• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.628-636
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• 2020

Morphological (cyst shape, color, and sizes [length (L), maximum width (W), volume and "a" (L/W)]), structural (vulvar cone slope angle [VCSA], surface wrinkle [VCSW], cyst wall thickness, composition, and texture) and biological characteristics (fecundity, hatching, and emergence [number of second-stage juveniles (J2) from a cyst]) in preceding Heterodera glycines (Hg), currently-recorded H. sojae (Hs) and H. trifolii (Ht) were examined by microscopy. Cysts were lemon-shaped, indicating the genus is Heterodera except for Hs that formed frequently globular cysts with significantly flatter VCSA (102.2°) with smooth VCSW than Hg (50.6°) and Ht (82.0°), but not genus Globodera because of the presence of vulvar cone in Hs. Ht was significantly larger in all morphological characteristics than Hg and Hs, suggesting Ht may be diagnosed differentially by cyst sizes and also host plant preferences. Hs showed smaller "a" value with more globular shape and stronger structures with more thickened and strengthened collagen-like texture of cyst wall than Hg and Ht. This suggests Hs may be diagnosed differently by structural characteristics from the others, especially Hg with similar cyst sizes. There were no significant differences in emergence (inoculum potential) among cyst nematodes due to the offset of fecundity and hatching rate; however, the inoculum potential of Hs may be not so persistent as Hg and Ht in fields because of its lower fecundity and higher hatching rate (causing rapid inoculum loss) than the others. These characteristics of cysts provide information useful for simple and differential diagnoses and reliable management of cyst nematodes.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2024

Biological nutrient removal is gaining increasing attention in wastewater treatment plants; however, it is adversely affected by low temperatures. This study examined temperature effects on nutrient removal and morphological stability of the granular and denitrifying phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAO and DPAO, respectively) using sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) at 5, 10, and 20 ℃. Lab-scale SBRs were continuously operated using anaerobic-anoxic and anaerobic-oxic cycles to develop the PAO and DPAO granules for 230 d. Sludge granulation in the two SBRs was observed after approximately 200 d. The average removal efficiency of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) and PO₄^3--P remained >90% throughout, even when the temperature dropped to 5 ℃. The average removal efficiency of NO₃^--N remained >80% consistently in DPAO SBR. However, nitrification drastically decreased at 10 ℃. Hence, the removal efficiency of NH₄⁺-N was decreased from 99.1% to 54.5% in PAO SBR. Owing to the increased oxygen penetration depth at low temperatures, the influence on nitrification rates was limited. The granule in DPAO and PAO SBR was observed to be unstable and disintegrated at 10 ℃. In conclusion, morphological characteristics showed that changed conversion rates at low temperatures in aerobic granular sludge altered both nutrient removal efficiencies and granule formation.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제95권1호
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• pp.55-59
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• 2006

본 연구는 희귀식물 꼬리진달래의 형태적 변이를 분석하여 종내 변이를 구명하며, 나아가 조경수로써 우량한 개체의 선발과 유전자원을 보호하며 꼬리진달래의 보호, 관리함에 있어 기초 자료를 제공하고자 실시하였다. 꼬리진달래의 형태적 특성을 고찰하기 위하여 6개 산지를 선정하고, 18가지 형질들을 조사한 결과, 꽃잎의 형질에서는 월악산의 것이 큰 경향을 나타낸 반면에 봉화의 것이 가장 작은 경향을 나타내었으며, 잎의 형질에서는 연하리의 형질이 가장 큰 경향을 나타내었으며, 봉화의 것이 가장 작게 나타났다. 형태적 특성들에 대한 주성분분석 결과, 제 1주성분의 기여도가 전체변이의 41.6%, 고유값이 1이상인 제 3주성분까지의 기여도는 전체변이의 81.5%였다. 제 1주성분은 꽃잎 길이(PL), 엽 길이(LL) 폭(LW), 암술머리 길이(SL) 특성이 높은 상관관계를 나타냈으며, 제 2주성분의 기여율은 21.1%로서 엽병 길이(PTL), 약 길이(AL) 특성이 높은 상관관계를 나타내었다. 또한, 제 3주성분의 기여율은 22.6%로서, 소화경 길이(FPL), 수술대 길이(FL) 특성이 높은 상관관계를 나타내었다 주성분 1, 2, 3의 주요특성들은 꼬리진달래 산지간 형질 분류에 중요한 정보를 주는 요인으로 나타났다. 조사 분석된 산지의 형태적 특성들을 기초로 하여 유집분석을 실시한 결과를 종합하여 살펴볼 때, 크게 3개의 그룹으로 구분할 수 있으며, 제 1그룹은 영월군 직동리이며, 제 2그룹은 충청북도 월악산, 영윌군 연하리, 제 3그룹은 태백, 봉화, 삼척 지역이 속히는 것으로 분석되었다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.21-26
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• 2003

