• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the maternal parenting stress and related variables through early childhood in rural areas (Iksan and Kimpo). The subject were 134 mothers who have less than 5-year old children. The statistics used for this data were freguency, percentile, t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis. The main results obtained from this study were as follows. The degree of maternal parenting stress differed according to level of mother's education, sex of the child, physical and mental health of the mother, child rearing attitudes, mother's level of self-differentiation, marital satisfaction, and father's parenting support. Results of the regression analysis that the etiologic model of this study were that father's parenting support is the most effective variables in rural areas.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.129-144
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to focus on the effects of a mother's characteristics and self-awareness as they impact upon parenting stress, with the additional aim of creating an appropriate structural equation model. The subjects of the study comprised 2078 newborn children (and their mothers) taken from the $1^{st}$ year of the Korea Children's Panel. The results of the research are as follows. The mother's feeling of pregnancy, her income activity, religion, and educational level impacted significantly upon self-awareness, whereas employment status did not. In addition, the feeling of pregnancy and income activity had a effect on parenting stress both directly and indirectly. Educational level and religion impacted on parenting stress indirectly through self-awareness. Both employment status and self-awareness were found to have impacted on parenting stress directly. The implication of these findings are also discussed.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.197-211
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• 2009

This study investigated the relations between mother's parenting self-efficacy, perceived social support, parenting behavior, and acculturative stress, and young children's problem behavior, focusing on the mediational role of mother's parenting self-efficacy and parenting behavior. Mothers were female international marriage immigrant from China, Philippines, and Vietnam. The participants were 374mothers of young children and teachers of the children in Busan and Gyungnam, Korea. Questionnaires were based on Choe and Chung (2001), Shin(1996), Lee (1996), Hong (1995), and Han(1996). Structural equation modeling indicated that mother's parenting self-efficacy and parenting behavior were significant mediators of the relation between mother's perceived social support and child's problem behavior. The results will be useful for parent training programs for female international marriage immigrant.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.23 no.2 s.74
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• pp.127-136
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• 2005

This study had a three fold-research purpose. The first research purpose was to understand parenting issues the families with one child are facing. The second purpose was to examine any differences in variables of interest in this study between the two subgroups of this study sorted by maternal employment status. Finally, this study examined which variables of interest in this study predict maternal self-efficacy. The variables of interest in this study included: 1) family demographic variables, 2) maternal self-efficacy, 3) parenting stress, 4) maternal satisfactions with contextual factors, and 5) maternal perceptions of effectiveness of birth-rate promotion policies. The sample consisted of 276 mothers selected from the one child families and the mothers sampled were asked to fill out the self-administered surveys which had been developed for the purpose of this study. The main results of this study were as follows. Overall, the mothers of this study did not have high levels of maternal self-efficacy, when SES of this sample was taken into consideration. Non-working mothers had higher levels of maternal self-efficacy than working mothers. No significant differences were found in parenting stress levels between the two subgroups. There were significant group differences in maternal perceptions of the effectiveness of birth- rate promotion policies. Furthermore, a wide range of variables was found to be a significant predictor of maternal self-efficacy. Implications were discussed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.109-121
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the longitudinal effects of parenting stress and parental control attitudes on problem behaviors in preschool children, using a latent growth model. Methods: Participants were 1,724 pairs of parents and 1,724 preschool children who had completed the panel survey on Korean children ($5^{th}{\sim}7^{th}$ survey panels). Results: An analysis of the multivariate latent growth model of parenting stress, parental control attitudes, and children's problem behaviors suggested that the parents' intercepts for parenting stress influenced their intercepts for parental control attitudes (father: ${\beta}=.21$, p<.001; mother: ${\beta}=.55$, p<.001). In addition, the slopes for fathers' parenting stress was the only aspect that affected the slopes for mothers' parental control attitudes (${\beta}=.77$, p<.001). Moreover, both the intercepts and slopes of parenting stress and parental control attitudes significantly affected the children's problem behaviors. Conclusion: This study is significant as it provides longitudinal evidence of the impact of parenting stress and parental control attitudes on children's problem behaviors. The findings suggest that accurately assessing changes in parenting stress and parental control attitudes and developing intervention programs to reduce them will be effective in reducing problem behaviors in children.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.37-47
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to construct a model to explain the parenting satisfaction associated with the role transition of older mothers with preschool children. Methods: The participants of this study were mothers of 3- to 6-year-old children who gave birth after 35 years of age, and were drawn from 16 child care centers and 8 kindergartens in 4 administrative districts of B city. Data were analyzed using SPSS for Windows version 22.0 and AMOS for Windows version 22.0. Results: Parental stress, mother-child interactions, parental beliefs regarding personality, and socioeconomic status (income, education, and occupation) had direct effects on parenting satisfaction. Social support also showed direct and indirect effects. Among the sub factors of child temperament, sociability had a significant effect. These variables explained 57.4% of the variation in parenting satisfaction. Conclusion: The results of this study will contribute to the development of effective programs to enhance the parenting satisfaction of older mothers, and will help older mothers through the role transition necessary for the growth of their children.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.33-48
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effects of emotional regulation abilities on the relationship between parenting behavior and preschoolers' externalizing behavior problems. Methods: A survey was conducted with the parents of 166 preschoolers; the children were attending seven different daycare centers in Seoul. Results: The results were as follows: First, emotional regulation abilities fully mediated the relationship between fathers' rejection-restriction parenting behavior and externalizing behavior problems. Second, emotional regulation abilities fully mediated the relationship between mothers' warmth-acceptance, rejection-restriction, and permissive-neglectful parenting behavior and externalizing behavior problems. Third, after controlling for fathers' parenting behavior, emotional regulation abilities fully mediated the relationship between mothers' parenting behavior and externalizing behavior problems. Conclusion: Both parenting behavior and emotional regulation abilities should be considered when attempting to understand the development of preschoolers' externalizing behavior problems. In particular, the results from this study stress the important role of emotional regulation abilities in decreasing externalizing behavior problems and buffering against the influence of negative parenting behavior.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.141-150
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• 2014

