• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.63-71
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• 1987

Interviews of 208 women concerning dietary changes during pregnancy were under-rtaken from September 1986 to January 1987 at the medical centers in Seoul and Kyung Ki. 84% of the total subjects felt the morning sicksnes such as nausea and vomiting within the first trimester of pregnancy. There was a significant correlation between the experience of moring sickness and some environmental factors such as school carreer, food intake in early pregnancy, the number of meals and taking of medicines for promoting nutrition. Foods for which specifie cravings were frequently cited were fruits, meats, cold noodle, noodle and chinese food. Foods of aversions were Kimchi, meats, fish and fatted foods. With regard to beverage, there were the increase in milk and fruint juices consumption and the decrease in coffee ingestion during early pregnancy primarily attributed the concern for feto-maternal health. Possible explanation for these changes associated with pregnancy discussed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was done to explore and understand acculturation focusing on reproductive health of immigrant women. Methods: For the research sixteen immigrant women were selected by snowball sampling. Qualitative data were accumulated by in-depth interviews and private document collection. Raw data was analyzed following Mandelbaum's conceptual framework. Results: The dimensions of immigrant women consisted of existence: emerging from the new environment in which it was hard to communicate and to get acquainted with others, reproduction: in the absence of learning and experience, reproductive health crisis, parenting: unmanageable burden. Turnings of life involved 'Inconvenience in one's eyes, vent for conflict and tension: pregnancy', 'strange medical care: accoucheur, rapid medical service', 'pain of morning sickness: poor maternal nutrition', 'manifestation of protective instinct for life'. In adaptations, content was as follows. 1) Standing alone as a Korean housewife, 2) Becoming aware of Korean maternal instinct: thirst for education supporting, 3) Rediscovery of family: growing maternal sense of existence. Conclusion: The results of this study show the acculturation process and the meaning of events related to reproductive health in current lives and can contribute to an integrated understanding of married immigrant women in Korean culture.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.331-344
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• 1995

The process of breast feeding was investigated from the 36th week of pregnancy to 12 weeks postnatal, in order to analyze the factors affecting breast feeding duration and provide the basic data on an education program for successful breast feeding. The general characteristics of study group had no marked effects on the breastfeeding duration. The young and highly condition during pregnancy and the degree of morning sickness affected the practice of breastfeeding. In the study of prenatal sociobehavioral factors, intended duration affected the breastfeeding duration, and the maternal perception that breastfeeding is good for weight loss after delivery as well as infant formula milk is not as good as breast milk, led to successful breast feeding. Among the postnatal biological factors, the duration of gestation affected the breast feeding. Among the postnatal biological factors, the duration of gestation affected the breastiffeding outcome. In the case of early parturition, breastfeeding rate was low. Among the postnatal biocultural factors, time of first feed, milk volume and maternal perception of infant's sucking ability affected the bresatfeeding duration. From these result, it is suggested that an education program such as participation of nursing class to the pregnant women should be provided for successful breastfeeding.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.147-182
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• 2002

By studing the congestion theory of Choo Dan-kyei mentioned in "DongEuiBoGam", I have reached following conclusions. 1. Dan-kyei's congestion theory influenced greatly on "DongEuiBoGam". The congestion theory of "DongEuiBoGam" is built up with several theories centering round on Dan-kyei's theory and Huh-Jun's own opinion in addition. 2. Dan-kyei's congestion theory has given theoretical foundation to the classification and diagnosis of congestion reported in "DongEuiBoGam"-Congestion Chapter. 3. Dan-kyei's congestion theory offers many examples of symptoms reported in "DongEuiBoGam"-Congestion Chapter. It's shown well through outer symptoms, several congestion disease, congestion mass, and "congestion never sudden death", etc. 4. Dan-kyei's congestion theory has influenced greatly on treatment of congestion reported in "DongEuiBoGam"-Congestion Chapter, and it's well shown through spewing method, grand method in congestion treatment and common medicine of congestion, etc. 5. Dan-kyei's congestion theory offers variety of treating methods to symptoms caused by congestion reported in "DongEuiBoGam". It's shown variously through upper stomachache, stomachache, back pain, side pain, "San", joint pain, Summer disease, internal injury, cough and morning sickness, etc.. 6. Dan-kyei's congestion theory has factors that could be operated to common diseases of mordern people. They can be classified as food congestion, alcohol congestion, obstruction congestion and Qi congestion, and they are clinically very efficient.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.137-149
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• 2009

Objectives: Pregnant women could have various diseases, but the treatment of medication has the limitation that could cause fetal injury. So pregnant women have used complementary and alternative medicine in the world, but korean medicine had not been actively studied on obstetrics. This study is to investigate efficacy and safety of complementary and alternative medicine on obstetrics. Methods: We searched for papers which had pregnancy, obstetrics, complementary medicine, acupuncture and herb in the pubmed since 2000. Results: 41 papers were found. Acupuncture have the efficacy and safety on nausea, pelvic pain in pregnancy and breech presentation. Complementary alternative medicine had been studied as randomized controlled trial at various diseases in obstetric. But the method were without coordination, results were different from methods. So more clinical trials about complementary and alternative medicine would be needed. Massage and acupressure would be helpful for pregnant mood complaint. Conclusion: Complementary and alternative medicine has been proved as efficacy and safety in obstetrics, so complementary and alternative medicine would be helpful method in pregnant women. For making guidelines on complementary and alternative medicine treatment during pregnancy, more research will be needed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.182-188
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• 1999