2000년 9월부터 2002년 6월까지 약 50여 회에 걸쳐 전국적으로 191개체를 수집하였고, 관리 도중 고사한 38개체를 제외한 153개체의 왕포아풀의 형태적 특성의 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 우리나라에 자생하고 있는 왕포아풀의 초장은 최저 4.5cm의 왜성형으로부터 최고 40.0cm의 고성형 까지 다양한 범위를 나타내고 있으며, 그 중 초장의 범위가 10~20cm사이에 있는 왕포아풀이 가장 많이 조사되었고 초장이 30cm를 넘는 고성형은 그리 많지 않았다. 2) 왕포아풀의 엽장은 최저 3.0cm에서 최고 30.2cm의 범위였으며, 평균 13.1cm였다. 초장과 마찬가지로 엽장의 길이도 20.0cm 이하인 것이 대다수였다. 3) 왕포아풀의 엽폭은 최저 1.0mm 세엽형으로 부터 5.0mm 광엽형까지 다양한 형태로 나타났으며, 2.0~3.5mm의 범위에 속하는 개체가 135개체로 가장 많았다. 4) 시각적 품질과 형태적 특성간의 상관분석에서는 초장, 엽장, 엽폭 등 모든 형태적 특성의 항목과 양의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 분석 되었지만, 상관계수는 낮게 나타났다. 5) 형태적 특성간의 상관분석에서는 초장과 엽장의 상관계수가 0.74로 나타나 매우 높은 상관관계가 보였고 95%의 수준에서 유의성이 나타났다.

• 생태와환경
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.125-129
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• 2021

Chironomids are a large group of invertebrates that live in various aquatic habitats. The distribution range of these invertebrates has become varied due to anthropogenic impacts; as such, their distribution can be used as an indicator of environmental health. Adult chironomids are well known in South Korea; however, the larvae have rarely been studied due to difficulties associated with morphological classification. To address this lack of information, we collected larvae from four important rivers in South Korea and summarized their taxonomic morphological characteristics. The antennae, mandible, and mentum were used for larval taxonomic characterization. In this study, we describe the basic morphological features and key pictorial features of 20 species of chironomids, representing 16 genera.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2014년도 춘계학술대회 및 임시총회
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• pp.21-21
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• 2014

A edible mushroom, Hypsizygus marmoreus is commercially cultivated in Northeast Asia. Japan's annual production is 110,000ton or more. Since 2002, cultivation is expanded in Korea. To investigate the morphological, cultural and microscopic characteristics of Hypsizygus marmoreus, 109 isolates were collected from Korea and other countries. Clamp connection, chlamydospore and arthrospore were present in all tested isolates of H. marmoreus except HYM-002 and HYM-004. Also pilealtrama, gilltrama, basidia, basidiospore and cystidia of fruiting body were no difference among the isolates in the present investigation. Morphological characteristics of fruiting body was that color of pileus was brown and white, irregular as marble, the average size 12~22mm and stipes was $46{\sim}91{\times}6{\sim}10mm$. Isolates HYM-031, HYM-047 and HYM-109 formed grayish-brown pileus with a faint pattern. Molecular analysis with RAPD and ITS rDNA sequence analysis were also performed to check the genetic relationships among H. marmoreus isolates. Based on the RAPD analysis using the URP-PCR, all isolates of H. marmoreus were clustered into large 3 groups but more than 90% showed high similarity. In addition, morphological and geographical differences have been classified as an independent cluster. The brown and white strains enclosed in same cluster. So genetically no significance difference was observed between these two strains. ITS gene sequences of 16 selected isolates which were 640 bp long, were aligned and compared. The similarity in ITS sequence was 94.8 to 99.1% among tested isolates and the H. marmoreus isolates in GeneBank. In conclusion the tested isolates were H. marmoreus. Morphological and molecular observations proved that all tested isolates were belonging to H. marmoreus. For the stable artificial cultivation, composition of optimum media, mature period and light condition were established. Optimal formula of artificial cultivation medium was Douglas sawdust: corn cob: soybean meal: wheat bran = 40:30:15:15. In addition, 7% rice bran and 3% yellow sucrose was the most effective composition for spawn's liquid medium. For the maturation of the isolates was favorable for growing for 20 to 30 days at $25^{\circ}C$ and the LED lights in mixture of white and blue was good for growth period. For effective growth, the temperature, humidity and aeration control in every step was important.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.134-141
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• 2010