The purpose of the present study was to determine the structural relationship among the father's participation in childcare, parenting stress, marital satisfaction, and the job satisfaction of working mothers. This study is based on the 2011 Panel Study on Korean Children, a large, population-based study conducted by the Korea Institute of Child Care and Education. The participants were 431 working mothers. To ensure the reliability and validity of the questions, descriptive statistics of the frequency, ratio, average, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis were obtained using SPSS 21.0. Exploratory factor, variables correlation, and reliability analysis were also performed. The structural analysis using AMOS 20.0 in the bootstrapping method was conducted to perform a path analysis among the variables and to assess the suitability of the model. A hypothetical model was proposed, which was composed of a father's participation in childcare as an exogenous variable and parenting stress, marital satisfaction, and job satisfaction of a working mother as the endogenous variables. The results of this study are as follows: First, a father's participation in childcare and the parenting stress and marital satisfaction of a working mother affect the job satisfaction of the mother. The most influential factor is marital satisfaction. Second, marital satisfaction has mediating effects between the father's participation in childcare and the parenting stress and job satisfaction of the working mother. Third, parenting stress does not affect job satisfaction.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.580-592
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• 2021

This study was conducted on mothers with infants to identify the relevant factors affecting parenting stress and depression, and to verify the effectiveness of the beauty therapy program on parenting stress and depression. After conducting a self-administered survey of 450 mothers with infants under 36 months old in Busan city from May 1 to 20 May, 2018 through convenient sampling method, the final analysis of 402 women. In addition, experimental research through one group pretest-posttest design was also conducted on 17 people to verify the effectiveness of the beauty therapy program on parenting stress and depression. The multiple regression analysis showed that the higher appearance-management behavior, the less parenting stress and depression. Also, parenting stress and depression after participating in beauty therapy programs are significantly reduced compared to those before participating in beauty programs. This study could confirm that beauty therapy program is one of the effective measures to improve women's mental health and self-esteem.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.233-243
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• 2021

This study examined the longitudinal effects of media usage by early school-age children and of maternal parenting stress on children's school adjustment. The study focused on the mediating effect of executive function difficulty. Longitudinal data to examine the hypothetical model were drawn from the eighth (2015) through tenth (2017) waves of the Panel Study of Korean Children (PSKC) collected by the Korea Institute of Child Care and Education (KICCE). A total of 581 children (293 boys and 288 girls) and their mothers were included. Confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation model, and bootstrapping analysis were applied using SPSS 25.0 and Amos 26.0. The results are as follows. First, no significant correlation was found between early school-age children's media usage and maternal parenting stress. Second, neither media usage by early school-age children nor maternal parenting stress were found to directly affect children's school adjustment. Third, media usage by early school-age children and maternal parenting stress were shown to indirectly affect children's school adjustment via executive function difficulties. In other words, higher levels of media usage by early school-age children and maternal parenting stress during the first grade lead to greater executive function difficulties after a year, which, in turn, lead to a lower level of school adjustment in the third grade. This study indicates the need to develop practical support for the psychological wellbeing of mothers while they are performing their role as a parent and for children in maintaining suitable levels of media usage during early childhood.