A study was conducted on a group of 107 women, attending the three peripheral community clinics in Seoul and Kyunggi area for their prenatal care, to ascertain the relationship between maternal serum zinc concentration measured in pregnancy and several pregnancy outcomes. The serum zinc concentration was adjusted for estimated gestational age at the time of drawing blood. Mean daily zinc intake of the pregnant women estimated by a 24-hour recall method was 7.68$\pm$3.70$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl, 51% of RDA. and mean serum zinc concentration of the women was 94.03$\pm$36.99ug/dl. Adjusted maternal serum zinc level was significantly related to gestational maternal weight gain(p<0.05) and infant birth weight(p<0.05). Pregnant women with tgreater than 9kg weight gain during the gestation period had higher adjusted serum zinc levels than the subjects with less than 8kg weight gain. Adjusted serum zinc levels of mothers who delivered 3.0-3.5kg and greater than 4.0kg birth-weight infants were higher than those of mothers of low-birth-weight infants. Any association between maternal serum zinc level and gestational length, complications and morning sickness was not observed. There results suggest that the maternal serum zinc level may predict perhaps the author could be none specific.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.116-124
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• 2012

Objectives: Pregnant women often experience the symptoms of Hyperemesis Gravidarium. Many pregnant women think it is a passing symptom, so, they usually don't receive aggressive treatment. But if there is a heavy degree may lead to dangerous situations, so, if necessary, should receive aggressive treatment. Methods: The treatment of Hyperemesis Gravidarium, there are several ways. We provided herbal medicine and acupuncture, observed changes of subjective complaint. Results: In this report, we gained significant effects with oriental medical treatment. To this Hyperemesis Gravidarium patient, oriental medical treatment rather than conservative treatment using fluid therapy and antiemetics was effective. Conclusions: This patient was mainly treated with herbal medicine and acupuncture of oriental medical treatment. But, to the patient of Hyperemesis Gravidarium, you may consider other treatments and we suggest that you should take advantage of various therapies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.203-214
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• 2001

Maternal stress was very common symptom that every pregnant women could have experienced during pregnant period. We found that the causative factors of stress for subjects were physical change(50.8%), family relationship(13.6%), change of body image(7.4%), concern baby(6.8%), economic difficulties(6.4%), depress(4.3%), morning sickness(3%), and miscellaneous(3.5%). According to our study, maternal stress during the first trimester negatively correlated with food and nutrients intake of pregnant women and gave low weight gain during pregnancy and low birth weight of infants. It also significantly correlated with monthly income(p<0.001) and monthly food cost(p<0.001) during pregnant period. Mean intake of Calcium and Iron were $47{\sim}60%$ of RDA and $35{\sim}48$ of RDA, respectively. With the Iron supplement the total intake of Iron exceeded 100% of RDA. We also found majority of food items, except seaweeds, fruits and vegetables, were negatively correlated with maternal stress during three trimesters. Additional support system projected by professionals in health-care field could mediate maternal stress and lead to healthy pregnancy outcome.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.138-150
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• 2013

Objectives: To observe randomized controlled trials(RCTs) related to investigating the effects of acupoint treatments on nausea and vomiting in pregnancy to establish the basis of korean medical treatments, and suggest the problems of future clinical research. Methods: After searching for national and international papers published after 2000 and restricting the parameters to 'clinical trial', 'controlled clinical trial', 'randomized controlled trial', then comparing the subjects, methods, research tools, and results to understand the effects and re-comparing the conflicting results to assume the cause. Results: Of the 9 research papers that applied acupressure, four of them used control and experimental groups, and three(75%) research papers indicated significant reduction in vomiting and nausea, and of the seven research papers that utilized the experimental and placebo groups, five(71.4%) reported significant reducing effects. Of the four research papers the used acupuncture treatments, four research papers using control and placebo groups, two showed improvements in symptoms but did not have significant results compared to sham acupuncture groups, and two showed significant reduction of symptoms compared to the control groups. The one research paper that used electrical stimulation showed significant results in the reduction of vomiting and nausea compared to the control group. Conclusions: Acupressure and electrical stimulation showed efficacy reducing the symptoms. Acupuncture treatments did not indicate efficacy some experiments. Therefore it is thought that future acupuncture treatments should use methods that resemble actual clinical medicine to establish efficacy to produce significant results.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.809-816
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of maternal nutritional status and health behaviors on the concentrations of minerals (Zn, Fe, Ca) and the immunological substances (lactoferrin, sIgA, Iysozyme) in breast milk. Breast milk was collected from 193 healthy Korean women from obstetric clinics and postpartum care centers in Seoul. : 99 colostrum (1 - 5 days postpartum), 33 transitional milk (6 - 10 days postpartum), 61 mature milk (11 - 50 days postpartum). The concentrations of minerals and immunological substance were highest in colostrum and decreased with lactational period. Concentrations of Zn and Fe reduced significantly from colostrum to mature milk, however, Ca concentration stayed constant throughout the lactational period. Contents of lactoferrin, sIgA, and lysozyme were significantly lower in mature milk than in colostrum. Mother's nutritional status, assessed by prepregnancy BMI, had an effect only on colostrum, but not on transition and mature milk. Fe concentration of colostrum was significantly lower in underweight (prepregnancy BMI < 18.5) than in overweight mothers (prepregnancy BMI $\geq$ 23.0). Also lower tendency was observed for sIgA and lysozyme contents, even though the difference was not statistically significant. Pregnancy weight gain had no effect on the breast milk component. Since nutritional factors had some effect on colostrum, the health behaviors of mothers providing colostrum were assessed. The mother's behavior of smoking, drinking, morning sickness, parity, disease, nutrient supplement use had no significant effect on the breast milk component, however, Zn, sIgA, and lysozyme were the somewhat affected components by maternal health behavior.