• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.109-117
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• 2011

Purpose: To analyze the accuracy of tumor volume dose following field width change, to check the difference of dose change by using self-made moving car, and to evaluate practical delivery tumor dose when tomotherapy in the treatment of organ influenced by breathing. Materials and Methods: By using self-made moving car, the difference of longitudinal movement (0.0 cm, 1.0 cm, 1.5 cm, 2.0 cm) was applied and compared calculated dose with measured dose according to change of field width (1.05 cm, 2.50 cm, 5.02 cm) and apprehended margin of error. Then done comparative analysis in degree of photosensitivity of DQA film measured by using Gafchromic EBT film. Dose profile and Gamma histogram were used to measure degree of photosensitivity of DQA film. Results: When field width were 1.05 cm, 2.50 cm, 5.02 cm, margin of error of dose delivery coefficient was -2.00%, -0.39%, -2.55%. In dose profile of Gafchromic EBT film's analysis, the movement of moving car had greater motion toward longitudinal direction and as field width was narrower, big error increased considerably at high dose part compared to calculated dose. The more field width was narrowed, gamma index had a large considerable influence of moving at gamma histogram. Conclusion: We could check the difference of longitudinal dose of moving organ. In order to small field width and minimize organ moving due to breathing, it is thought to be needed to develop breathing control unit and fixation tool.

• The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the accuracy and clinical outcome of ultrasound-guided glenohumeral joint steroid injection on adhesive capsulitis. Materials and Methods: Patients who were diagnosed as adhesive capsulitis by MRI and physical examination and did not improve their symptom with physical therapy and NSAIDS treatment more than 6 months were included in the study. Patients who showed any other shoulder pathology or history if trauma were excluded from the study. 33 patients including 15 males and 18 females were enrolled in the study, the average age being 55.1 (age 42~72). Cocktail of steroid, lidocaine, saline and contrast medium injected inside shoulder glenohumeral joint using novel approach (which we called acromioclavicular approach) under ultrasound guidance. Clinical outcome was measured through passive range of motion and VAS scoring system. Results: Based on radiographic findings, cases were classified according to the leakage of contrast medium; perfect confinement of contrast-medium inside the capsule, partial leakage of the medium and contrast-medium found at outside the joint. Total 25 cases (76%) out of 33 cases showed perfect confinement of contrast-medium inside the glenohumeral joint. Partial leakage was observed in 6 cases (18%), and contrast medium was observed outside of the glenohumeral joint in 2 cases (6%). Perfect-confinement group showed $111^{\circ}$($80{\sim}140^{\circ}$) of forward flexion and $48^{\circ}$($0{\sim}90^{\circ}$) of external rotation before injection, and improved to $134^{\circ}$($90{\sim}150^{\circ}$) of forward flexion and $70^{\circ}$($30{\sim}90^{\circ}$) of external rotation after injection (p<0.01). Partial leakage showed $120^{\circ}$($90{\sim}150^{\circ}$) of forward flexion and $70^{\circ}$($10{\sim}90^{\circ}$) of external rotation before injection, and improved to $139^{\circ}$($135{\sim}140^{\circ}$) of forward flexion and $78^{\circ}$($50{\sim}90^{\circ}$) of external rotation after injection (p<0.01). VAS score improved from 7.1 (score 3~9) to 2.6 (score 0~5) (p<0.01) in perfect confinement group, from 7.5 (score 7~9) to 3.3 (score 2~4) (p<0.01) in partial leakage group. Two group showed no significant difference. Conclusion: Accuracy of Acromioclavicular approach was 94% which is better than any other methods published so far. Partial leakage of the injection material did not show inferior result compared to perfect injection.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2004