This study analyzed the regional morphological and mechanical characteristics of vertebrae by using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and micro finite element analysis (FEA). For the present study, the $12^{th}$ human thoracic vertebral bones (an 85-years female and a 48-years male) were used. These were scanned by using micro-CT. Structural parameters were evaluated from the acquired 20 image data for fifteen $4{\times}4mm^2$ regions (five regions in respective layers of superior, middle and inferior part) in the thoracic vertebral trabecular bones. $4{\times}4{\times}4mm^3$ cubic finite element models of each regions were created at $70{\mu}m$ voxel resolution to investigate effective modulus ($E^+$). The present study indicated that there were significant differences in morphological and elastic mechanical characteristics of each region. There are close relationship between effective modulus and structural model index (SMI) in the bone of the 48-years male and between effective modulus and bone volume fraction (BV/TV) in the bone of the 85-years female. In addition, the effective modulus of central regions is about 80% stiffer than that of lateral regions at transverse plane. These findings may be likely to explain the previous result that a change of loading distribution of the vertebral trabecular bones is caused by spinal curvature and nucleus pulpous degeneration of the intervertebral disc.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2016

Background : Plant breeding requires the collection of genetically diverse genetic resources. Studies on the characteristics of Platycodon grandiflorum resources have not been carried out so far. The present study was carried out to discriminate P. grandiflorum based on morphological characteristics and genetic diversity using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Methods and Results :We collected 11 P. grandiflorum cultivars: Maries II, Hakone double white, Hakone double blue, Fuji white, Fuji pink, Fuji blue, Astra white, Astra pink, Astra blue, Astra semi-double blue and Jangbaek. Analyses of the morphological characteristics of the collection were conducted for aerial parts (flower, stem and leaf) and underground parts (root). Next, the genetic diversity of all P. grandiflorum resources was analyzed using SSR markers employing the DNA fragment analysis method. We determined that the 11 P. grandiflorum cultivars analyzed could be classified by plant length, leaf number and root characteristic. Based on the genetic diversity analysis, these cultivars were classified into four distinct groups. Conclusions : These findings could be used for further research on cultivar development using molecular breeding techniques and for conservation of the genetic diversity of P. grandiflorum. Moreover, the markers could be used for genetic mapping of the plant and marker-assisted selection for crop breeding.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.61-69
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• 2012

삼면이 바다인 우리나라의 연안에 번식력과 포식성이 매우 강한 아무르불가사리의 개체수가 매년 급증하고 있다. 더욱이 아무르불가사리는 살아있는 어패류를 먹기 때문에 양식 어민들의 피해가 매우 크다. 따라서 불가사리를 구제하거나 불가사리의 개체수의 변화 및 이동 경로 파악 등을 위하여 수중 영상에서 불가사리 개체를 인식하는 기술은 매우 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 아무르불가사리의 형태적 특징 분석을 이용한 개선된 인식 방법을 제안하였다. 제안한 인식 방법은 아무르불가사리의 형태적 특징인 오목과 볼록에 대한 추출 정보가 부족한 경우를 위해 제안된 개선된 인식 방법이다. 바다 속에서 촬영되는 불가사리의 영상에서 불가사리의 형태적 특징을 모두 추출하는 것은 매우 어렵다. 따라서 제안하는 인식 방법은 다양한 아무르불가사리 영상에서 개체를 인식하는데 효과적이다. 실험결과, 제안한 기법의 인식률은 92.5%로 기존 기법보다 우수한 성능을 보였다.

• 물과 미래
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.71-77
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• 1977

한 유역의 하천형태학적 특성은 유역의 강수-유출 관계해석에 중요한 영향을 미치며 이의 양적 서술은 유역의 물리특성 구명에 필수적인 것이라 하겠다. 본 연구에서는 금강의 3대 지류중의 하나인 갑천수계에 대해 Horton-Strahler의 방법에 의해 형태학적 특성만을 고찰하였으며 대체로 Horton의 법칙에 따라 수계조직이 발달되어 있음이 판명되었다. 본 연구에서 다룬 주 내용은 Horton의 하천 차수와 하천수, 평균하천연장 및 경사간의 관계와 누가하천연장-유역면적관계, 상대고도-상대면적관계, 비례하천차수-배수면적관계 등으로서 이들 형태학적 특성변수와 유량간의 상관성은 갑천유역내에 유량측점이 전혀 없어 분석이 불가능하였다.