• Journal of Families and Better Life
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.41-59
• /
• 2015

The purpose of this study was to explore the patterns of investment on children, analyze the differences in academic performance and social relations by the patterns of investment on children, and variables that influence academic performance and the social relations of children. To achieve such research objectives, the raw data from the 2012 Korean Child and Youth Panel investigation were used for the research. The analytical subjects of this research were the parents and the third-grade students of a middle school and the analytical methods used were: frequency, percentage, average, standard deviation, Chi-squared test, ANOVA, Duncan's Multiple Range test, K-mean cluster, and multiple regression analysis depending on the research purpose. The results of the research are as follows. Firstly, as a result formalizing investment pattern on children, there were five patterns of: experience oriented investment, passive experience investment, private education oriented investment, aggressive investment, and passive investment patterns. Secondly, for the patterns of investment on children, the level of academic performance was found to be the highest within the aggressive investment and the experience oriented investment types. The social relation level was found to be the highest with the experience oriented investment, with it being low in private education oriented investment and passive investment patterns. Thirdly, for the factors influencing the academic performance of the children, it was found to be higher in aggressive investment, private education oriented investment, experience oriented investment and passive experience investment compared to passive investment. Some sociological factors were also found to be influential such as mother's age, father's education, sex of children, school area of children, type of house, and income. For the social relation level of the children, the factors of the aggressive investment, passive experience investment, and the experience oriented investment as well as the sociological factors by sex of children and income level are influential.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.131-141
• /
• 1990

Recently, the rate of cesarean section in Korea has been increasing. The results of several previous studies in foreign countries on the emotional responses of cesarean section mothers showed that they might experience difficulties in the mother- infant interaction due to fatigue, lack of early mother - infant interaction, disappointments, anger, feelings of loss of control, and other factors. Human behavior is said to be determined by one's self concept, and self concept is influenced by both internal and external environmental factors. A scale to measure the self concept of cesarean section mothers was needed in order to identify those who might have difficulties in the mother- infant interactions in future. The purposes of this study were to develop a measuring scale, and to test its reliability and validity. The process of this study was as follows. A structured interview was done with 50 cesarean section and vaginal delivery mothers to find their state of emotional reaction after giving birth to their babies. Based on the results of the interviews, a 50 items Likert scale was developed. The self concept of 268 cesarean section and vaginal delivery mothers who were hospitalized at six hospital in seoul were measured, during the period between Feb. 1 and April 30. Reviewing the discriminating power of each item by means of crosstabulation, ten items were selected for the final scale. The reliability and validity of this ten item scale were tested by Cronbach's alpha and t-test, using spss pc＋package. The results of this study and recommendation are as follows. 1. The ten selected items were as follows. I feel pains in my breast. (－) I have a good appetite now. (＋) I feel pains in my flank. (－) I feel fine now. (＋) My body seems to have returned to its prepregnant state. (＋) Thinking of the delivery process, I feel sorry. (－) I want to hold my baby in my arms. (＋) I want to keep my own life, even if I became a mother. (－) I want to delegate the care of the baby to my mother / mother in law. (－) I think baby is my alter ego. (＋) 2. The reliability of this scale was tested by Cronbach's alpha, and the coefficient of this scale was .8066. 3. The construct validity of this scale was tested by means of known group methods. The value of self concept for cesarean section mother was significantly lower than for vaginal delivery mothers(t＝-5.51, df＝266, p＝0.007). 4. The criterion validity of this scale was tested indirectly. Though this scale could discriminate the differences in the self concept between cesarean section and vaginal delivery mothers, the five items on the personal self concept scale didn's show any differences between cesarean section and vaginal delivery mothers. Therefore, the study indicates that those who shows lower values in the personal self concept measurement, that is, lower than 12.03 points, could be regaled as “risk mothers” 5. Further studies using this scale to clarify the influencing factors on negative self concept are strongly recommended.

• Women's Health Nursing
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.353-361
• /
• 2009