This study deals with an analysis on the sinking resistance for the model purse seine, in the case of different netting material and sinkers. The experiment was carried out using rune simplified model seines of knotless nettings. Dimension of model seines 420cm for corkline and 85cm for seine depth, three groups of models rigged 25, 45 and 60g with the same weighted sinkers in water were used. These were named PP-25, PA-25, PES-25, PP-45, PA-45, PES-45, PP-60, PA-60 and PES-60 seine. The densitie($\rho$) of netting materials were 0.91g/cm$cm^3$, 1.14g/cm$cm^3$ and 1.38g/cm$m^3$. Experiments carried out in the observation channel in a flume tank under still water conditions. Sinking motion was recorded by the one set of TV-camera for VTR, and reading coordinate carried out by the video digitization system. Differential equations were derived from the conservation of momenta of the model purse seines and used to determine the sinking speeds of the depths of leadline and the other portions of the seines. An analysis carried out by simultaneous differential equations for numerical method by sub-routine Runge-Kutta-Gill The results obtained were as follows : 1. Average sinking speed of leadline for the model seines rigged 60g with the same weighted sinkers in water was fastest for 12.2cm/sec of PES seine, followed by 11.4cm/sec of PA and 10.7cm/sec of PP seines. 2. The coefficient of resistance for netting of seine was estimated to be $K_D=0.09(\frac{\rho}{\rho_w})^4$ 3. The coefficient of resistance for netting bundle of seine was estimated to be $C_R=0.91(\frac{\rho}{\rho_w})$ 4. In all seines, the calculated depths of leadline closely agreed with the measured ones, each 25g, 45g, 60g of weighted sinkers were put into formulas meas.=1.04cal., meas.=0.99cal. and meas.=0.98 cal.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 2009

Introduction : Occupational therapists commonly use clinical observation to assess neuromuscular function witch is a fundamental component of sensory integration function. Clinical Observation of Motor and Postural Skills (COMPS) is a standardized assessment with seven items and used to screen if a child's problem is due to neuromuscular and sensory integration system. However, developmental standard of the test need to be validated with Korean children. Objective : This study is purposed to propose developmental standard of the COMPS for Korean children. Method : Seven to nine years old students (76 male and 70 female) participated in this study. In order to find out any difference by gender and age, the data was analyzed using t-test and ANOVA. Results : There is no significant difference by gender for all other items except Prone Extension Position (PEP). There is significant difference between children who are 7 years old and those who are 9 years old for Slow Motion(SM), Finger-Nose Touching (FNT), Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR), Supine Flexion(SF). There is also significant difference between those who are 8 years old and 9 years old for SM, FNT, ATNR. However, there is no significant difference between those who are 7 years and 8 years old. Conclusions : This study examines any difference in neuromuscular characteristics by age among school-aged children, based on the COMPS. The result of this study will provide a good evidence to establish developmental standard of COMPS for Korean children. It issuggested to continue further standardization work of the COMPS in order to establish a developmental standard for Korean children.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.69-76
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• 1996

Purpose : The aim of this study is to investigate the random and systematic errors and tumor movement using electronic portal imaging device in lung cancer patients for the adequate margin in the treatment planning of 3-dimensional conformal therapy. Material and Methods : The electronic portal imaging device is matrix ion chamber type(Portal Vision, Varian). Ten patients of lung cancer treated with chest irradiation were selected for this study. Patients were treated in the supine position without immobilization device. All treatments were delivered by an 10 MV linear accelerator that had the portal imaging system mounted to its ganrty. AP or PA field Portal images were only analyzed. Radiation therapy field included the tumor, mediastinum and supraclavicular lymph nodes. A total of 103 portal images were analyzed for set-up deviation and 10 multiple images were analyzed for tumor movement because of respiration and cardiac motion. Result : The average values of setup displacements in the x, y direction was 1.41 mm, 1 78 mm, respectively. The standard deviation of systematic component was 4.63 mm, 4.11 mm along the x, y axis, respectively while the random component was 4.17 mm in the x direction and 3.31 mm in the y direction. The average displacement from respiratory movement was 12.2 mm with a standard deviation of 4.03 mm. Conclusion : The overall set-up displacement includes both random and systematic component and respiratory movement. About 10 mm, 25 mm margins along x, y axis which considered the set-up displacement and tumor movement were required for initial 3-dimensional conformal treatment planning in the lung cancer patients and portal images should be made and analyzed during first week of treatment, individually.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.93-101
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• 1999

