altered by ACU (FG) in CRS model. M2, Pir, and CA1 were only changed by ACU (LT) in depression model, suggesting that these brain regions reflect the specific effect of ACU (LT). Conclusions : ACU (LT) relieved depression-like behavior more than ACU (FG), and this acupuncture effect was associated with modulation of brain neural activities in the motor cortex, insular cortex, and hippocampus.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.56-66
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• 2005

The purposes of this study were to test that complex motor training enhance motor function significantly, to test change in cerebellum, and to test the synaptic plasticity into the immunohistochemistry response of synaptophysin. Using an animal model of fetal alcohol syndrome - which equates peak blood alcohol concentrations across developmental period - the effects of alcohol on body weight during periods were examined. The effect of complex motor training on motor function and synaptic plasticity of rat exposed alcohol on postnatal days 4 through 10 were studied. Newborn rats were assigned to one of two groups: (1) normal group (NG), via artificial rearing to milk formula and (2) alcohol groups (AG), via 4.5 g/kg/day of ethanol in a milk solution. After completion of the treatments, the pups were fostered back to lactating dams, where they were raised in standard cages (two-and three animals per cage) until they were postnatal 48 days. Rats from alcohol group of postnatal treatment then spent 10 days in one of two groups: Alcohol-experimental group was had got complex motor training (learning traverse a set of 6 elevated obstacles) for 4 weeks. The alcohol-control group was not trained. Before consider replacing with "the experiment/study", (avoid using "got" in writing) the rats were examined during four behavioral tests and their body weights were measured, then their coronal sections were processed in rabbit polyclonal antibody synaptophysin. The synaptophysin expression in the cerebellar cortex was investigated using a light microscope. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The alcohol groups contained significantly higher alcohol concentrations than the normal group. 2. The alcohol groups had significantly lower body weights than the normal group. 3. In alcohol groups performed significantly lower than the normal group on the motor behavioral test. 4. In alcohol-control group showed significantly decreased immunohistochemistric response of the synaptophysin in the cerebellar cortex compared to the nomal group. These results suggest that improved motor function induced by complex motor training after postnatal exposure is associated with dynamically altered expression of synaptophysin in cerebellar cortex and that is related with synaptic plasticity. Also, these data can potentially serve as a model for therapeutic intervention.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2010

This study is intended to examine the motor skill learning and treadmill exercise on motor performance and synaptic plasticity in the cerebellar injured rats by harmaline. Experiment groups were divided into four groups and assigned 15 rats to each group. Group I was a normal control group(induced by saline); Group II was a experimental control group(cerebellar injured by harmaline); Group III was a group of motor skill learning after cerebellar injured by harmaline; Group IV was a group of treadmill exercise after cerebellar injured by harmaline. In motor performance test, the outcome of group II was significantly lower than the group III, IV(especially group III)(p<.001). In histological finding, the experimental groups were destroy of dendrities and nucleus of cerebellar neurons. Group III, IV were decreased in degeneration of cerebellar neurons(especially group III). In immunohistochemistric response of synaptophysin in cerebellar cortex, experimental groups were decreased than group I. Group III's expression of synaptophysin was more increased than group II, IV. In electron microscopy finding, the experimental groups were degenerated of Purkinje cell. These result suggest that improved motor performance by motor skill learning after harmaline induced is associated with dynamically altered expression of synaptophysin in cerebellar cortex and that is related with synaptic plasticity.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 2014

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulatory technique that delivers low-intensity direct current to cortical areas, thereby facilitating or inhibiting spontaneous neuronal activity. This study was designed to investigate changes in various sensory functions after tDCS. We conducted a single-center, single-blinded, randomized trial to determine the effect of a single session of tDCS with the current perception threshold (CPT) in 50 healthy volunteers. Nerve conduction studies were performed in relation to the median sensory and motor nerves on the dominant hand to discriminate peripheral nerve lesions. The subjects received anodal tDCS with 1 mA for 15 minutes under two different conditions, with 25 subjects in each groups: the conditions were as follows tDCS on the primary motor cortex (M1) and sham tDCS on M1. We recorded the parameters of the CPT a with Neurometer$^{(R)}$ at frequencies of 2000, 250, and 5 Hz in the dominant index finger to assess the tactile sense, fast pain and slow pain, respectively. In the test to measure CPT values of the M1 in the tDCS group, the values of the distal part of the distal interphalangeal joint of the second finger statistically increased in all of 2000 Hz (p=.000), 250 Hz (p=.002), and 5 Hz (p=.008). However, the values of the sham tDCS group decreased in all of 2000 Hz (p=.285), 250 Hz (p=.552), and 5 Hz (p=.062), and were not statistically significant. These results show that M1 anodal tDCS can modulate sensory perception and pain thresholds in healthy adult volunteers. The study suggests that tDCS may be a useful strategy for treating central neurogenic pain in rehabilitation medicine.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.73-80
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• 2005

We investigated the activation of the cerebral cortex during active movement, passive movement, and functional electrical stimulation (FES), which was provided on wrist extensor muscles. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study was performed on 5 healthy volunteers. Tasks were the extension of right wrist by active movement, passive movement, and FES at the rate of .5 Hz. The regions of interest were measured in primary motor cortex (M1), primary somatosensory cortex (SI), secondary somatosensory cortex (SII), and supplementary motor area (SMA). We found that the contralateral SI and SII were significantly activated by all of three tasks. The additional activation was shown in the areas of ipsilateral S1 (n=2), and contralateral (n=1) or ipsilateral (n=2) SII, and bilateral SMA (n=3) by FES. Ipsilateral M1 (n=1), and contralateral (n=1) or ipsilateral SII (n=1), and contralateral SMA (n=1) were activated by active movement. Also, Contralateral SMA (n=3) was activated by passive movement. The number of activated pixels on SM1 by FES ($12{\pm}4$ pixels) was smaller than that by active movement ($18{\pm}4$ pixels) and nearly the same as that by passive movement ($13{\pm}4$ pixels). Findings reveal that active movement, passive movement, and FES had a direct effect on cerebral cortex. It suggests that above modalities may have the potential to facilitate brain plasticity, if applied with the refined-specific therapeutic intervention for brain-injured patients.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.02a
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• pp.728-732
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• 2008

In this study, we developed motor representation brain mechanism system using fMRI and pilot study is performed, fMRI task were composed two tasks, which provided visual feedback and hid visual feedback. Left superior orbital gyrus, bilateral precentral gyrus, left superior occipital gyrus, left supplementary motor area, right thalamus, right postcentral gyrus and right superior parietal lobule activated with visual feedback. Left precuneus, right middle temporal gyrus, bilateral supplementary motor area, right anterior cingulate cortex, left Inferior temporal gyrus, left insula lobe, right superior parietal lobule, bilateral postcentral gyrus and left precentral gyrus activated without visual feedback. We could found brain mechanism of motor representation using without visual feedback.