Purpose: This study aimed to provide fundamental information about childbirth and antenatal care for pregnancy women and to find differences in mother's antenatal care and delivery service satisfaction between vaginal delivery and cesarean section. Methods: This study was conducted in 4 residential areas and a study sample of 184 postpartum mothers who agreed to collect data. Data was collected from September 1 to October 20 2007 and a structured questionnaire were recruited by the survey. The data was analyzed by t-test and chi-squire test using SPSS/WIN 12.0. Results: There was a significant difference in delivery place between vaginal delivery and cesarean delivery. Only 10.7% of vaginal delivery group delivered in general hospitals, however 24.5% of the cesarean section group delivered in general hospitals. Early antenatal care also showed statistical difference in mode of delivery. 43.5% of vaginal delivery mothers visited hospitals for the detection of pregnancy but 28.3% of cesarean section mothers did that. Vaginal delivery mothers more satisfied with her own delivery method and suggested a vaginal delivery to others. Conclusion: These results suggest that cesarean section mother's sensitivity of early antenatal care was less than vaginal delivery mother. Satisfaction related to delivery care services were higher in the vaginal delivery group.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.18 no.10
• /
• pp.309-322
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe the experience of mothers who have had children with cancer. Participants were seven mothers who had children diagnosed with cancer between 3 to 36 months. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews and analyzed by Colaizzi's phenomenological methodology. Overall, 216 significant statements, 62 formulated statements, 16 themes and five theme clusters were identified. The five theme clusters were 'heartbreaking sadness', 'arduous journey of battling', 'protect my child', 'feeling varying between gratitude and disappointment', and 'suffering and wishing to be with family'. Mothers who have had children with pediatric cancer receiving chemotherapy have experienced strong emotional fluctuations as well as hope as they cope with their ill child. However, they try to become strong women and embrace their family to cope with their situation. The results of this study will support for health professionals to understand mothers who have had children with cancer and to consider the supportive nursing care in considering mothers' emotional fluctuation.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.79-94
• /
• 1998

The case study describes kindergarten children's reading stances and responses with relation to those of their mothers'. Rosenbaltt's theory (1978) of aesthetic and efferent stances in used to characterize the relationship between the reader and the text. mother's reading stances are examined by observing each case study child's reading experience with his/her mother at home. In most cases differences in some children's preferred stances seemed to reflect differences in their mothers' stances. As a result, children took a different type of stance from the teacher's efferent stance and were perceived by the teacher to be slower with regard to literacy development, even though they had formed their own reading worlds. Interestingly enough, children with an aesthetic reading stance were welcomed among their peers during free play time. In contrast, children who took a stance congruent with the teacher's efferent stnace were perceived by the teacher to be on the right track with regard to literacy development, although their reading worlds seened to be limited. Interestingly, the children with efferent reading stances were not engaged in collaborative meaning negotiation processes with peers. The case study children with mothers who did not take an extreme type of stance, I.e., neither a very efferent nor a very aesthetic stance, seemed to choose a type of stance depending on a context.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
• /
• v.61 no.3
• /
• pp.205-228
• /
• 2009

The incestuous assault tends to remain a family secret and not easily be disclosed. Mothers of the victims are usually regarded as the responsible person holding the key to decide whether it should be disclosed or not. Sometimes, therefore, they are blamed with the charge of connivance. The purpose of this study was to explore the essence of mothers' experience of disclosing and to understand the subjective meaning given to this experience. Seven mothers of the female victims of incestuous assault were recruited and interviewed. The collected data was analyzed by hermeneutic phenomenological method. The essential theme of the mothers' disclosing experiences could be summarized as "overcoming pain by going through pain". This major theme contained three sub-themes: "wanting to vent the deepest tormenting pain", "getting hurt again by disregard and indifference from others", "attempting to tear open the festering wound and to feel recovered". Mothers experienced the disclosing process as revisiting the hidden wound to find the meaning of the incident and to cultivate the necessary skill and power to overcome the pain. Especially, mother's disclosing process was characterized by constant restructuring of past trauma through mother's will and knowledge, acknowledging the unmodifiable past, interpreting other people's responses, and, finally, constantly interacting with sociocultural context. The study result stressed the importance of considering the whole array of difficulties and meanings experienced by mothers in the disclosing process. Social work services should provide more professional and sensitive care when mothers try to disclose the dark secret of incestuous assault.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.1-13
• /
• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the experience of children with a schizophrenic parent. Methods: The research methods included biographical in-depth interviews, structured questionnaires, and child's drawings. Data were collected from September until November, 2005 at one university hospital, and interviews were recorded on audio tapes and thereby transcribed. The subjects were three adolescent children (10~15 years old) of a parent with schizophrenia. Results: This study has five themes: It is often the case that the children with a schizophrenic parent are uninformed about their parent's illness, have difficulties dealing with symptoms are confused about their parent's image and display contradictory feelings of fear and sympathy toward their father; The children tend to harbor expectations on mother's role in the family affairs, and simultaneously show pity for her; Family relations without solidarity caused by the absence of their father make the children feel severance, separation, and isolation in and out of the family; The children feel the burden to assume additional household responsibilities; The children are reluctant to mention their father's disease. Conclusion: the study subjects have met negativeness in both developmental characteristics and needs, which supports the need for intervention programs that meet their actual experience.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.85-96
• /
• 2000