A simple experimental method was used in an attempt to realize the elevation of the fishing ability of purse seine in the sea area of Cheju Island, the changes of seine volume and tension in the purseline during pursing. Experiments carried out on the six types simplified reduced model seines which were made of knotless nettings. The nettings were woven in different leg length 4.3, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.6 and 7.7mm of polyester 28 tex two threads two-ply twine, and each of the seines were named I, II, III, IV, V and Ⅵ seine. Dimension of seine models were 450cm for corkline and 85cmfor seine depth, each seines rigged up 160g of float for a floatline and 50g (underwater weight) of lead for a leadline. These model purse seines were made of the scale of 1/200 of its full scale, a 120 ton in the near sea of Cheju Island. Designing and testing for the model purse seines were based on the Tauti's law. Experiments were measured in the observation channel of a flume tank at the static conditions set up shooting and pursing equipments. Motion of purse seine during purse line was recorded by the two sets video camera for VTR which were placed in top and front of the model seine. The reading coordinate of seine volume carried out by the video digitization system, disk data for the purseline tension. An analysis were performed on the changes seine volume and tension in the purseline during pursing. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The seine volume during pursing was largest for Ⅵ seine with smallest d/l followed by V, IV, III, II and I seines, and tension in the purseline was small. 2. Seine volume during pursing can be expressed by the following equation; CVt=l-EXP[｛2.79 (d/l）＋0.35｝t-33.37 (d/l) ＋ 0.57] Where CVt is volume ratio, d is twine diameter, l is leg length and t is pursing time (sec). 3. Tension in the purse line during pursing can be expressed by the following equation; T= 1- EXP ｛0.57t ＋ 13.36 (d/l)+2.97｝ Where T is tension (kg) in the purseline during pursing.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.391-396
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• 1995

Purpose : The Conformal Radiation Therapy has bee widely used under favour of development of computer technologies. The delivery of a large number of static radiation fields are being necessary for the conformal irradiation. In this paper we investigate dosimetric characteristics on penumbra regions of a multileaf collimator(MLC), and compare to those of lead alloy block for the optimal use of the system in 3-D conformal radiotherapy. Materials and Methods : The measurement of penumbra by MLC or lead alloy block was performed with 6 or 10 MV X-rays. The film was positioned at a dmax depth and 10 cm depth, and its optical density was determined using a scanning videodensitometer. The effective penumbra, the distance from $80{\%}$ to $20{\%}$ isodose lines and $90{\%}$ to $10{\%}$ were analyzed as a function of the angle between the direction of leaf motion and the edge defined by leaves. Results : Increasing MLC angle ($0-75^{\circ}$) was observed with increasing the penumbra widths and the scalloping effect. There was no definite differences of penumbra width from $80{\%}$ to $20{\%}$ isodose lines, while being the small increase of penumbra width from $90{\%}$ to $10{\%}$ isodose line varing the depth and energy. The effective penumbra width of lead alloy block are agree resonably with those of MLC within 4.8mm. Conclusion : The comparative qualitative study of the penumbra between MLC and lead alloy block demonstrate the clinical acceptability and suitability of the multileaf collimator for 3-D conformal radiotherapy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.285-295
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• 2001

This study describes the analysis on the dynamic characteristics of model as a fundamental studies for the horn fish Hemiramphus sajor surface pair trawl gear. The model experiments were carried out in a flume tank by using model net for the horn fish surface par trawl gear. The model net was made to the scale of 1/40 by scaling down two surfce par trawl boats of 6.67 and 9.98 ton used for sea experiment in the coast of Jeju Island. Dimensions of the model net were 1.2m for stretch length of net, 1.3m for float line, 1.0m for sinker line, 2.5g for floats, and 0.86g for sinkers. Experiments were conducted in the observation channel of a flume tank with experimental equipments used to change the distance between paired boats and towing velocity. Motion of model net during towing was recorded by two sets of digital camera which were placed in the top and side of the model net. The leading coordinate of net height and net mouth width was captured by the photograph analysis system. Through the experiment, we obtained the following results: 1. The relationship between the net hight(Nh) and towing velocity(Vt) during towing was found to be Nh=(2.39Db-$^{0.62})Vt^{0.56}$ and the relationship between the net mouth width (Nw) and towing velocity during towing was Nw=(0.96Db^{0.62})Vt^{0.11}$, where Db is the distance between paired boats. 2. The relationship between the net tension(Nt) and towing velocity during towing was found to be Nt=106.94Vt+1.43 and the model net becomes parallel to the water surface at the towing velocity larger than 1.5 Knot. 3. The relationship between the net opening area(Na) and towing velocity during towing was found to be Na=(2.28Db0.37)Vt.-0.45, and the relationship between the filtering volume(Fv) and towing velocity during towing was Fv=(69.9Db$^{0.37})Vt^{0.55}$. The net opening area and filtering volume reach maximum value at the distance of 25m between paired boats.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.374-385
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• 2013

Sediment particle motions have been numerically simulated over a sinusoidal ripple. Turbulent boundary layer flows are generated by Large Eddy Simulation, and the sediment particle motions are simulated using Lagrangian particle tracking method. Two unsteady flow conditions are used in the experiment by employing two different wave amplitudes while keeping other conditions such as wave period same. As expected, the amount of suspended sediment particles is clearly dependent on the wave amplitude as it is increasing with increasing flow intensity. However, it is also observed that the pattern of suspension may be different as well due to the only different condition caused by wave amplitude. Specially, the time of maximum sediment suspension within the wave period is not coincident between the two cases because sediment suspension is strongly affected by the existence of turbulent eddies that are formed at different times over the ripple between the two cases as well. The role of these turbulent eddies on sediment suspension is important as it is also confirmed in previous researches. However, it is also found the time of these eddies' formation may also dependent on the wave amplitude over rippled beds. Therefore, it has been proved that various flow as well as geometric conditions under waves has to be considered in order to have better understanding on the sediment suspension process over ripples. In addition, it is found that high turbulent energy and strong upward flow velocities occur during the time of eddy formation, which also supports high suspension rate at these time steps. The results indicate that the relationship between the structure of flows and bedforms has to be carefully examined in studying sediment suspension at coastal regions.

• Korean Journal of Digital Imaging in Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2014

Purpose: FLAIR image is beneficial for the diagnosis of various bran diseases including ischemic CVS, brain tumors and infections. However the border between the legion of brain metastasis and surrounding edema may not be clear. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the practical benefits of delayed imaging by comparing the image from a patient with brain metastasis before a contrast enhancement and the image 10 minutes after a contrast enhancement. Materials and methods: Of the 92 people who underwent MRI brain metastases in suspected patients 13 people in three patients there is no video to target the 37 people confirmed cases, and motion artifacts brain metastases in our hospital June-December 2013, 18 people measurement position except for the three incorrect patient (male: 11 people, female: 7 people, average age: 60 years) in the target, test equipment, 3.0T MR System (ACHIEVA Release, Philips, I was 8ChannelSENSE Head Coil use Best, and the Netherlands). TR 11000 ms, TE 125 ms, TI2800 ms, Slice Thickness 5 mm, gap 5 mm, is a Slice number 21, the parameters of the 3D FFE, T2 FLAIR variable that was used to test, TR 8.1 ms, TE 3.7 ms, Slice number 240 I set to. The experiment was conducted by acquiring the FLAIR prior to contrast enhancement (heretofore referred to as Pre FLAIR), and acquiring the 3D FFE CE five minutes after the contrast enhancement, and recomposing the images in an axial plane of S/T 3mm, G 0mm (heretofore referred to as MPR TRA CE). Using the FLAIR 10 minutes after the contrast enhancement (heretofore referred to as Post FLAIR) and Pi-View, a retrospective study was conducted. Using MRIcro on the image of a patient confirmed for his diagnosis, the images before and after the contrast media, as well as the CNR and SNR of the MPR TRA CE images of the lesion and the site absent of lesion were compared and analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance. Results: CNR for Pre FLAIR and Post FLAIR were 34.35 and 60.13, respectively, with MPR TRA CE at 23.77 showing no significant difference (p<0.050). Post-experiment analysis shows a difference between Pre FLAIR and Post FLAIR in terms of CNR (p<0.050), but no difference in CNR between Post FLAIR and MPR TRA CE (p>0.050), indicating that the contrast media had an effect only on Pre FLAIR and Post FLAIR. The SNR for the normal site Pre FLAIR was 106.43, and for the lesion site 140.79. Post FLAIR for the normal site was 107.79, and for the lesion site 167.91. MPR TRA CE for the normal site was 140.23 and for the lesion site 183.19, showing significant difference (p<0.050), and post-experiment analysis shows that there was a difference in SNR only on the lesion sites for Pre FLAIR and Post FLAIR (p<0.050). There was no difference in SNR between the normal site and lesion site for Post FLAIR and MPR TRA CE, indicating no effect from the contrast media (p>0.050). Conclusions: This experiment shows that Post FLAIR has a higher contrast than Pre FLAIR, and a higher SNR for lesions, It was not not statistically significant and MPR TRA CE but CNR came out high. Inspection of post-contrast which is used in a high magnetic field is frequently used images of 3D T1 but, since the signal of the contrast medium and the blood flow is included, this method can be diagnostic accuracy is reduced, it is believed that when used in combination with Post FLAIR, and that can provide video information added to the diagnosis of brain metastases.