This study was conducted to examine the effect of family environment on smoking behavior, smoking knowledge and smoking attitude in primary school students. For the purpose of the study, a questionnaire-based examination was made with 1,476 sixth-grade students in Taegu from November 1st to 30th, 1998. The results of the study are summarized as follows. Out of 22 points for smoking knowledge, the male student group got 12.9 points, and the female student group 13.0 points. For both groups, students with better school achievement showed a significantly higher score (p<0.01). For the female student group, those who had nonsmoking fathers showed a significantly higher score(p<0.05). A perfect score for smoking attitude was 20 points. The male student group received 14.9 points and the female student group 16.3. For both groups, the score appeared to be significantly higher in the students who had better school achievement and no smoking experience. For the female group, the score was higher if they were living with widowed mothers or had nonsmoking parents. The percentage of smoking experience was 22.0% for the male group and 4.7% for the female group. The present smoking percentage of both groups accounted for 0.3% and 0.1%, respectively. The percentage of the male group's smoking experience was significantly higher if school achievement was poor, if the mother has religious, and if her occupation belonged to significantly different category. For the female group, it was significantly higher if a mother's educational background was less than the primary school level, or if a mother smokes. Family adaptability and cohesion were not significant variables for both groups. The score for smoking knowledge according to family cohesion was highest if male and female members were in an enmeshed state. For the female group, the higher the family adaptability, the significantly higher the score for smoking knowledge. The score for smoking attitude according to family cohesion showed a significant difference for both groups. The family adaptability was not a significant variable for both groups. The results of multiple regression analysis, with the scores for smoking knowledge and smoking attitude were used as a dependent variable, revealed that, for both groups, the better the school achievement. For the female group, the higher the family cohesion, the significantly higher the score(p<0.01). For the male group, the score for smoking attitude was significant1y higher if school achievement was better, if students were living with a widowed mother or father, if they had drinking mothers, if family adaptability was low, if family cohesion was high, or if the score for smoking knowledge was high. For the female group, the score for smoking attitude was higher if school achievement was better. Also, if famale student had nonsmoking fathers, if the family adaptability was lower, on the higher the score for smoking knowledge, a smoking attitude scored higher. The results of a multiple logistic analysis, with smoking experience as a dependent variable, revealed that, for the male student group, the worse the school achievement, the higher the score for smoking knowledge, the lower the score for smoking attitude, or the lower the family adaptability, the higher the percentage of smoking experience. For the female student group, the higher the score for smoking knowledge or the lower the score for smoking attitude, the higher the percentage of smoking experience. In conclusion, family environment, including smoking of parents and family functions, had a great effect on smoking knowledge, smoking attitude and smoking experience of students, and it is required to adjust subjects and methods for smoking and nonsmoking education as smoking attitude and smoking behavior greatly differ according to sex.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
• /
• v.45 no.3
• /
• pp.35-69
• /
• 2014

This study was conducted to explore initial motherhood experience of non-married mothers who decided to raise their babies. We applied Rennie's hermeneutic grounded theory for this study in which 7 non-married mothers participated. 9 hermeneutic categories which are 'decision to give birth', 'feeling of hitting bottom', 'ambivalence toward a life in stomach', 'realization of motherhood', 'motherhood anxiety', 'the bridle of social tag', 'hope of motherhood', 'encounter with new self' and 'visage of weary life' were constructed based on 145 meaning units, 34 subordinate categories. The core category that integrates motherhood experiences of participants was postulated as living with two conflicting visages of motherhood which are a cure and a poison at the same time. Motherhood experience processes were emerged in five stages which are decision to give birth, psychological frustration, realization of motherhood, confusion, and hope and discouragement of motherhood. Three types of motherhood experience were analyzed in the study which are adaptative, conflictive, and resistant. Based on the result of the study, the motherhood experience of non-married mother who decided to raise their babies are the process of emergence of new identity called mother. The non-married mothers formed their motherhood identities as they internalize socioculturally granted motherhood ideology. Moreover, the gap between socially oriented motherhood and realistic role of motherhood led to confusion. Based on this study, we suggest intervention plans to the field of social welfare practice that will support initial motherhood of non-married mothers who decided to keep their babies.

• Korean Journal of Family Social Work
• /
• no.23
• /
• pp.263-302
• /
• 2008

The study had four purposes as follows; First, the researcher tried to find the characteristics of conflict. Second, the researcher attempted to find the factors influencing the conflict between mother and the eldest son, Third, the study attempted to find the therapist's intervention techniques, which were caused the change of the conflict between mother and the eldest son. Lastly, the study was to find the changed contents of family relationships. The total family counseling was 13 sessions, which included individual and family counseling. The study used constant comparative analysis by using open coding method to find the factors. Also, the researcher used Miles and Huberman's matrix and graphical network display to show the relationships among factors influencing the conflicts between mother and the eldest son. The study found the boundary problem of family, family's undifferentiated ego, dysfunctional communication patterns, and mother's experience from family of origin as factors influencing the conflict between mother and the eldest son. On the other hand, the study found that the therapist used the formation of therapeutic alliance relationship, guide of communication skills, the reflection of repeated pattern, reframing and a metaphor as intervention methods. The result of study revealed that changed level of family relationship, activating functional communication, changed boundary among family members, differentiated ego of family members, and changed cognition as the changed contents of family relationship.